Single-subject Experiments Research Articles

Application of Contextual Approach in Improving Computational Operation Skills in Students with Learning Delays

<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="369"><p>This study aims to analyze and determine the effect of applying the contextual approach in improving the ability of calculation operations in students with learning delays. This study uses a quantitative approach with a single-subject experiment method, often called Single Subject Research (SSR), with an A-B-A design. The subject of this study is grade VIII students at SMP Islam Mandiri. The data collection technique in this study was carried out using observation and a test of computational operation ability. The results of the baseline-1 phase showed a stable score and increased when the treatment was carried out in the intervention phase; after the treatment was carried out, the research subjects were then given a test in the baseline-2 phase, and the results obtained increased with a score of 100 in each session. The percentage overlap of the three phases is at the level of 0%. Thus, the results show that applying the contextual approach positively improves the ability to calculate operations in students with learning delays.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>

Optimization of epilepsy detection method based on dynamic EEG channel screening

To decrease the interference in the process of epileptic feature extraction caused by insufficient detection capability in partial channels of focal epilepsy, this paper proposes a novel epilepsy detection method based on dynamic electroencephalogram (EEG) channel screening. This method not only extracts more effective epilepsy features but also finds common features among different epilepsy subjects, providing an effective approach and theoretical support for across-subject epilepsy detection in clinical scenarios.Firstly, we use the Refine Composite Multiscale Dispersion Entropy (RCMDE) to measure the complexity of EEG signals between normal and seizure states and realize the dynamic EEG channel screening among different subjects, which can enhance the capability of feature extraction and the robustness of epilepsy detection. Subsequently, we discover common epilepsy features in 3–15 Hz among different subjects by the screened EEG channels. By this finding, we construct the Residual Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ResCon-LSTM) neural network to accomplish across-subject epilepsy detection.The experiment results on the CHB-MIT dataset indicate that the highest accuracy of epilepsy detection in the single-subject experiment is 98.523 %, improved by 5.298 % compared with non-channel screening. In the across-subject experiment, the average accuracy is 96.596 %. Therefore, this method could be effectively applied to different subjects by dynamically screening optimal channels and keep a good detection performance.

Oral Motor Exercise in Improving the Movements Of The Jaw, Lip, Tongue in Case of Oral Phase Dysphagia on a Cerebral Palsy Patient

The dysphagia case in children with cerebral palsy is a disorder that must be treated immediately because it will have a serious impact on the child's health and speech fluency. The Oral motor exercise method is one of the therapies to improve jaw, neck, and tongue movements in patients with cerebral palsy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the oral motor exercise on a dysphagia patient of 3-years old with cerebral palsy disorder at Syamsudin SH Hospital, Sukabumi, from January to March 2019. This type of research is a descriptive quantitative method with single subject experiment. A research subject was a patient with cerebral palsy, a 3- years old – boy who has dysphagia. The patient cannot speak and only cries and says 'AAAA' if he wanted something and the patient was choking and coughing when eating or drinking. To deal with this problem, 20 sessions of therapy and 1 evaluation were carried out. The results showed that by comparing the results of the initial test and the final test, there was an increase in the ability to move the organs of the lips, tongue, jaw, and chewing movements of the patient. In the initial test, the patient got 2 points and the final test result. the patient got 4 points which indicated 50% success scale. From the therapeutic success scale obtained, it was concluded that the therapy was quite successful.

APPLICATION OF MOTOR SENSORY APPROACH TO IMPROVE ARTICULATION SKILLS IN CHILDREN WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

Several studies have shown that speech sound disorders in children with intellectual disabilities impact communication with their environment. They have more difficulty with expressive language and speech intelligibility than receptive. Interventions are needed to improve speech skills, especially in articulation skills. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of sensory motor methods in improving articulation skills. Method: using a single subject experiment, using a one group pretest-posttest design. The participant is a girl aged 7:6 years old with articulation disorder on consonants /p/, /b/, /m/, /n/, /w/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /ŋ/, /j/, /c/, /f/, /w/, /v/, /h/, /r/, /y/, /z/, /fr/, /br/, /dw/, /gr/, /kl/, /pr/, /sk/, /sp/, /st/, /sw/. Data collection was done through interviews with the client's parents, direct observation of the client, and tests. Speech therapy was conducted for 10 sessions with an emphasis on sensory-motor integration. Perceptual assessment was carried out by comparing the ability to produce the phoneme /p/ in the initial position of the word with a combination of vowels /a/ before and after therapy. Results: in the post speech therapy assessment, there was an increase of 40%. Conclusion: from the therapy activities for 10 session with the Sensory Motor Approach, the client was quite successful in producing /p/ in the initial position of the word with a combination of vowels /a/. Suggestion: this study suggests designing a therapy cycle in order to find out the effectiveness of the Sensory Motor Approach more deeply.

APPLICATION OF THE PHONETIC PLACEMENT METHOD FOR ARTICULATION DISORDERS IN CHILDREN WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

Speech intelligibility is an important factor in verbal communication. Children with intellectual disabilities with intellectual disabilities will face difficulties in communicating due to reduced speech intelligibility. This condition will affect social skills, mental mental state, and academics. Articulatory misplacement is one of the factor that makes difficulties in articulation accuracy. Method: Using a single subject experiment, with a one group pretest-posttest design. The participant was a 7-year-old girl with articulation disorder /m/ in the initial position of the word and had never received speech therapy. Data collection was conducted through interviews with the client's parents, direct observation of the client, tests, and document studies. Speech therapy was conducted for 10 sessions with an emphasis on bilabial phonetic placement exercises. Perceptual assessment by comparing the ability to produce /m/ in the initial position of the word before and after therapy. Results: In the evaluation assessment, there has been no improvement in the client's ability to produce /m/ in the initial position of the word. Conclusion: The use of the phonetic placement method to improve the ability to produce /m/ in the initial position of words has not been effective for children with intellectual disabilities in this case. Suggestion: It may be possible to increase the frequency of therapy to see more significant improvement, and adjust the therapy materials.

THE APPLICATION OF DRILL PLAY METHOD ON RECEPTIVE LANGUAGE DISORDER OF CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME

Down syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality that occurs during the prenatal period. This condition causes a child to experience several disorders, one of which is receptive language disorder or understanding. This receptive language disorder can occur due to short-term memory impairment. Seeing this, an intervention is needed to optimise the receptive language skills of children with Down syndrome. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the application of the drill play method in improving the receptive language skills of children with Down syndrome. Method: using a single subject experiment, using a one group pretest-posttest design. The research subject was a girl with Down syndrome aged two years and three months and had receptive language disorder. Data collection was done through interviews with the client's parents, direct observation of the client, tests, and document studies. Speech therapy was conducted for 10 meetings with the drill play method which emphasises repetition of exercises for client's receptive language understanding. Perceptual assessment by comparing word-level receptive language skills before and after therapy. Results: There was no improvement in word-level receptive language skills. Conclusion: the application of the drill play method in receptive disorders of children with down syndrome has not increased due to the lack of therapy sessions conducted and the provision of material that is less familiar to the client's daily life. Suggestion: further research needs to be done on how effective the frequency of therapy in children with down syndrome using the drill play therapy method so that it can be used as a reference for speech therapists in determining the number of therapy meetings.

Imprinting: expanding the extra-pharmacological model of psychedelic drug action to incorporate delayed influences of sets and settings.

Psychedelic drug experiences are shaped by current-moment contextual factors, commonly categorized as internal (set) and external (setting). Potential influences of past environments, however, have received little attention. To investigate how previous environmental stimuli shaped the experiences of patients receiving ketamine for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), and develop the concept of "imprinting" to account for such time-lagged effects across diverse hallucinogenic drugs. Recordings of treatment sessions and phenomenological interviews from 26 participants of a clinical trial investigating serial intravenous ketamine infusions for TRD, conducted from January 2021 to August 2022, were retrospectively reviewed. A broad literature search was undertaken to identify potentially underrecognized examples of imprinting with both serotonergic and atypical psychedelics, as well as analogous cognitive processes and neural mechanisms. In naturalistic single-subject experiments of a 28-year-old female and a 34-year-old male, subjective ketamine experiences were significantly altered by varying exposures to particular forms of digital media in the days preceding treatments. Higher levels of media exposure reduced the mystical/emotional qualities of subsequent psychedelic ketamine experiences, overpowering standard intention-setting practices and altering therapeutic outcomes. Qualitative data from 24 additional patients yielded eight further spontaneous reports of past environmental exposures manifesting as visual hallucinations during ketamine experiences. We identified similar examples of imprinting with diverse psychoactive drugs in past publications, including in the first-ever report of ketamine in human subjects, as well as analogous processes known to underly dreaming. Past environmental exposures can significantly influence the phenomenology and therapeutic outcomes of psychedelic experiences, yet are underrecognized and understudied. To facilitate future research, we propose expanding the contextual model of psychedelic drug actions to incorporate imprinting, a novel concept that may aid clinicians, patients, and researchers to better understand psychedelic drug effects. ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04701866.

EEG Emotion Recognition Method Based on 3D Feature Map and Improved DenseNet

<p>Emotion, as a high-level function of the human brain, has a great impact on people’s mental health. To fully con-sider EEG signals’ spatial information and time-frequency information, and realize human-computer interaction better. This paper proposes an improved DenseNet emotion recognition model based on 3D feature map. By extracting the differential entropy features of the θ, α, β and γ frequency bands of the EEG signals, and combining the position mapping relationship of the EEG channel electrodes, a three-dimensional feature map is constructed, and then the improved densely connected convolutional network (DenseNet) is used for secondary feature extraction and classification. To verify the effectiveness of this method, a classification experiment including positive, neutral and negative emotions is carried out on the SEED data set. The classification accuracy rates obtained in the single-subject experiment and the all-subject experiment are 98.51% and 98.68%, respectively. The experimental results show that the method of 3D feature map combined with feature reuse can get high-precision classification results, which provides a new direction for emotion recognition.</p> <p> </p>

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN ULAR TANGGA PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPS TERPADU

Learning media can help teachers by offering explanations for the lessons that need to be taught. The purpose of this project is to create instructional materials for Snakes and Ladders in social studies for class VIII at SMP Panca Setya 2 Sintang in the academic year 2022–2023. Research and development research utilizing the ADDIE model is the research methodology used. Studying through experiments design for a single subject experiment. Both qualitative and quantitative data are present in the research data. For the school year 2022–2023, 25 eighth-grade SMP Panca Setya 2 Sintang students served as the research subjects. using surveys, observation, and documentation as data collecting methods. Product practicality and feasibility assessments are part of data analysis. The findings of this study are presented in the form of educational media materials for the social studies game of snakes and ladders for class VIII junior high school pupils. Based on the media's classification as very good, the feasibility evaluation was made. The material's viability is rated as being very good. Evaluation of usefulness using very doable standards. According to the questionnaire, the SMP Panca Setya 2 Sintang IPS students' and teachers' responses in terms of materials and media are rated as meeting very good requirements

The effectiveness of paradoxical therapy on relational practical obsessive-compulsive symptoms

Background and Aim: Previous studies have shown that compared to the general population, patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder often have disorders in relational functioning, including interpersonal problems, mistrust, and unhappiness in interpersonal relationships, and the probability of marriage is lower and increased. Marital problems, ambivalence, severe interpersonal conflicts, revenge, and sexual problems are common. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of paradoxical therapy on relational practical obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Methods: In terms of the practical purpose and data collection method, the current research design was a single-case experiment of the multiple baseline type, sometimes called a single-subject experiment or a time series experiment. It is an experiment that consists of intensive research on a person or several people who are considered a single group. Among the single-subject designs, the baseline-intervention-follow-up (A-B-C) design was used in this study. The research community included all undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral students aged 20 to 45 years in Tehran. For sampling, six people were selected from the available sampling method and completed the treatment sessions. The clinical interview was used to diagnose the relational obsessive-compulsive disorder and its differential diagnoses. Quantitative data was collected by completing questionnaires and research scales in three phases: baseline, intervention, and follow-up. Results: The statistical analysis of the research data showed that the hypothesis of the research entitled "Paradoxical psychotherapy improves ego strength in relational obsessive-compulsive patients" was confirmed with 56.5% overall improvement. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the visual analysis of six participants and the results of the strong effect size and the improvement rate of relational obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms, the results of the paradox treatment can be considered very effective.

Penggunaan Permainan Tic Tac Toe dalam Meningkatkan Kompetensi Pedagogik Mahasiswa PAI UIN Malang

Education in the 21st century demands developing strong pedagogical skills, including critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication abilities. This study explores using the Tic Tac Toe game as a learning method to enhance the pedagogical competence of Islamic Education students at UIN Malang. This research was conducted using an experimental method with the design of a Single Subject Experiment. This research demonstrates that this game-based intervention positively impacts students' pedagogical competence. The results show a significant average score increase from the baseline to the intervention phase, indicating that the Tic Tac Toe game can facilitate active learning, motivate participation, and assist in developing critical and strategic thinking skills. Although these results highlight the potential of games as effective learning tools, further research is needed to understand how and why this game impacts students' pedagogical competence in various contexts and disciplines

Identity Authentication in Two-Subject Environments Using Microwave Doppler Radar and Machine Learning Classifiers

Identity authentication based on Doppler radar respiration sensing is gaining attention as it requires neither contact nor line of sight and does not give rise to privacy concerns associated with video imaging. Prior research demonstrating the recognition of individuals has been limited to isolated single-subject scenarios. When two equidistant subjects are present, identification is more challenging due to the interference of respiration motion patterns in the reflected radar signal. In this research, respiratory signature separation techniques are functionally combined with machine learning (ML) classifiers for reliable subject identity authentication. An improved version of the dynamic segmentation algorithm (peak search and triangulation) was proposed, which can extract distinguishable airflow profile-related features (exhale area, inhale area, inhale/exhale speed, and breathing depth) for medium-scale experiments of 20 different participants to examine the feasibility of extraction of an individual’s respiratory features from a combined mixture of motions for subjects. Independent component analysis with the joint approximation of diagonalization of eigenmatrices (ICA-JADE) algorithm was employed to isolate individual respiratory signatures from combined mixtures of breathing patterns. The extracted hyperfeature sets were then evaluated by integrating two different popular ML classifiers, k-nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM), for subject authentication. Accuracies of 97.5% for two-subject experiments and 98.33% for single-subject experiments were achieved, which supersedes the performance of prior reported methods. The proposed identity authentication approach has several potential applications, including security/surveillance, the Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications, virtual reality, and health monitoring.

The Effect of Phonics Intervention for Adult with Dyslexia: Case Study

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine whether phonological processing skill-based phonics intervention is effective in improving phonological awareness, decoding, and spelling in adults with dyslexia. In addition, this study aimed to ascertain in detail the characteristics of decoding, spelling, and phonological awareness in adults with dyslexia. Methods: The participant of this study was a 46-year-old adult female with dyslexia, and a single subject experiment research method was used. An intervention program for phonological awareness, decoding, and spelling was conducted 28 times in total (3 baseline sessions, 22 intervention sessions, and 3 maintenance sessions) and her performance was assessed with assessments modified by the researcher. Results: It was confirmed that phonological processing skill-based phonics intervention is effective in improving decoding, spelling, and phonological awareness abilities. A detailed analysis of spelling errors in the adult with dyslexia revealed that errors for single vowels, basic consonants, and basic final consonant were the most common. A detailed analysis of errors by phonological awareness unit and task showed struggles with - in order of difficulty - deletion, blending, substitution, and discrimination. Among the discrimination tasks, final consonant discrimination was the most difficult. Conclusion: The results of this study are meaningful as basic data for improving the perception of adults with dyslexia and intervention program for them.

Predicting Hydration Status Using Machine Learning Models From Physiological and Sweat Biomarkers During Endurance Exercise: A Single Case Study.

Improper hydration routines can reduce athletic performance. Recent studies show that data from noninvasive biomarker recordings can help to evaluate the hydration status of subjects during endurance exercise. These studies are usually carried out on multiple subjects. In this work, we present the first study on predicting hydration status using machine learning models from single-subject experiments, which involve 32 exercise sessions of constant moderate intensity performed with and without fluid intake. During exercise, we measured four noninvasive physiological and sweat biomarkers including heart rate, core temperature, sweat sodium concentration, and whole-body sweat rate. Sweat sodium concentration was measured from six body regions using absorbent patches. We used three machine learning models to determine the percentage of body weight loss as an indicator of dehydration with these biomarkers and compared the prediction accuracy. The results on this single subject show that these models gave similar mean absolute errors, while in general the nonlinear models slightly outperformed the linear model in most of the experiments. The prediction accuracy of using the whole-body sweat rate or heart rate was higher than using core temperature or sweat sodium concentration. In addition, the model trained on the sweat sodium concentration collected from the arms gave slightly better accuracy than from the other five body regions. This exploratory work paves the way for the use of these machine learning models to develop personalized health monitoring together with emerging, noninvasive wearable sensor devices.

Sensory Integration Training and Social Sports Games Integrated Intervention for the Occupational Therapy of Children with Autism.

This paper presents a research design for an integrated intervention using sensory integration training fused with social sports games for the treatment of children with autism. This study used a multiple baseline cross-subject design in a single-subject experiment, with structured play as the independent variable and expressive language skills of children with autism spectrum disorders as the dependent variable, with three phases of intervention: baseline, intervention period, and maintenance period. The expressive language ability was examined in terms of both oral expression and gestural expression, where the intervention effect of the oral expression was analyzed in terms of four components: the total number of words, the total number of sentences, average sentence length, and vocabulary complexity of oral expression, and the intervention effect of the gestural expression was analyzed in terms of changes in the frequency of children's gestural expression behaviors. For the categories classified by sensory integration ability, there are corresponding specific training programs that combine various physical exercises and play equipment to train the various abnormal functions of children with autism. Stereotyped behavior is a repetitive, self-imposed, and purposeless physical action, usually in the form of continuous and repetitive movements, sounds, and so on. 4 times a week, 25 minutes each time, the activity of recognizing pictures and familiar objects is carried out first, and then the children choose the structured game model and the initiative to build and take turns with the researchers to build. Stereotypic behaviors cause a great deal of distress in the lives of children with autism, and it is necessary to explore how to implement positive and effective interventions. Subjects' play abilities developed after receiving effective critical response training. The subjects' practice and symbolic play showed good immediate and maintenance intervention effectiveness; their associative and functional play showed no significant intervention effectiveness. The enhancement of the sensory integration skills of children with autism through sensory integration training resulted in a relative reduction of stereotypic behavior about the stimulus-seeking function, which had a positive effect on the intervention of stereotypic behavior.

Investigating how gamified syllabic literacy impacts learning, flow and inappropriate behaviors: A single-subject study design

This article approaches syllabic literacy activities by reflecting on the engagement problems that may occur during the childrens’ four-stage of phonological awareness (4–5 years old). Aiming to deal with motivational problem that can be caused for the lack of comprehension during the four-stage of phonological awareness, we implemented a gamification design based on the design condition of flow theory. We conducted a single-subject experiment with a A-B-A-B design to evaluate the effects of our gamification design on engagement and learning. Employing the think-aloud method, the results from our study indicate that our gamification design promotes the child’s flow state, decreases unwanted behaviors, increases interest and concentration. As consequence, we also observed positive effects on the child’s syllable-structure awareness through written tests. With this study, we provided insights that gamification may affect preschoolers’ engagement in phonics activities, and as a result, their interest, concentration, and enjoyment may be raised, fostering their phonological awareness.

A functional communication training for developing verbal behavior and treatment of challenging behavior in individuals with autism spectrum disorders

Communication problems are one of the symptoms of autism spectrum disorders. Challenging behaviors may be a form of communication with the environment, and when other forms of communication are not available, they may be the only way to meet their needs. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the potential use of functional communication training in reducing problem behaviors of individuals with ASD, as well as developing acceptable ways of communication. In a research process based on behavior analysis, the method of single-subject experiment with multiple-baseline design was used. The results of the study show that the research participants developed communication skills on the basic level, and the frequency of their challenging behaviors has significantly decreased.

Design and Implementation of an Augmentative and Alternative Communication System Based on MATLAB GUI

In clinical practice, augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is an effective training tool to improve the communication skills of individuals with language impairment, hearing impairment, and autism. However, there are few studies on the development of augmentative communication systems based on Mandarin Chinese in China. This study presents an augmentative communication system developed using the MATLAB GUI platform. The system consists of two parts: a learning part and a communication part, where the learning part provides the basis of the vocabulary content for the system, covering 5558 words, and its content is mainly a word list designed based on the content of special school language textbooks. The communication part provides the system with a complete discourse training content, mainly by arranging and combining the vocabulary content of the learning part to form a complete discourse. This aided communication system can expand the vocabulary of people with language expression disorders and improve their social communication skills. In addition, the effectiveness of the system was tested in a single-subject experiment, and the results showed that the augmentative communication system is effective in learning pronunciation, expanding vocabulary, and improving the social communication.

Eksperyment jednopodmiotowy – charakterystyka metody i jej zastosowanie w naukach o edukacji

A single-subject experiment, also known as quantitative case study or n = 1 research design, is an extraordinary but rarely used research method when it comes to education. This method combines precision of experiment with depth of qualitative analyses carried out on the basis of data obtained from a single subject under standardized observation. The paper presents formal characteristics, hypo[1]thesis verification conditions as well as strengths and weaknesses of the five single-subject experiment schemas, i.e.: (1) AB design, (2) reversal design ABAB, (3) multiple baseline design, (4) alternating treatment design, and (5) changing criterion design. Furthermore, graphic and non-graphic methods of testing hypotheses on causal relations between independent and outcome variables appropriate for the single-subject experiment are discussed.

Online counselling: Application of cognitive behaviour therapy and music counselling to reduce math anxiety

Math anxiety is one of the causes of the low achievement of students in mathematics lessons. Guidance and counselling teachers need strategies for students who experience math anxiety. This study aims to determine an effective counselling approach to reduce students' math anxiety. This type of research is a single subject experiment with multiple baseline designs. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The research subjects were 2 individuals. The data analysis technique consisted of data analysis using Mann Whitney and qualitative time triangulation techniques. Based on the research results, cognitive behaviour therapy and music counselling can reduce students' math anxiety. Several techniques in cognitive behaviour therapy affect many aspects such as feelings, thoughts, physical sensations, and actions. In music counselling, the lyrics and lyrics of the songs shift the focus of the individual who was originally fixated on the fear of facing math problems to become calmer during math lessons