Single Power Switch Research Articles

A novel soft‐switching quadratic high voltage gain trans‐inverse DC/DC converter

AbstractThis paper suggests a new non‐isolated high step‐up DC/DC converter with soft‐switching performance and low input current ripple for renewable energy generation systems. In this introduced circuit, a three‐winding coupled‐inductor combined with a quadratic boost circuit and voltage multiplier cell to obtain high voltage gains. The advanced features of the proposed topology are its ultra‐high voltage gain, soft‐switching performance, low voltage stress across the switching components, continuous input current with low ripple, and the existence of a common ground between the input source and output load. Due to the partial trans‐inverse property in the suggested topology, higher voltage gains can be achieved under smaller turns ratios of the coupled in comparison to the other typical topologies, which leads to efficiency improvement. Moreover, in this introduced circuit, the voltage stress on the single power switch is mitigated using a regenerative clamp circuit. The theory and operating principle of the suggested converter, along with the steady‐state analysis and efficiency interpretation of the proposed converter are discussed in detail. Finally, to verify the theoretical analysis, a 200 W (25 V/400 V) sample prototype is established.

Advancing Renewable Energy: An Experimental Study of a Switched-Inductor, Switched-Capacitor Luo Boost Converter for Low-Voltage Applications

Photovoltaic (PV), battery, and fuel cell (FC) technologies are emerging forms of renewable energy gaining popularity. However, one of the key limitations is their production of direct current (DC) voltage, which hinders the connectivity and integration with the electrical grid. To address this issue, various DC/DC boost converters have been introduced. This study presents an innovative Luo converter with a switched-inductor–capacitor (SLC) cell at the input and a switched-capacitor (SC) cell at the output. The SLC cell not only increases the input voltage, but also enhances the source’s lifespan and reliability. The SC cell further amplifies the voltage, especially for high-gain applications. The proposed converter simplifies control processes by using a single power switch, significantly boosting the input voltage by 21 times with a duty ratio of 0.8. This surpasses the gains achieved by conventional boost converters by over fourfold and Luo converters by sevenfold. The second challenge when a converter is connected to these voltage sources is the potential reduction in the lifespan of the sources and the overall system due to large input current ripples. The proposed converter addresses this issue by incorporating a switched-capacitor cell on the input side. This cell charges the inductors in parallel and discharges them in series, reducing the magnitude of the input current. Another advantage of the proposed converter is its simplicity, as it employs only one power switch, minimizing the complexity of the controller system. Additionally, the distribution of the output voltage passing through the diodes between the switch and output capacitor helps mitigate voltage stress for all semiconductor devices and capacitors. The study includes thorough mathematical analyses, simulations, and laboratory tests to validate the research’s theoretical foundations.

A new soft‐switching high gain DC/DC converter with bipolar outputs

AbstractThis paper introduces a new single‐input multi‐output step‐up DC/DC converter with soft‐switching performance and low input current for renewable energy applications. The proposed topology uses a three‐winding coupled‐inductor (TWCI) and voltage multiplier circuits to achieve high voltage gains. The bipolar output voltages of the proposed converter can be varied independently by tuning the turns ratios of the TWCI. Due to the semi‐trans‐inverse specification of the suggested topology, high voltage gains can be obtained under a lower number of turns ratio in the magnetic device. Furthermore, a regenerative passive clamp technique mitigates the voltage stress on the single power switch. Additionally, the power dissipations are further reduced by considering a resonant tank in the circuit. In the converter, the parasitic leakage inductances of the TWCI windings help to provide the soft‐switching conditions for the switch and also to eliminate the reverse‐recovery loss for all converter diodes. The operating mode of the presented converter has been introduced and the steady state, along with the main operating equations have also been derived. Finally, the theoretical analysis is verified by a sample prototype 235 W at the input voltage 25 V and outputs of 200 V and −200 V.

A Proposed Single-Input Multi-Output Battery-Connected DC–DC Buck–Boost Converter for Automotive Applications

In the realm of electric vehicles (EVs), achieving diverse direct current (DC) voltage levels is essential to meet varying electrical load demands. This requires meticulous control of the battery voltage, which must be adjusted in line with specific load characteristics. Therefore, the integration of a well-designed power converter circuit is crucial, as it plays a pivotal role in generating different DC voltage outputs. In this study, we also consider the incorporation of two additional doubler/divider circuits at the end of the proposed converter, further enhancing its capacity to produce distinct DC voltage levels, thus increasing its versatility. The standout feature of the proposed converter lies in its remarkable ability to amplify DC voltages significantly. For instance, when the input battery voltage is set at 48 VDC with a duty cycle (D) of 0.8, the resulting output demonstrates a remarkable augmentation, producing voltages 18, 36, and 72 times higher than the input voltage. Conversely, with a reduced D of 0.2 while maintaining the input voltage at 48 VDC, the converter yields diminished voltages of 0.1875, 0.375, and 0.75 times the initial voltage. This adaptability, based on the parameterization of D, underscores the converter’s ability to cater to a wide range of voltage requirements. To oversee the intricate operations of this versatile converter, a high-speed DSP-based controller system is employed. It utilizes the renowned PID approach, known for its proficiency in navigating complex, nonlinear systems. Experimental results validate the theoretical and simulation findings, reaffirming the converter’s practical utility in EV applications. The study introduces a simple control mechanism with a single power switch, high efficiency for high-power applications, wide voltage range, especially with VDC and VMC cells, and continuous current operation for the load in CCM mode. This study underscores the significance of advanced power conversion systems in shaping the future of electric transportation.

Single-Switch Non-Isolated Resonant DC-DC Converter for Single-Input Dual-Output Applications

This paper describes a new configuration of Cuk and SEPIC (Single-Ended Primary Converter) ZVS-QR (zero-voltage switching quasi-resonant) combination DC-DC converter for bipolar output with a single switch. The proposed topology employs a single ground-referenced power switch, which simplifies the gate drive design with a single L-C resonant network and provides a bipolar output voltage with good regulation, acceptable efficiency and a step-down/up conversion ratio. This configuration provides dual-output voltage by switching the power switch to zero voltage, which is an interesting alternative for many applications where small size, light weight and high power density are very important aspects. In order to verify its performance, a SEPIC–Cuk Combination ZVS-QR prototype with a cost-effective commercial resonant controller was designed and tested. The experimental results show that the proposed combined topology is suitable for Single-Input Dual-Output (SIDO) applications.

A New High Efficiency High Step-Up DC/DC Converter for Renewable Energy Applications

This article introduces a new nonisolated soft-switching coupled-inductor (CI) step-up dc/dc converter. The presented topology utilizes a three-winding CI (TWCI) along with a voltage multiplier circuit to increase the voltage conversion ratio without needing a high duty cycle. Using this circuit, a high voltage gain can be achieved without requiring a large number of turns ratio in the CI. The input current ripple of the introduced converter is very low, which is very desirable for renewable energy sources applications. The TWCI also creates an additional design freedom to increase the voltage gain, which indicates more circuit flexibility. Additionally, the voltage stress across the single power switch is limited with the help of a regenerative clamp capacitor. The leakage inductor of the CI is used to create a resonant tank to reduce power losses further. The leakage inductances help provide the zero-current switching conditions for the single power switch and decrease the reverse-recovery issues for all diodes, leading to an efficiency improvement. The operation principle, steady-state analysis, and design considerations are discussed thoroughly. Finally, the theoretical analysis is validated through experimental results obtained from a 200 W prototype with 250 V output voltage.

A Single-Switch Continuous Input Current Buck–Boost Converter With Noninverted Output Voltage

In this article, a single-switch continuous input current (CIC) buck–boost converter with noninverted output voltage is proposed. The proposed converter utilizes capacitor and inductor along with three diodes in conjunction with a quadratic boost converter to adopt its CIC feature. The features of high voltage gain, single active power switch, less ripple CIC, and noninverted output voltage make the proposed converter suitable for renewable and industrial applications. In addition, it provides a wide operating voltage gain with optimum component count, which is higher than the conventional buck–boost converter. Furthermore, it has low voltage stress across the power switch with comparable converters. To elevate the importance of the proposed converter, a detailed comparison analysis has been carried out considering voltage stress, voltage gain, effectiveness index, and component count. The operating principle and steady-state analysis in continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode of the proposed converter are discussed in detail. To validate the theoretical analysis and performance of the proposed converter, a prototype has been developed and tested in laboratory.

A High Step-Up Transformerless DC–DC Converter With New Voltage Multiplier Cell Topology and Coupled Inductor

In this article, a new high step-up transformerless dc–dc converter based on a voltage multiplier and a coupled inductor topology is presented. The proposed converter has two stages. In the first stage, a modified boost converter is designed by the coupled inductor, and in the second stage, a new voltage multiplier by using a coupled inductor is illustrated. In this converter, high voltage gain can be achieved by adjusting the turn ratio of two coupled inductors and the duty cycle, which result in three degrees of design freedom. Using a single power switch with low <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</small> -resistance in the converter structure leads to simple control and low conduction loss. In addition, total voltage stresses of active elements are decreased, which increases efficiency. Steady-state performance and theoretical achievements are confirmed by experimental test results on a test setup with one 200-W dc–dc prototype.

New Structure of Single-Switch Ultra-High-Gain DC/DC Converter for Renewable Energy Applications

This study introduces a new modified high-gain single-switch single-ended primary-inductor converter-based dc/dc converter. The low input ripple of the proposed converter makes it very suitable for renewable energy applications. In the proposed topology, a three-winding coupled-inductor and a voltage doubler rectifier are used to achieve high voltage gain without needing an extreme duty cycle. This circuit can provide an ultra-high voltage conversion ratio without requiring a large number of the turns ratio of the three-winding coupled-inductor (TWCI). Due to a regenerative clamped circuit, the leakage energy of the coupled-inductor is recycled; thus, the maximum voltage spike across the single-power switch is restricted. Therefore, <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">mosfet</small> with a low maximum voltage rating can be utilized, which can alleviate the conduction power dissipations of the converter. Here, the switching power losses have been reduced significantly due to the circuit's soft-switching operation for the switch and all diodes. The steady-state analysis of the proposed converter is discussed thoroughly. Finally, the theoretical analysis is verified through the experimental results from a sample prototype (400-W, 25-400 V).

A Novel Diagnostic Method for Single and Dual Power Switch Open-Circuit Faults of Six-Phase FTPMSM System Even in Fault Tolerant Operation

This article proposes a new diagnostic method based on average current Park vector (ACPV) for single and dual power switch open-circuit faults of six-phase fault-tolerant permanent magnet synchronous motor (FTPMSM) system, which can be applied for the system both in nonfault and fault tolerant operation conditions. The fault diagnosis structure is composed of two parts: the ACPV moduli-based fault detection and the ACPV polarity-based fault location. By analyzing the ACPV before and after the fault, the normalized ACPV moduli-based fault detection is proposed by using the ACPV components in three orthogonal subspaces, which has good robustness to the speed and load changes. The ACPV polarity-based fault location is then proposed to locate the faulted power switches of the FTPMSM system. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed fault diagnosis method is validated by a six-phase FTPMSM experimental platform. The fault diagnosis approach has the advantageous features of simple implementation, good robustness to various disturbances, no requirement of the extra sensors, and low computational burden, which can achieve single and dual power switch open-circuit fault diagnosis for the FTPMSM system both in normal and fault tolerant operation conditions.

Steady-State Performance Characteristics of a DC Motor fed by Quadratic DC-DC Boost Converter

This paper presents the analysis of steady-state performance of a DC motor fed by a non-isolated quadratic DC-DC boost converter. The proposed quadratic configuration based non-isolated high voltage gain DC-DC converter operating in continuous conduction mode employs one power switch and reduced number of diodes and passive components. Due to single power switch, the switching and conduction losses are reduced thereby improving the converter efficiency. A DC shunt motor of 5 HP power rating is used as load to the proposed converter. The proposed cost-effective converter-fed DC motor operating under no-load is simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK tool. The steady-state performance characteristics, such as speed, torque, and armature current of the DC motor, are obtained for one particular value of duty ratio of the power switch. The results validate the superior performance of the suggested DC-DC converter-fed DC motor at moderate duty ratio.

Quadratic Boost Converter With Less Input Current Ripple and Rear-End Capacitor Voltage Stress for Renewable Energy Applications

This article introduces a variant of a quadratic boost converter (QBC) with low rear-end capacitor stress by preserving its inherent abilities of less ripple continuous input current, utilization of single power switch, and quadratic voltage gain. The proposed converter utilizes two inductor and capacitor ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$LC$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) filters with three diodes and one active switch for the quadratic conversion ratio. With the advantage of reduced rear-end voltage stress, the proposed converter can be a competent candidate in high-voltage and high-gain renewable applications. Furthermore, the operating principle and the steady-state analysis of the proposed converter in the continuous conduction mode (CCM) are discussed. In addition to the CCM analysis, a detailed discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) analysis due to the inductors <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{a}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{b}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is presented. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the proposed converter variant along with the QBC and its other variants is discussed. The discussion includes the key aspects, such as source ripple current analysis and rear-end capacitor voltage stress of QBC. Furthermore, a 200 W laboratory scaled prototype of the proposed converter is fabricated and tested to validate the theoretical and simulation analyses in CCM.

An Integrated Boost-Sepic Higher Static Gain DC-DC Converter for Photovoltaic (PV) Based Micro-Grid Application

A new circuit topology is designed for a DC-DC converter. The proposed converter employs a single power switch which integrates a conventional boost with a single-ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) for photovoltaic (PV) panels. A prototype is developed and implemented for 105 V DC output from 9 V DC input. The performance of the proposed topology was validated using theoretical and practical verification. The results indicated a higher voltage gain of 11.67, low duty-cycle of 0.82 and reduced voltage stress across the components of about 54 V. The circuit can be used for PV panels and other renewable energy resources that require a DC-DC voltage step-up conversion ratio.

A design for switched capacitor and single‐switch DC–DC boost converter by a small signal‐based PI controller

AbstractIn this study, a switched capacitor (SC)‐based single‐switch DC–DC boost converter structure operating under the high voltage gain and the low duty ratio is proposed using the PI control technique. High current and voltage stresses across the power switches and power diodes can be reduced by using the projected SC block. In addition, the proposed converter can achieve high voltage gain through shorter duty cycles, which directly reduces the voltage stress and dynamic losses in the power semiconductors. On the other hand, because the proposed converter includes a single power switch under different output powers and different loads, the control process is simpler than multiswitch structures. With the proposed converter, an output voltage of 10 times greater rather than the input voltage is obtained at 0.57 of the duty cycle. In this study, the fundamental functions of the proposed converter and the controller design steps are analyzed mathematically and tested in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the proposed topology works with a high performance at high frequency and variable load ranges. To validate the proposed converter and theoretical calculations, a 200‐W prototype was established under a continuous conduction mode (CCM) working state, with 48‐VDC input voltage and 400‐VDC output voltage. Finally, the simulation results were tested and verified through the experimental results.

A High Step-up DC-DC Converter Based on the Voltage Lift Technique for Renewable Energy Applications

High gain DC-DC converters are getting popular due to the increased use of renewable energy sources (RESs). Common ground between the input and output, low voltage stress across power switches and high voltage gain at lower duty ratios are desirable features required in any high gain DC-DC converter. DC-DC converters are widely used in DC microgrids to supply power to meet local demands. In this work, a high step-up DC-DC converter is proposed based on the voltage lift (VL) technique using a single power switch. The proposed converter has a voltage gain greater than a traditional boost converter (TBC) and Traditional quadratic boost converter (TQBC). The effect of inductor parasitic resistances on the voltage gain of the converter is discussed. The losses occurring in various components are calculated using PLECS software. To confirm the performance of the converter, a hardware prototype of 200 W is developed in the laboratory. The simulation and hardware results are presented to determine the performance of the converter in both open-loop and closed-loop conditions. In closed-loop operation, a PI controller is used to maintain a constant output voltage when the load or input voltage is changed.

A New Three-Winding Coupled Inductor Nonisolated Quasi-Z-Source High Step-Up DC–DC Converter

This article presents a new three-winding coupled inductor high step-up quasi-Z-source dc–dc converter with single magnetic core and voltage multiplier techniques. Conventional quasi-Z-source-based dc–dc converters not only suffer limited voltage gain and high voltage stresses on semiconductors but also have utilized two or more magnetic cores in their structures. However, the suggested converter shares high voltage gain with continuous input current, low normalized voltage stresses on switch and diodes, low total voltage stresses on semiconductors, and common ground between input energy source and load. Also, this converter with single power switch and magnetic core has not limited the duty cycle. Furthermore, the proposed converter has good efficiency at high output voltage, and hence it is suitable for high voltage dc bus of three-phase inverters in renewable energy applications. The mathematical analysis, operating principle for the proposed converter, and comparison with other Z-source-based converters are provided. At last, a 400-W prototype is built in the laboratory, which has validated the accuracy of the proposed converter.

Full Soft-Switching Ultra-High Gain DC/DC Converter Using Three-Winding Coupled-Inductor with Modular Scalability for Renewable Energy Applications

This paper proposes a new non-isolated single-switch DC/DC converter with an ultra-high voltage gain, low input current ripple, low voltage stress, soft-switching operation, and modular scalability for renewable sources applications. Here, with the help of a Three-Winding Coupled-Inductor (TWCI) and Voltage Multipliers circuits, ultra-high voltage gains can be achieved without needing a large duty cycle. A regenerative clamp capacitor recycles the energy stored in the leakage inductor; thus, the maximum voltage across the single power switch is restricted. Moreover, at the turn-on instant of the power switch, a Zero Current Switching (ZCS) condition is achieved. By designing a resonant tank, the switched current value of the main switch at the turn-off instant is reduced significantly. Also, the leakage inductor of the TWCI helps all converter diodes to operate under the ZCS condition. Due to full soft-switching performance, the introduced topology can provide a wide output voltage range under a high conversion efficiency. The steady-state analysis and comprehensive comparisons are provided in this paper. A 160 W prototype with 24 V input and 250 V output voltage is developed to validate the theoretical analysis. Due to ZCS operation and low voltage stress (VDS ≈ 40 V), the power loss portion of the MOSFET is low. Moreover, the maximum voltage stresses of the diodes are measured 40 V, 60 V, 90 V, and 110 V that are well below the output voltage. Furthermore, at the full-load condition, the input current ripple is about 20 % and the measured efficiency is about 96.3%.

A fault tolerant switched reluctance motor drive for electric vehicles under multi-switches open-fault conditions

A power converter with effective fault-diagnosis and fault-tolerant control can improve the reliability of switched reluctance motor drive system (SRD). At present, there are many research results on single power switch fault. In view of the multi-switches faults caused by the harsh operational environments and repetitive duty cycles, this paper presents a flexible fault-tolerant topology with fault-diagnosis, fault-tolerant control strategy for diverse open-circuit faults occurring in the SRD under different working conditions, and the common H-bridge has been selected as the fault-tolerant topology. When the SRD is subjected to open-circuit faults, the fault-diagnosis can be achieved by detecting the characteristic of the real-time phase currents, and then the faulty switches can be replaced automatically by the corresponding reverse ones to sustain the driving operation with further optimized output torque.

Configurations of DC–DC converters of one input and multiple outputs without transformer

This study describes the methodology and the basic procedure developed by the patent entitled New Configurations of DC -DC Converters of One Input and Multiple Outputs without Transformer and Power Converter that Apply Them. The invention is related with new configurations of DC -DC converters of single input and multiple outputs (SIMO), without a transformer, with a single power switch, and therefore a single control circuit, which results in a smaller size, lower weight and simplicity compared to other known SIMO DC–DC configurations. In a novel form, it comprises at least two converters which share the DC source, an inductor and the power switch. This is obtained by the combination of basic converters: step-down (buck), step-up (boost) and step-down/step-up (buck–boost) as ?uk converter, SEPIC (single ended primary inductance converter), Zeta, CSC (canonical switching cell) and buck -boost single-inductor. A generalisation of the methodology developed in this invention allows to obtain modular converters with 2N, 3N, 4N and 6N outputs and single input, from N converter modules. The paper also relates to a power converter, comprising N (greater than or equal to 2) DC converters connected in parallel, whose control signals have a phase shifting of 2π/N radians.

MPPT Controller based Nine Level Inverter using Solar Power Generation System

This project proposed a solar power generation system is used for the MPPT (maximum power point tracker) controller in a nine-level inverter. The selection of the capacitor circuit is configured using nine-level inverter and a cascade-connected to the full-bridge power converter. The nine-level inverter contains seven powers. Electronic switches simplify the configuration of the circuit system. A single electronic power switch is switched to the high frequency at any time to generate a nine-level output voltage. The output of the photovoltaic solar panel system will be fed into an MPPT algorithm to obtain a maximum amount of energy from a photovoltaic system, and this technique is used for the generation of residential renewable energy. The output voltage of a photovoltaic solar system is completed by the use of the DC-DC power converter with independent voltage sources for an inverter and reduces the harmonics generated. The nine-level inverter reduced with switches in power generation.