Single Pane Of Glass Research Articles

Life Cycle Assessment of Construction Components of Schools in Southern Brazil

Introducing energy efficiency techniques in schools can significantly reduce energy consumption, as Brazil has a large public education system. The main objective of this work was to select the set of construction components with the lowest environmental impact for use in schools in Florianópolis, southern Brazil, through life cycle assessment (LCA). Two types of walls, four types of roofs, and two types of window frames were studied. Ceramic bricks measuring 14x9x19cm and 9x19x19cm were considered for the walls. Wood and aluminium were used for the window frames, with single glass panes on all windows. For the roofs, fibre cement tiles with a PVC ceiling, a drywall ceiling, and a concrete slab were considered, as well as ceramic tiles with a PVC ceiling. Computer simulations were conducted using the EnergyPlus program in order to determine the building’s energy consumption. SimaPro was used to run the LCA. The construction of the building and one year of its energy consumption were analysed to select the combination of components with the lowest impact on the building’s life cycle. Finally, the set consisting of 9x19x19cm ceramic brick walls, wooden frames, and roof with fibre cement tiles and PVC ceiling presented the lowest environmental impact. Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment; public schools; computer simulation; buildings; EnergyPlus; SimaPro

Pilot Federated Analysis Projects

The Cambrian explosion of Trusted Research Environments (TREs) will inevitably lead to increased data siloing and potentially decrease achievable data science. Federated access to data is a mitigation against this risk. The presentation will cover two major infrastructure demonstrator projects to address this need and start the UK journey towards interconnected TRE’s. TELEPORT was an infrastructure to connect TREs and allow all the data assets to be seen through a single pane of glass while leaving them in situ; the analysis can be performed on each data asset, as well as combining data from multiple TREs to derive knowledge. The analysis is performed within the construct of a pop-up TRE, which is a temporary project-specific TRE. The data governance model is operated in an as-is state, with all egress controls being applied upon extraction of research output. This method has been termed Federated Data. TREFX is a set of infrastructure based around international GA4GH standards and the RO-CRATE concept to provide a platform to send complex workflows to the TRE’s to be performed upon the data assets, with the output post egress checking to be re-packed into the inbound RO-CRATE prior to being returned to the researcher. This method addresses both federated analysis and method reproducibility. This project was extended to cover ADDI workloads for dementia. Both solutions were jointly developed by Swansea University / SeRP and share common elements. Future work will see both these products being combined into a hybrid approach as well as spin-out products and services.

Reuse and remanufacturing of insulated glass units

AbstractMany office and residential buildings in Europe need to be renovated in the near future to meet current energy efficiency requirements. This often comes down to updating the insulation performance of the building envelope including the windows. Most “old” windows consist of a frame and a double insulated glass unit (IGU) or even monolithic glass panes – typically without any low-e coating. These non-coated double glazings have a Ug-value of 2.7 W/m2K (single glazing even 5.2 W/m2K). Modern coated triple glazed IGUs provide Ug-values of up to 0.5 W/m2K.This paper deals with the question of how old insulating glass units can be re manufactured to match the state of the art in terms of the energy efficiency. For this purpose, dismounted IGUs from the 1980s are used. After analyzing the remaining functionality, the double IGUs are disassembled. The single glass pane is cleaned, and the old edge sealing is removed. The old glass pane is combined with a new coated low-e glass and a spacer system to form a new upgraded IGU with warm edge technology. This study demonstrates that remanufactured IGUs can achieve the performance of IGUs made from new glass.

Enabling IP-optical integration in core and metro networks [Invited

IP-optical (Internet protocol and optical) integration, or “IP over DWDM (dense wavelength division multiplexing),” is a concept spanning over two decades since the advent of coherent DSP (digital signal processing). In recent years, coherent DSP technology has progressed to a point where it can be integrated on small pluggable form factors that can be equipped in optical line systems and disaggregated transponders or directly in IP routers to support a range of metro and core applications. The option of equipping pluggable digital coherent optics (DCOs) directly in IP routers has the biggest potential for operational cost savings but hinges on the availability of a unified management environment with a single pane of glass to coordinate and automate IP routing and optical transport functions. This work presents alternative software-defined networking (SDN) architectures and evaluates the challenges associated with the evolution to IP over DWDM network architectures. It demonstrates the first, to our knowledge, implementation of the Transport API supporting colored pluggable interfaces in routers in a real network testbed. This work contributes to the realization of end-to-end network management for IP-optical networks, offering operators comprehensive visibility into multi-layer and multi-domain services and empowering revenue generation.

Energy assessment of a sliding window integrated with PV cell and multiple PCMs

Windows often serve as a thermal weak point between a room's interior and the outside world. As such, we are exploring a new design for a sliding window that integrates both multiple phase change materials (PCMs) and photovoltaic (PV) cells. During the day, the PV cells produce electricity, which can be used in the building during the night. The sliding mechanism introduces several innovative features: use the PV-PCM glass unit (as the external sliding layer) or a standard glass unit (the internal sliding component). The PV-PCM window also can be used as a sliding light shutter or curtain. The PV cell in the proposed design is operated in the closed and open case due to the sliding design. We compared the thermal performance of a single PCM type (either RT-35or RT-27) with a combination of multiple PCMs (RT-35-RT27). Further, we evaluated various thickness combinations of the multi-PCM configuration (RT-35-RT27), including 2.5mm–7.5mm, 5 mm–5 mm, and 7.5 mm–2.5 mm, to identify the best-performing setup. Over the course of a day, the multi-PCM setup (RT-35-RT27) maintains a consistently lower average interior wall temperature than using a single PCM. Among the configurations tested, the 5 mm–5 mm multi-PCM setup (RT-35-RT27) emerged as the most effective, displaying steadier results than the other variations. Compared to a standard single glass pane, the proposed PV-PCM window reduced the highest interior wall temperature by up to 46 % when employing multiple PCMs. As a result, we advocate for the adoption of this innovative sliding window in future building designs.

Accurate determination of the static equilibrium in insulating glass units under climatic loading

In the area of glazing façades and windows, the increasing environmental demands have boosted the development of insulating-glass units (IGUs). There is already 4–6 pane glazing on the market, with heat transmittance Ucw < 0.40 W/m2K, which offers exceptional energy efficiency and living comfort. There is still a lack of standardized engineering methods for their design, however. The lateral load resistance of glass panes in insulating glass units is addressed in the standards EN 16612 and ASTM E1300-12a, but in both, the calculation methods employed are simplified by way of the linearization of the gas law and are applicable only to double and triple glass units. In this paper, we present a recursive method that accurately satisfies the conditions of static equilibrium and the gas law. The methodology preserves the rationale of EN 16612, in which the problem is split in two components: single glass pane bending and load sharing in IGUs, with the results of the former serving as input to the latter. The proposed methodology is based on the Taylor expansion of the gas law and equilibrium equations, which, in contrast to the standard method, completely eliminates the linearization error through a recursive process. Verification cases show that the error due to linearization can reach up to 30 %, a deficiency that the proposed method eliminates. Unlike the methods in the standards, ours provides a general solution for IGUs consisting of an arbitrary number of glass panes. Despite this general applicability, it preserves computational efficiency, simplicity, and suitability for basic engineering design. Beyond improving the existing calculations for double and triple glass units, the proposed method also represents a simple, stable and robust calculation approach for multi-pane IGUs, e.g. quadruple glass units, which are already on the market, as shown by real case studies. For practical purposes, a condensed presentation of the calculation process for these IGUs is given in the Appendix.

Sense, Insight, Action – Woodside’s Intelligent Asset Journey

Intelligent Assets, sometimes referred to as digital twins, have gained attention for their ability to optimise operations and enhance decision-making in an increasingly complex and data-driven world. These assets are equipped with sensors and advanced analytics capabilities for real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and process automation. By creating a virtual replica of the physical asset or system, organisations can gain real-time insights and data-driven decision support for operations and maintenance. Woodside has advanced its vision for Intelligent Assets through its digital platform, Fuse, which was created to improve decision-making and optimise operations of its assets. The development of Fuse has been guided by the principles of sensing, insight, and action, ensuring safer, higher-performance operations. Fuse brings together multiple data sources, including process control information, sensor data, weather data, and historical performance data, for real-time monitoring of the asset. The platform provides a single pane of glass into the operation of the asset with advanced analytics for a deeper understanding of the performance and enabling action. Woodside provides use cases where sense, insight, and action have come together using their Fuse platform to deliver business outcomes, including enabling virtual operator rounds and condition-based maintenance. However, the implementation of Intelligent Assets can uncover several obstacles, such as data integration, scalability, and user adoption. Woodside seeks to shed light on these challenges and offers valuable insights for organisations striving to achieve successful digital outcomes.

Strength of the individual glasses of curved, annealed and laminated glass used in automotive windscreens

Failure of glass is based on microdefects at the glass surface. These can vary in their geometry and quantity whereby they are influenced by a large number of parameters from production and use. For a safe design and precise failure prediction, the distribution of these microdefects over the considered glass surface must be known. Particularly for windscreens, this is of interest with regard to pedestrian safety in case of head impact. In this paper, extensive investigations are presented concerning the different strengths and thus the distribution of microdefects on the different areas of the windscreen. Windscreens are laminated glass panes consisting of two individual panes and a polymer interlayer. It is shown that the different glass surfaces of this windscreen differ from each other with regard to their strength distributions. Significant differences can be seen due to the enamel area and the glass surfaces facing the interlayer. For the investigations, a method was developed that allows both to take into account the curved geometry of the windscreen and to destructively test the glass surface facing the interlayer by separating the laminate. In addition to investigations on laminated windscreens, single glass panes were examined in order to identify influences from production and lamination. The results of the destructive strength tests are statistically evaluated. It can be observed that the glass surfaces facing the interlayer show very high strengths, while the enamel areas show low strengths independent of the interlayer. It can also be seen that the concave surfaces have slightly higher strengths than the convex surfaces. However, higher strengths are also associated with higher scattering.

The Impact of Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response (SOAR) on Security Operations Center (SOC) Efficiency: A Comprehensive Analysis

Security Operations Centers (SOCs) are the backbone of an organization's cybersecurity defense, responsible for monitoring security events, detecting and investigating incidents, and responding to attacks. However, SOC teams often need help with the challenge of being overwhelmed with alerts and incidents, making it difficult to keep pace with the evolving threat landscape. This can lead to delayed incident response times, increased risk of compromise, and a weakened overallsecurity posture.&#x0D; Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response (SOAR) have emerged as promising technology to help SOC teams enhance their efficiency and effectiveness. SOAR platforms offer the capability to automate tasks, streamline workflows, and provide a single pane of glass for managing security operations. This can enable SOC teams to reduce their workload, improve their response times, and make better decisions.

Development of Thin Glass‐Polycarbonate Composite Panels

ABSTRACTGlass, particularly in architectural design, expresses lightness and modernity. By rising glass surfaces of facades in buildings with high safety requirements, glass works as security glazing. Requirements of security glazing increase constantly. However, single glass panes do not fulfil the demands on these high technology products. Thereby, laminated glass is used to solve problems of these specifications. The combination of different materials in a laminate permits the optimisation in consideration of desired structural or mechanical properties. In this case, the lamination of brittle glass with ductile polycarbonate enables innovative composite panels, which extend the range of glazing with security relevant applications. Glass‐polycarbonate composite panels are generally defined with two outer glass panes and one or more inner polycarbonate sheets, laminated with polymeric interlayers. The combination of these two materials demonstrates a more efficient alternative to common security glazing. Continuous developments in the field of thin glass result in more and more applications beyond the usage in smartphones or tablets. Large‐sized thin glasses with a nominal thickness of 2 mm or less are for some time available and already used in science or technology. Applications of thin glass in the building sector demand to analyse the required material properties and to combine thin glass panes with additional layers due to its low geometrical stiffness. An option for applications of large‐sized thin glass panes presents the lamination with polycarbonate. Thin glass panes substitute the two outer glass panes in glass‐polycarbonate composite panels. Therefore, thin glass‐polycarbonate composite panels are slighter than common laminated safety glass. Several options for using annealed thin glass and chemically strengthened thin glass in architecture and the lamination with polycarbonate are described as well as the required tests for using as laminated safety glazing and security glass with a resistance against manual attack.

A photochromic single glass pane

The transmittance of a photochromic (PC) window is reduced in sunlight but returns to its original value in the dark similar to photo-sensitive sun glasses. A 30 cm × 30 cm double glazed window containing a PC multi-layer coating on a single glass pane has been developed. A single PC glass pane can be used to build a window with a low heat transfer coefficient, e.g. double or triple glazed unit, using existing technology. To develop the PC glass with a multi-layered coating that combines chromogenic and photoactive materials we employed sol-gel chemistry approaches and up-scaled the synthesis. Double glazed windows have been assembled using PC glass with two different layer configurations. The transmittance (Tvis) was reduced from 76% to 35% under outdoor solar radiation (750 W/m2) within 15 min.

Quantitative study of free convective heat losses from thermodynamic partitions using Thermal Imaging

The following paper presents a simple method of determining the presence, distribution and values of heat losses from external building walls as thermodynamic partitions using a Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC).According to Fourier's equation, the value of heat loss is proportional to the temperature gradient ∂t/∂y|y=0 in air in the y direction perpendicular to the heated surface. Unfortunately, air temperature cannot be measured with a TIC, as gases do not emit thermal radiation. It is therefore suggested that a grid placed vertically in the air and perpendicularly to the heated surface should be used as a detector of temperature field. Warmed by convective air flows, such a grid becomes a source of infrared radiation. The temperature distribution reproduced on the grid constructed from thin strands of a low thermal conductivity material is sufficiently distinct and sharp to be recorded with a TIC.The correctness of the TIC method has been tested in laboratory conditions on the example of a vertical heating plate, as well as in real-life conditions − on a single pane of glass serving as a building partition. When compared to the works of other authors, the result obtained as Nu = 0.571·Ra0.25 relation reveals a satisfactory correlation for the heating plate, while estimated temperature distributions and heat fluxes from the room to the surface of thermodynamic partition wall Qloss,conv,in and on the outside of the building Qloss,conv,ext successfully and quite precisely correlate (5–7% for both internal and external sides) with theoretical calculations.Therefore, the TIC method proposed in this paper can significantly extend the range of application of TICs in energy audits, especially for buildings

Partial Rarefaction as Way to Reduce Distortion Curve of double-glazed unit

Use of Insulated Glass Units (IGU) as glazing on building façades causes optical distortions of mirrored images of neighboring buildings in glazed surfaces. Optical distortions are caused by varying distances between glass panes in IGUs as a result of climate factors. This paper examines available engineering solutions that reduce such distortions: use of more rigid outer glasses, encasing the building in a shell of single glass panes, known as the ‘double façade’, and use of vacuum IGUs. A new way is proposed to reduce optical distortions by installing additional pointed or linear supports and creating pre-stress with partial rarefaction inside the IGU. Overpressure that can cause IGU expansion and glass deformation was calculated. In the urban environment of Moscow, reduction of air pressure with simultaneous increase of air pressure inside the IGU during summer heat waves can be as high as 5%, and this figure determines the level of rarefaction.

Curved directly glazed steel structure

AbstractZJA Zwarts &amp; Jansma Architects have designed a new light rail departure station in The Hague, The Netherlands. The spatial roof structure of the station is made of rolled steel rectangular hollow sections arranged in two independent layers rigidly connected to each other. A glass envelope covering the roof structure matches the contours of the steel exactly. Since the diamond‐shaped glass panes could only be attached to the outer layer of the steel grid, the panes (with edge lengths of approx. 1.30 m) are supported on two sides only. When optimizing the overall geometry, the double‐curvature area at the nose of the roof structure became a special focus. Knippers Helbig Advanced Engineering has managed to minimize the deviation of each single glass pane from the single‐curvature geometry to a maximum out‐of‐plane deformation of only 3 mm. Therefore, the project is a great example of how geometry development can influence structural design and enable new approaches.

Structural contribution of glass in Saint-Hubertus Galleries

Many of the glass-covered iron and steel frames from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries now require renovation. During rehabilitation, the question arises of how to preserve built heritage while fulfilling modern standards on safety and structural integrity. In a traditional recalculation, the glass panels are considered to be dead load on the iron frame, leading to the conclusion that the original frame requires strengthening. This paper presents a calculation that takes the contribution of the glass plates into account while assessing historical glass coverings. The overall structural behaviour of the iron and glass roof of the Saint-Hubertus Galleries, Belgium, was simulated and a parameter study was performed using a finite-element software package. The original structure comprises a wrought-iron frame clad with single glass panes connected to the glazing bars with traditional linseed-oil putty. The behaviour of the original structure, the influence of the application of modern adhesives and sealants, and the replacement of single with laminated glass plates is investigated. Although building such models is time consuming, including glass panes in the model leads to lower stresses, deflections and a better buckling behaviour, even if connected with linseed-oil putty.

Thermal and Optical Properties of a Thermotropic Glass Pane: Laboratory and In-Field Characterization

Switchable windows are glazing technologies that exhibit dynamic optical properties and may thus be used to improve the energy performance of buildings. A window system based on a thermotropic glass pane was tested both in the laboratory and by means of an outdoor test cell facility.In this paper the full optical and thermal characterization of this glazing technology is presented. Experiments and data analysis led to the characterization of the behaviour of the thermotropic glazing both when this technology is used alone (single glass pane) and when it is integrated in a multilayer fenestration (a triple glazed unit).

Software as a Service - Common Service Bus (SAAS-CSB)

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a form of cloud computing that relieves the user from the concern of hardware, software installation and management. It is an emerging business model that delivers software applications to the users through Web-based technology. Software vendors have varying requirements and SaaS applications most typically support such requirements. The various applications used by unique customers in a single instance are known as Multi-Tenancy. There would be a delay in service when the user sends the data from multiple applications to multiple destinations and from multiple applications to single destination due to the use of single CSB. This problem can be overcome by using multiple CSB concepts and hence multiple senders can efficiently send their data to multiple receivers at the same time. The multiple clouds are monitored and managed by the SaaS-CSB portal. The idea of SaaS-CSB Portal is to provide a single pane of glass for the user to consume and govern any service from any cloud. Thus, SaaS-CSB application allows companies to save their IT cost and valuable time.

HUPHO: the human phosphatase portal

Motivations. Phosphatases, together with kinases, contribute to the regulation of protein phosphorylation homeostasis in the cell. Phosphorylation is a key post translational modification underlying the regulation of many cellular processes. Thus a comprehensive picture of phosphatase function and the identification of their target substrates would aid a systematic approach to a mechanistic and holistic description of cell signalling. In this paper we report a web site designed to facilitate the retrieval of information about human protein phosphatases. Methods. We developed a web server, named HuPho (Human Phosphatases), and a search engine to recover information that has been annotated in several publicly available web resources. From the web site interface, scientists can dynamically access a number to different repositories where public data about protein domain composition, aminoacidic sequence, 3D structure, protein-protein interactions, pathways annotation, annotation for disease and more are stored. The protein-protein interaction data have been further explored and integrated to identify phosphoproteins enzymatic substrates. The utilization of a programmatic access to the data sources avoid updating issues on data, that as a result are always aligned to the latest release. Results. We provided the scientific community with a resource that can be easily interrogated to obtain structural and functional information about human protein phosphatases. Much of the information is retrieved by interrogating the web services of publicly available repositories. This information is integrated with data specifically curated by our group and stored in our internal database. Finally the information is organized to allow the user to browse the knowledge through a single pane of glass. Availability http://hupho.uniroma2.it/

Analytical solution to the one-dimensional non-uniform absorption of solar radiation in uncoated and coated single glass panes

The analytical solution to the one-dimensional absorption–conduction heat transfer problem inside a single glass pane is presented, which correctly takes into account all the relevant physical phenomena: the appearance of multiple reflections, the spectral distribution of solar radiation, the spectral dependence of optical properties, the presence of possible coatings, the non-uniform nature of radiation absorption, and the diffusion of heat by conduction across the glass pane. Additionally to the well established and known direct absorptance αe, the derived solution introduces a new spectral quantity called direct absorptance moment βe, that indicates where in the glass pane is the absorption of radiation actually taking place. The theoretical and numerical comparison of the derived solution with existing approximate thermal models for the absorption–conduction problem reveals that the latter ones work best for low-absorbing uncoated single glass panes, something not necessarily fulfilled by modern glazings.

Bashert, the Beloved

Bashert, the Beloved Deborah Bauer (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution From outside the French doors, the black cocker spaniel, Bashert, followed Alex Rosen from dresser to the bed and back again, with eyes clouded from cataracts. Alex dumped the dresser drawers directly into the waiting cardboard carton, not bothering to fold a cashmere sweater with lamb's wool collar or the countless pairs of unbecoming polyester shorts with their rippled waistbands. He taped the flaps in place. Done, finished, kaput. It felt damn good to put a lid on it all. The few hours left in the Saturday afternoon were his and his alone. He would allow himself one final day of bereavement before he once again took up the business at hand, moving real estate in a Phoenix summer so hot the bags of ice turned to slush between market and home. A few pressing matters still lurked in the corners of his thoughts. No matter what their daughter, Claire, thought, Alex had taken to sleeping on the sofa bed before learning of Elaine's illness. One night after watching a late-night John Wayne movie he simply decided to spare her the jiggling of the mattress. As simple as that, only thoughtfulness, no ulterior motives on his part whatsoever. It was Elaine who let Bashert, her beloved, take over his side of the bed, rub her weeping eyes on his pillow, shed those scratchy hairs between the sheets. It was Claire's mother's doing from the start. Alex turned away from the dog's head so picturesquely framed in a single pane of glass. He tackled the bedside table, tossing a year-old [End Page 143] copy of The New Yorker, a romance novel, and an ancient tube of spermicidal jelly into a waste-paper basket. She kept everything. In the bottom drawer he came across the beige wallet with worn corners, as if Elaine, playing games from the grave, planted it for him to find. Four quarters, two dimes, a "good-luck" penny from the Horseshoe Club in Las Vegas dropped from the coin purse. Yeah. Some luck she had. A plastic accordion displayed credit cards from Macy's, J.C. Penney's, Visa. In the bill compartment he found a small folded paper with the familiar scrawl of her handwriting, as loopy as she was, Claire's new address for the fall semester at the university. A buried treasure well worth the search. Since the day of the funeral when she lugged a brimming purple laundry basket out to a strange pickup truck, Claire had become incommunicado. She took the death hard, too hard, demanding minute details over and over again as if she was a private investigator hired to find the root, the cause of a disaster with no easy identifiable cause other than ethnicity or age. When, precisely, did Elaine discover the lump in her right breast? How did she learn of its clandestine existence? How come no one told her until the last three months? Why had all treatments failed, even the clinical study? When Alex confessed that he had no answers, Claire acted as if he'd conjured the cancer by sticking pins in a Jewish rag doll. All he knew was that there'd been little love between them for a very long time, but that fact did not make him a killer. He pocketed the slip of paper and moved on to the bathroom to sweep the medicine cabinet shelves of makeup and the useless pills with their easy-to-open tops. He shifted his eyes to the light fixture above the mirror to avoid facing the dark pouches under his eyes and a new paunch straining at the belt. Since the funeral he'd craved dairy: ice cream, cheeseburgers, cheesecake; he was never without thin white sticks of mozzarella in his pocket. In Elaine's last months, they'd slept apart, eaten apart, and barely spoke except to question whether the air conditioner needed a tune-up. That's the way she wanted it, so it was fine with him. Still, he was used to her footfall on the stairs, her raucous laughter on the...