Single Nozzle Research Articles

Impact of nanoparticle shape on the thermal performance of eco-friendly soybean-based nanofluids in cooling titanium alloys

Ecofriendly soybean coolant offers a sustainable alternative to conventional coolants, providing excellent thermal performance while reducing environmental impact. Its biodegradable nature and low toxicity make it a safe choice for various cooling applications, promoting greener industrial practices. This study investigates the thermal performance of eco-friendly soybean nanofluids dispersed with alumina and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticles for cooling a titanium alloy block. The investigations are conducted using single and dual nozzle setup to assess the impact of nanoparticle shape, volume fraction and Reynolds number on heat transfer characteristics of ecofriendy coolant. The discretization is conducted using the finite volume method, and the Nusselt number is calculated from the convective heat transfer coefficient. Results show that platelet-shaped nanoparticles exhibit superior thermal conductivity and heat transfer performance compared to spherical and cylindrical shapes. Increasing the volume fraction of MoS2 platelet-shaped nanoparticles from 0.5% to 6% results in a reduction of the average temperature distribution of the titanium block by 26.53% in the single-nozzle setup and 28.87% in the dual-nozzle configuration. The dual nozzle arrangements significantly enhance heat dissipation, with MoS2 nanoparticles decreasing the temperature distribution by 9.24% in the single-nozzle setup and 15.78% in the dual-nozzle setup compared to alumina nanoparticles. Optimal thermal performance is observed at elevated Reynolds numbers, where platelet-shaped MoS2 nanoparticles achieve the highest Nusselt numbers. Specifically, incorporating MoS2 cylindrical-shaped nanoparticles into soybean oil at higher Reynolds numbers improves average heat transfer by up to 29.16% when compared to cylindrical alumina nanoparticles. The enhancements in heat transfer for spherical and platelet-shaped MoS2 nanoparticles are 37.51% and 46.66%, respectively, relative to cylindrical alumina particles. This research offers crucial guidance on developing and enhancing sustainable coolants, revealing the significance of nanoparticle shape in optimizing thermal performance and paving the way for cleaner production processes that prioritize environmental responsibility.

Single-stage NBI sampler for PM1 mass and five-stage NBI-NMCI sampler for PM1 mass distribution measurements

In recent years, concerns about the health and environmental risks associated with PM1 particles have increased. However, existing PM1 sampling instruments remain to be improved mainly because their PM1 inlets have particle loading and bounce issues. To address these challenges, PM1 inlets based on the Non-Bouncing Impactor (NBI) technique were developed. These inlets employ vacuum oil-wetted glass fiber filter (GFF) substrates to eliminate particle bounce and incorporate a daily vacuum oil injection to prevent particle loading. The 16.7 L/min PM1 NBI, modified from the PM2.5 M-WINS design with a reduced diameter of the single nozzle, was designed to adapt readily with current standard sampling and monitoring systems. The cut-size (Dpa50) of 0.99 ± 0.02 μm was determined by considering the effects of Reynold number and the ratio of jet-to-plate distance and nozzle diameter. Field tests comparing the 16.7 L/min PM1 NBI sampler to the 9-stage NCTU Micro-orifice Cascade Impactor (NMCI9) revealed small sampling biases, with a mean difference of +0.26 ± 2.28 μg/m3 for PM1 measurements when silicone oil-coated aluminum foil (AF) and GFF-AF were used in the NMCI9. The NBI with the oil-wetted GFF substrate effectively removed particles larger than 1.0 μm, resulting in more accurate PM1 mass concentration measurements. Additionally, the development of a 5-stage NMCI with the 30 L/min PM1 NBI as the first stage enabled detailed measurement of PM1 mass distribution in two modes, which was challenging when measuring the entire mass distribution of ambient aerosols. The distribution of size-dependent water-soluble inorganic ions in PM1 showed dominance of SO42− and NH4+ in PM1 compared to PM2.5. In summary, the PM1 NBI enhances accuracy for long-term atmospheric sampling by addressing particle loading and bounce, making it a more reliable standard sampling instrument.

Numerical simulation of boiling dynamics in liquid Lead-Bismuth injected with multi-rupture high-pressure water jets

Once a steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) accident occurs in a lead-based fast reactor, it can trigger a domino effect of heat transfer tube ruptures, leading to a loss-of-flow accident involving multiple ruptures. This paper employs numerical methods to investigate the jet boiling phenomenon associated with the injection of sub-cooled water into high-temperature lead‑bismuth eutectic (LBE) through multiple nozzles. It explores how nozzle spacing, number, and diameter impact jet characteristics. Additionally, it analyzes flow characteristics and heat transfer mechanisms from the perspective of jet interaction. The study identifies critical areas within the multi-nozzle jet, specifically the three-phase mixing region, LBE entrainment region, water core region, and steam plume region. In scenarios where nozzle spacing is narrow or nozzle diameters differ significantly, the jet's base may undergo fragmentation. The jet process is categorized into two stages: the transition stage and the stable stage. During the stable stage, the mass flow rate of sub-cooled water remains relatively constant, with nozzle spacing exerting minimal influence on it. When considering the cross-sectional area of a single nozzle, an increase in nozzle diameter elevates the normalized mass flow rate, whereas the number and diameter of nozzles have little effect on it. Jet penetration depth is inversely related to nozzle spacing. As the number and diameter of nozzles increase, penetration depth initially rises and then decreases. Nozzle spacing has a minor influence on the jet's steam volume, while the number and diameter of nozzles are positively correlated with steam volume. Conversely, the number and diameter of nozzles negatively correlate with normalized steam volume.

Computational study of the coaxial air and fuel jet through a 3-lobe strut injector for efficient fuel mixing in a supersonic combustion chamber

In this article, comprehensive simulations of the compressible air stream inside the combustion chamber are done to disclose the mixing and circulation performance of the 3-lobe injector behind the strut. The computational approach is employed to visualize the jet flow with/without the inner air jet released at supersonic flow. The main focus is the importance of lobe shape nozzle on the fuel diffusion into the main stream behind the strut. The role of the shock waves and their contact with the fuel jet flow is also investigated in the present work. Free stream velocity inside the combustion chamber is Mach = 4 while the hydrogen fuel jet is injected via sonic speed. A comparison of single and 3-lobe nozzles indicates that the lobe configuration of the nozzle increases the circulation behind the nozzle. Besides, the usage of the internal air jet increases the contact of the fuel jet with the shear layer initiated from the edge of the strut.

Effect of Ramp Geometry on Single Expansion Ramp Nozzle Performance Characteristics

In high-speed flight regimes, the drag plays a significant role in determining the overall performance of the aerospace vehicle. One proposed solution is to integrate a single expansion ramp nozzle (SERN) at the aft of the vehicle to mitigate the drag effects. This work investigates the effects of nozzle geometry on flow and performance characteristics of SERN with a thrust-optimized parabolic and minimum-length nozzle ramp contours, which have not been explored with regard to these aspects. A computational study is carried out on these two ramp contours using compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations over a range of nozzle pressure ratio (NPR). In the tested range of NPR, the restricted shock separation is found to be the chief mode of flow separation in SERN, along with the change in the size of recirculation zone and separation bubble. At NPR 3, the thrust-optimized parabolic ramp contour shows an increment of thrust coefficient by 29.2% over the minimum-length nozzle; whereas at NPR 3.5, the minimum-length nozzle demonstrates an increment of thrust coefficient by 56.3% over the thrust-optimized parabolic at 0-deg M cowl angle. Further, in the tested range of NPR, the minimum-length nozzle shows an improved lift coefficient at 5 deg cowl angle.

Process parameter translation strategies for variable directed energy deposition spot size using 316L, copper, and Inconel 625

Directed energy deposition (DED) is a form of additive manufacturing available across a variety of laser spot diameter values, often referred to as spot sizes. However, there is no method to easily transfer process parameters across discrete spot sizes, leading to DED process parameters that are equipment specific and not widely applicable. In this study, a strategy is proposed and investigated for five spot sizes that keep the areal energy density constant while varying power, feed rate, and powder flow during the deposition of 316L stainless steel. An assessment of trends in hardness and microstructure is possible due to the novel production of components of a single material across several spot sizes using a single nozzle on a single DED system. The proposed strategy was used to nullify the hardness drop during functional grading of Inconel 625 and pure copper, enabling fabrication of multi-material sample that does not compromise desirable properties. This application shows the value in establishing more efficient process parameter development and understanding spot size influences on geometric and material property flexibility, to enable a more diverse powder-based DED design space and to increase the industry adoption of DED systems.

Preparation, upconversion/downshifting emissions, temperature sensing, and thermochromic properties of one-dimensional Y2Zr2O7:Er3+/Yb3+ tube-in-tube nanostructures via single-nozzle electrospinning

One-dimensional (1D) Y2Zr2O7:Er/Yb tube-in-tube nanostructures were prepared via a simple electrospinning technique with a single nozzle. The diameter of the outer tube of the Y2Zr2O7:Er/Yb tube-in-tube nanostructures is 190–170 nm, the thickness of the outer wall is 22–20 nm, the diameter of the inner tube is 120–100 nm, and the wall thickness of the inner tube is 17–14 nm. The optical properties of the Y2Zr2O7:Er/Yb tube-in-tube nanostructures, including the up-conversion and downshifting luminescence spectra, temperature sensitivity, and thermochromic properties, were studied in detail. Under 980 nm excitation, two weak green emissions at 528 nm and 550 nm, as well as a strong red emission at 650 nm of Er ions, are presented. When excited at 378 nm, the Er ions exhibit strong green emission at 545 nm, two weak red emission peaks at 650 and 680 nm, and near-infrared emission peaks at 1400–1600 nm. With increasing environmental temperature, the luminescence color of the 1D Y2Zr2O7:Er/Yb tube-in-tube nanostructures exhibited a transition from “orange→yellow→ green” when excited at 980 nm. For the 1D Y2Zr2O7:xEr/yYb tube-in-tube nanostructures (x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03; y = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15), the maximum values of Sr are 2.3 % K−1 under 980 nm excitation and 2.1%K−1 under 378 nm excitation within the temperature range of 303–723 K. This work develops integrated multifunctional optical materials and provides an alternative approach for the fabrication of nanoscale smart platforms, advanced displays, and applications in information security.

Modelling of the effects of driving signal parameters on the droplet formation dynamics in piezoelectric inkjet

Piezoelectric inkjet technology has been widely adopted in various industrial applications due to its versatility and compatibility with a wide range of ink chemistries. The driving signal, pivotal in activating the piezoelectric element to expel droplets, significantly influences droplet formation dynamics. Parameters such as droplet size, velocity, breakup time, and the occurrence of satellite droplets are all influenced by the driving signal and ultimately affect the overall quality of the printing process. This paper introduces a model for drop-on-demand (DOD) droplet formation dynamics from a single nozzle employing a bipolar driving signal. The model establishes a quantitative correlation between the waveform of the driving signal and key parameters including average jetting velocity at the nozzle exit, droplet jetting frequency, and droplet volume. Furthermore, an experimental setup is developed for the calibration and validation of the proposed model. Results demonstrate a close alignment between the model predictions and experimental observations, affirming its efficacy in forecasting droplet formation behaviors based on driving signal parameters.

玉米植保无人机离心喷施系统设计与雾滴分布特性试验

Aiming at the problems of spraying pole-type plant protection machines difficult to get down to the field after row closure of maize in the middle and late stages, uneven droplet distribution of pressure nozzle-type plant protection drone, and difficult to change the droplet particle size, this paper designed a UAV centrifugal spraying system for maize planting protection through the designed centrifugal nozzle combined with a plant protection drone. A single nozzle parameter test was carried out to study the relationship between nozzle speed, flow rate and droplet size. The variable parameter flow rate is set in the range of 300 ml ~ 1000 mL / min, and the nozzle rotation speed is set in the range of 8000 ~ 18000 r / min gradient change. The test results show that the droplet size is related to the liquid supply flow rate and the nozzle rotation speed. According to the theory of optimal biological particle size, the centrifugal nozzle parameter is determined to select the liquid supply flow rate of 1000 mL / min and the nozzle rotation speed of 14000 r / min. The droplet distribution characteristics test under the actual operating conditions was carried out with this parameter, and the important index parameters such as droplet size, droplet density and coverage rate were analyzed to characterize the UAV aerial spraying operation. The experimental results show that the flight speed of the UAV has an important effect on the droplet deposition parameters, which significantly affects the droplet coverage, droplet density and deposition amount of the bottom layer of maize, and the droplet coverage and the droplet deposition amount of each sampling layer tends to decrease with the increase of flight speed, and the coefficient of variation (CV) value of the centrifugal spraying system was the smallest at the flight speed of 1.5m/s, and the effect of droplet deposition was the most uniform. at a flight speed of 1.5m/s. The effect of droplet deposition is the most uniform. This study can provide a reference basis for the optimization of parameters and the correct use of centrifugal plant protection UAV in the middle and late stage plant protection operations of tall crops such as maize.

Flow Effects and Propulsion Performance on Various Single Expansion Ramp Nozzle Configurations of Scramjet Engine

This study serves as a research endeavor aiming to explore the behavior of the coupling flow effects of the single expansion ramp nozzle (SERN) in over-expansion conditions during the static start-up process. The open-source program OpenFOAM and its solver “rhoCentralFoam” are employed in the 2D simulation and the two critical geometric variations, the shape of the ramp and the length of the flap beyond the throat, are considered in the geometric variation. The result shows the preferable propulsion performance in the FSS (Free Shockwave Separation) state compared to RSS (Restricted Shockwave Separation). FSS also plays the role of the initial, albeit transient, separation, which originates from the shockwave from the throat and will eventually transform into a stabler RSS state. For the 100% flap length configuration in this study, the axial thrust can achieve a high value of 500 N/m in the FSS state and decrease to around 450 N/m, on average, in the RSS state. The trust angle also shows a preferable performance of around −13° in FSS compared to −30° in RSS. Regarding geometric modifications, both modifications, shorting the flap and bell-shaped ramp adjustments, manifest similar effects. Both conical and bell-shaped short flap configurations demonstrate an axial thrust from around 1750 to 1900 N/m and a thrust angle of around −45°. However, the flap shortening, which may demonstrate an attitude compensation effect, exhibits a more pronounced effect compared to the bell-shaped modification.

Experimental Study of Natural Gas and Hydrogen Co-Firing Characteristics Using Different Types of Single Nozzles of F-Class Practical Gas Turbine Combustors

Abstract Recent research on co-firing natural gas and hydrogen, a carbon-free clean fuel, aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from aging gas turbine power generation, a key energy issue. This approach can enhance old gas turbines and increase the proportion of combined cycle power plant utilization as coal-fired power plants in Korea gradually shut down. This study seeks optimal operating conditions for mixed fuels without modifying the F-class gas turbine combustor. Experiments were conducted using four different types of fuel nozzles (F-Class DLN combustors) under varying loads and co-firing rates. The test used actual machine operating conditions from 30% to 100% thermal load, with hydrogen co-fired with natural gas up to 70% at each load. OH high-speed imaging and an OH-PLIF technique analyzed flame structure and characteristics. Dynamic pressure was measured to check combustion instability, and exhaust gas emissions were evaluated for combustion characteristics. Key findings include critical co-firing rates for each nozzle based on NOx emission levels and combustion dynamics. As the hydrogen co-firing rate increased, flame length decreased, and NOx levels rose rapidly beyond 30%vol. Dynamic pressure oscillations showed no significant variations compared to natural gas combustion. This study successfully derived a characteristic operation map for a single nozzle based on the hydrogen co-firing rate.

Fabrication of multi-layered polymer-based polypill using single-nozzle Fused Deposition Modeling and its dissolution mechanism

The meteoric rise of additive manufacturing has enabled it to create remarkable feats in the field of pharmaceutics and drug delivery applications. The main objective of this study was to print a polypill, having two drugs of common ailments in different layers, using a single nozzle Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), instead of using a complex and cost-intensive dual extrusion printer. This was accomplished through a thermally fused filament. Myo-inositol (MI) and methylcobalamin (MCB) were the two drugs used for the present study. Initially, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) filaments have been loaded with these drugs using Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) method and then, fused using heat and this blended filament has been fed into the FDM printing apparatus. These filaments have been used to finally obtain a polypill containing drugs in an alternate layer fashion. Various tests related to the filaments and tablets have been carried out to analyse the chemical, physical and thermal feasibility of this research attempt. The thermal analysis like Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis tests confirmed filaments to be stable at printing temperature and FTIR results affirmed non-existence of any adverse degradation reaction in the drugs or other constituents. In-vitro dissolution studies were also conducted on the polypill and it was revealed that the dissolution rate for MI has been significantly higher than that of MCB drug. MI drug released completely in 5 h while MCB part was complete by 6.5 h. Finally, the drug dissolution behaviour was examined based on the dissolution data.

Feasibility of continuous switching 3D printing on surimi

Continuous switching 3D printing that allows multiple materials printed in a single nozzle was introduced to verify its applicability to the food system, which aims to improve the switching ability and manufacturing precision of multi-material 3D printed food. By integrating a self-developed 3D printing platform with logical adjustments of extrusion pressure and 3D motion, the feasible continuous switching of surimi was achieved. Moreover, employing a dual-channel continuous switching extrusion nozzle, the study elucidated the influence of surimi rheological properties on the interface behavior between pastes during extrusion. Through the analysis of fluid dynamics behavior of channel flow and utilization of simulation technology, a channel extension solution was formulated. Extending the length of the non-extrusion channel to 15 mm effectively prevented intrusion over 4 mm at an extrusion speed of 40 mm/s. This study managed to repetitively switch between two kinds of surimi pastes within a 2 mm unit length. Meanwhile, three types of 3D printing modes were established based on the control of Gcode, and the corresponding model offset correction enabled precise deposition of 2 mm × 1 mm units. The research also succeeded in 3D printing complex structures, such as meat-fat structure of beef based on surimi.

Computational analysis of spray cooling heat transfer and Influential factors during glass tempering

The spray cooling and tempering technology has a series of advantages, such as improving the tempering quality and reducing energy consumption. In order to optimize the tempering technological parameters, it is necessary to accurately control the thermal history and temperature distribution of a hot glass surface during spray cooling. However, measuring the inner temperature of tempered glass proved challenging. The Euler-Lagrangian approach was utilized for simulating the process of spray cooling the glass surface. To validate the accuracy of model predictions, experimental studies were conducted on the tempering of glass by a single nozzle. The numerical outcomes exhibit strong correspondence with the experimental findings. Building upon the foundation, the study analyzed the heat transfer mechanisms in different states including film boiling, nucleate boiling, and forced convection. Subsequently, the effects of spray distance, spray loading fraction, spray pressure, and final cooling temperature on the heat transfer rate and temperature homogeneity were discussed. The results revealed that reducing the spray distance, increasing the spray loading fraction and spray pressure can improve the cooling rate and reduce energy consumption, but it aggravated the uneven distribution of temperature over the glass surface. Moderately increasing the final cooling temperature had little effect on the tempering quality of glass, but it significantly reduced the energy consumption for spray cooling. Within the experimental range, the optimal final cooling temperature was 573.15 K.

Numerical study on the effect of high efficient cooling nozzles and varying cooling intensity on metallurgical transport behaviors during the slab continuous casting

In this study, the spray characteristics of the cooling water flux of the traditional single nozzle and novel dual nozzle were innovatively and effectively incorporated into a 3D/2D flow-temperature-concentration segmented model. The model was used to investigate the effects of spray characteristics on the flow, heat distribution, solute transport, solidified shell, and mushy zone of steel in the continuous casting. The results showed that various flow patterns of liquid steel in the turbulent zone significantly affected the temperature and carbon concentration distribution. Until Zone 7, the cooling water fluxes in the six cases remained unchanged. The peak temperatures of cases 1 and 4 in Zone 7 were 1253.11 and 1273.51 K, respectively, indicating that the spray characteristic was the primary cause of the variations in slab surface temperatures. The cooling water fluxes in the six cases change from Zone 8 onward. The six cases had differences of −21.39, 17.87, 46.95, −22.08, 16.86, and 45.68 K between the initial and final temperatures in Zone 8, respectively, meeting the requirement of keeping the maximum temperature recovery rate of slab surface under 100 °C/m. However, the final temperatures for cases 2, 3, and 6 were 1225.62, 1196.50, and 1218.91 K, respectively. These temperatures fall within a realistic plastic temperature range, which must be higher than 1220 K. As a result, the plastic cracking in the slab was possible. The maximum temperature gradient differences of the six cases between feature lines at the end of Zone 8 were 0.793, 0.814, 0.829, 0.185, 0.179, and 0.179 K/mm. These results showed that the optimization effect on the temperature gradient difference was insignificant as the cooling intensity rose. However, the carbon concentration uniformity was marginally improved by increasing the cooling water flux. Finally, a state-owned steel company in China chose case 5 (dual nozzle with moderate cooling intensity at the slab solidified end) as the optimum option for the slab continuous casting caster. The dual nozzle enhanced and promoted the efficient and homogeneous production of the metallurgical process.

Micronewton Cold Gas Thruster Based on Silicon-Etched Two-Dimensional Nozzles

The micronewton thruster is one of the essential technologies for providing an ultrastable satellite platform for scientific experiments in space. Particularly, space gravitational wave detection requires a microthruster with continuously adjustable thrust, high resolution, low noise, and fast response. To meet these requirements, we designed a two-dimensional (2D) nozzle and manufactured it using micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). Compared to the nozzles machined with conventional methods, the nozzles etched by the MEMS can easily reach a micron size and form arrays to create mutual backups and also provide a way to widen the thrust range by switching the number of openings. Based on a single 2D nozzle, a cold gas microthruster prototype is constructed with nitrogen gas as the propellant. The thrust of the prototype is tested by a pendulum, the range can span 0–156 μN, the thrust resolution is better than 0.1 μN, and the thrust noise reaches 0.1 μN/Hz1/2 at 0.1 Hz. The result demonstrates that the scheme has the potential to be applied to gravitational wave detection missions.

Scalable Jet‐Based Fabrication of PEI‐Hydrogel Particles for CO2 Capture

The capture, regeneration, and conversion of CO2 from ambient air and flue gas streams are critical aspects of mitigating global warming. Solid sorbents for CO2 absorption are very promising as they have high mass transfer areas without energy input and reduce emissions and minimize corrosion as compared to liquid sorbents. However, precisely tunable solid CO2 sorbents are difficult to produce. Here, we demonstrate the high‐throughput production of hydrogel‐based CO2‐absorbing particles via liquid jetting. By wrapping a liquid jet consisting of an aqueous solution of cross‐linkable branched polyethylenimine (PEI) with a layer of suspension containing hydrophobic silica nanoparticles, monodisperse droplets with a silica nanoparticle coating layer was formed in the air. A stable Pickering emulsion containing PEI droplets was obtained after these ejected droplets were collected in a heated oil bath. The droplets turn into mm‐sized particles after thermal curing in the bath. The diameter, PEI content, and silica content of the particles were systematically varied, and their CO2 absorption was measured as a function of time. Steam regeneration of the particles enabled cyclic testing, revealing a CO2 absorption capacity of 6.5 ± 0.5 mol kg−1 solid PEI in pure CO2 environments and 0.7 ± 0.3 mol kg−1 solid PEI for direct air capture. Several thousands of particles were produced per second at a rate of around 0.5 kg per hour, with a single nozzle. This process can be further scaled by parallelization. The complete toolbox for the design, fabrication, testing, and regeneration of functional hydrogel particles provides a powerful route toward novel solid sorbents for regenerative CO2 capture.

Drag reduction study based on boundary layer combustion on single expansion ramp nozzle

In hypersonic flight, frictional drag is an important factor affecting the overall engine performance. The wall frictional drag analysis and drag reduction technology of a unilateral expanding tail nozzle under typical working conditions are carried out by means of two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged N-S equations and SST k − ω turbulence model. The effects of hydrogen injection and combustion with different mass flow rates under different jet positions on the wall friction resistance are analyzed and compared, and the results show that, under the appropriate opening position, a better drag reduction effect can be obtained by injecting hydrogen with a mainstream flow rate of about 2.5%, which can achieve a reduction of 43.7%.

3D printing path method for multi-tow continuous carbon fiber

Carbon fiber composite materials have many excellent characteristics such as high temperature resistance, friction resistance, thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance, so carbon fiber composite materials have become the first choice for printing materials. In order to improve the printing efficiency of carbon fiber 3D printing technology, it has been expanded to four side-by-side nozzles based on traditional single nozzles, and four nozzles are bound to print side by side. The four-nozzle side-by-side printing path has the problem of coordinating the motion planning of each nozzle, controlling the squeezing difference of each nozzle, and adjusting the angle of the print head, so it is necessary to reasonably control the squeezing amount of each nozzle and the angle of the print head. After the slicing processing based on the existing model, the Gcode code of the model is obtained. The Gcode code of the model is processed through the multi-tow continuous carbon fiber 3D printing path planning algorithm. The movement trajectory of each nozzle of the printer is reasonably planned based on the outer wall coordinates and the extrusion amount of each nozzle is controlled. Finally, the snipping instruction is executed after a circle of trajectory to print the next layer of motion trajectory, which ultimately improves the 3D printing while ensuring the accuracy of multi-beam model 3D printing.

A novel electrospun polyvinyl alcohol/Co3O4/copper phthalocyanine nanofiber for oxidation of alcohols

That’s a very interesting application of the cobalt oxide modified with copper phthalocyanine complex (II) tetrasodium tetrasulfonic acid (Co3O4/CuSPC) that was produced from Sesbania sesban plant. It’s impressive that the Co3O4/CuSPC was deposited on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using a conventional single nozzle electrospinning technique to create Co3O4/PVA/CuSPC nanofibers. TEM, SEM, AFM, FT-IR, EDAX, and elemental analysis were used to determine fiber compositional information. Catalytic activities of this novel hetrogenous catalyst was evaluated on the oxidation of alcohols in green strategy. The reactions were performed without the use of solvents with tetra-n butylammonium peroxomonosulfate (TBAO) as a recoverable oxidant. It’s great to hear that The catalyst was recycled for six times making it more economically and environmentally sustainable.