Single Noun Research Articles

Makna Huruf ‘Āmilah (Huruf Tujarru Ism Wahid) Dan Pengaruhnya Dalam Kesimpulan Hukum Kitab Bulûghul Marām

<p style="text-align: justify;">Letters play a crucial role in learning nahwu (Arabic syntax) to understand Arabic grammar, particularly in meaning analysis. Previous studies, such as those by Al-Khatib, examined the role of prepositions (huruf jar) in Arabic syntax, while Al-Jundi explored how these letters affect the grammatical status of verbs and sentence meaning. This article analyzes the meanings of huruf al-‘amilah (governing letters) concerning those governing a single noun (huruf tujarru ism wahid) and their influence on legal conclusions in Bulughul Maraam: Bab Thaharah by Al-Hafidz Ibn Hajar Al-‘Asqolaani, a book containing hadiths on Islamic legal principles. The study aims to: 1) Identify the meanings of huruf ‘amilah in Bulughul Maraam: Bab Thaharah; and 2) Determine the influence of these meanings on legal conclusions in the book. Using a library research method with a descriptive approach, data was collected through documentation and analyzed through classification, content analysis, and conclusion. The results show that the letter "al-ba’" in Bulughul Maraam: Bab Thaharah has 10 meanings: 1) Instrument, 2) Accompaniment, 3) Addition, 4) Place/time, 5) Part of a whole, 6) Exchange, 7) Attachment to action, 8) Direction, 9) Cause, and 10) Action. These meanings influence legal conclusions in 20 hadiths.</p>

Semantic composition in experimental and naturalistic paradigms

Abstract Naturalistic paradigms using movies or audiobooks have become increasingly popular in cognitive neuroscience, but connecting them to findings from controlled experiments remains rare. Here, we aim to bridge this gap in the context of semantic composition in language processing, which is typically examined using a “minimal” two-word paradigm. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we investigated whether the neural signatures of semantic composition observed in an auditory two-word paradigm can extend to naturalistic story listening, and vice versa. Our results demonstrate consistent differentiation between phrases and single nouns in the left anterior and middle temporal lobe, regardless of the context. Notably, this distinction emerged later during naturalistic listening. Yet this latency difference disappeared when accounting for various factors in the naturalistic data, such as prosody, word rate, word frequency, surprisal, and emotional content. These findings suggest the presence of a unified compositional process underlying both isolated and connected speech comprehension.

Giving names to features in geology; the choice between subjective listing or researching objective natural divisions

In literature the English playwright Shakespeare proposed that “a rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. Many geologist are also flexible about the names they apply to features, and are tolerant of both over-simplification and even making mistakes in the naming of formations or other features. It appears that precision of a single noun is considered subservient to the essence of the narrative, such as evaluating a hydrocarbon prospect, or giving an interpretation of history. Here it is argued that naming is important because geology is so rich in nouns, and consequently compound errors in the use of multiple, poorly-defined nouns rapidly degrades overall meaning. It is proposed that without names that are both natural and consistently applied, but also continually improved, the scientific framework soon falls apart. By this we mean that the geological understanding of exploration risk, or geological history, rapidly become too easily accommodating of any new data and thus loses all rigour. Good, natural names are the results of tested concepts and are themselves open to further testing. From such testing comes recognition that in nature there are both gradational variation in series as well as discrete categories. A search for good names is inexorably linked to a better understanding of the features concerned.

Mastering English Multiple Adjectives Ordering among Early versus Late Second Language Speakers: Evidence from Arabic-English Bilinguals

Recent research has shown that learners demonstrate huge variability in second language (L2) end-state attainment. While some L2 learners attain native-like command, others only attain an undeveloped command and some stuck in between. It is also assumed that early learners often surpass owing to Lenneberg’s Critical Period Hypothesis (1967) that proposes that early onset often advance L2 development. This study investigates the extent to which, age is associated with mastering the target language among late versus early Arabic-English bilinguals. Specifically, this study concerns itself with the issue of how Arabic-English bilinguals typically perceive the right ordering of multiple consecutive adjectives (e.g., the small yellow bird). A considerable amount of literature has established that L2 learners encounter challenges in mastering the right sequence of adjectives, particularly when there are several adjectives modifying a single noun. To determine how Arabic-learners of English perceive English descriptive adjective orderings, this study observes whether an earlier age of first contact with English enhances the learners’ accuracy and the reaction time. To test this assumption, the intuitions of two groups of early (n=8) vs. late (n=8) Arabic-English bilinguals in the United Kingdom (i.e. Leeds) were compared for English descriptive adjective ordering preferences through a Speeded Acceptability Judgment Task (SAJT). The participants were requested to show their ordering preferences for a couple of multi-adjective strings (n=16). The findings suggested that early Arabic-English bilinguals significantly outperformed late Arabic-English bilinguals in terms of exhibiting native-like ordering preferences. The study concludes that early exposure is more likely to facilitate mastering the target system and that it generally accelerates L2 development. This study also concludes that accuracy and response time may reflect the L2 development. The study suggests a number of pedogeological implications for teaching and learning an L2.

Representing creative thought: A representational similarity analysis of creative idea generation and evaluation

Dual process theories of creativity suggest that creative thought is supported by both a generation phase, where unconstrained ideas are generated and combined in novel ways, and an evaluation phase, where those ideas are filtered for usefulness in context. Neurocognitively, both the default mode network (DMN) and the executive control network (ECN) have been implicated in generation and evaluation, respectively. Importantly, generating and evaluating ideas implies that the same information, reflected in patterns of neural activity, must be present in both phases, suggesting that information should be ‘reinstated’ (i.e. multidimensional patterns must reappear) within and/or between network nodes. In the present study, we used representational similarity analysis (RSA) to investigate the extent to which nodes of the DMN and ECN reinstate information between a generation phase, in which participants generated novel or appropriate word associations to single nouns, and an evaluation phase, where we presented the associations back to participants to evaluate them. We showed strong evidence for reinstatement within the ECN dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex during the novel association task, and within the DMN medial prefrontal cortex during the appropriate association task. We additionally showed between network reinstatement between the ECN dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex and the DMN posterior parietal cortex during the novelty task. These results demonstrate the importance of both within- and between-informational reinstatement for generating and evaluating ideas, and implicate both the DMN and ECN in dual process models of creativity.

Semantic surprise predicts the N400 brain potential

Language is central to human life; however, how our brains derive meaning from language is still not well understood. A commonly studied electrophysiological measure of on-line meaning related processing is the N400 component, the computational basis of which is still actively debated. Here, we test one of the recently proposed, computationally explicit hypotheses on the N400 – namely, that it reflects surprise with respect to a probabilistic representation of the semantic features of the current stimulus in a given context. We devise a Bayesian sequential learner model to derive trial-by-trial semantic surprise in a semantic oddball like roving paradigm experiment, where single nouns from different semantic categories are presented in sequences. Using experimental data from 40 subjects, we show that model-derived semantic surprise significantly predicts the N400 amplitude, substantially outperforming a non-probabilistic baseline model. Investigating the temporal signature of the effect, we find that the effect of semantic surprise on the EEG is restricted to the time window of the N400. Moreover, comparing the topography of the semantic surprise effect to a conventional ERP analysis of predicted vs. unpredicted words, we find that the semantic surprise closely replicates the N400 topography. Our results make a strong case for the role of probabilistic semantic representations in eliciting the N400, and in language comprehension in general.

Semantik Prosodi Nomina Indonesia dalam Korpus Wacana Berita Arab Internasional Oman 2013

<p class="BodyA"><strong>The prosodic semantic analysis in this research focuses on the aura of the lexical and contextual meaning of words that collocate with the noun 'Indonesia', in the international news corpus of Omani Arabic "KALIMAT a Multipurpose Arabic Corpus, 2013". Using the AntConc corpus, two kinds of "Indonesian" nouns were found, "Indonesia" in the indefinite form /indu:ni: niyyah/ and in the definitive form /al-indu:ni: niyyah/. However, this study focuses on the noun "Indonesia" in the definitive form /al-indu:ni: niyyah/. The theory that is used in this study is the prosodic semantic theory proposed by Louw (1993), which states that the coloring or aura of the meaning of a form, is imbued with its collocations. The research design is descriptive qualitative and quantitative which is used to maximize the semantic analysis of the prosody of the research object. Based on the results of corpus data processing, it was found that 8 (eight) nouns collocated with 'Indonesian' nouns, namely /ba: li:/, /jazz: rah/, /asy-syurthah/, /al-Jindra:l/, /al -wathaniyyah/, /al-Musalaha/, /al-qua:t/, and /al- Hukumah/. From the results of the analysis, the authors found that the collocation of the noun 'Indonesia' is not only a single noun, it is also a phrase that gives a neutral and negative aura to the noun 'Indonesia'.</strong></p><p class="BodyA"><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><strong> - </strong><em>Prosody Semantics, Arabic Corpus, Collocation, Indonesia</em></p>

Compound words implementations in “flowers in the attic” novel by VC Andrews

Background: Compound word is a word that include of two elements (a root/a word/a phrase and a root/a word) formed a new word and new meaning. Compounding is very important word formation process to know, especially in learning morphology in linguistics where students are required to learn the origin of the word formed.
 Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out the types and the meanings of compound words refers to theory of Plag, then to know the types of compound words mostly found in articles.
 Design and methods: Method of this study used descriptive qualitative research. To collect the data, the writer used documentation technique. From four types of compound, nominal compound is often appearing, because nominal compound is compound words that indicate and refer to the single noun (person, thing, animals, etc.).
 Results: This result also shows that the compound words not only create new word but also create new meaning. It can use to study about word formation especially in compounding.

New Synonyms Extraction Model Based on a Novel Terms Weighting Scheme

The traditional statistical approach in synonyms extraction is time-consuming. It is necessary to develop a new method to improve the efficiency and accuracy. This research presents a new method in synonyms extraction called Noun Based Distinctive Verbs (NBDV) that replaces the traditional tf-idf weighting scheme with a new weighting scheme called the Orbit Weighing Scheme (OWS). The OWS links the nouns to their semantic space by examining the singular verbs in each context. The new method was compared with important models in the field such as the Skip-Gram, the Continuous Bag of Words, and the GloVe model. The NBDV model was manipulated over the Arabic and English languages and the results showed 47% Recall and 51% Precision in the dictionary-based evaluation and 57.5% Precision in the human experts’ evaluation. Comparing with the synonyms extraction based on tf.idf, the NBDV obtained 11% higher recall and 10% higher precision. Regarding the efficiency, we found that on average, the synonyms extraction of a single noun requires the process of 186 verbs and in 63% of the runs; the number of singular verbs was less than 200. It is concluded that the developed method is efficient and processes the single run in linear time.

One cat, two cats, red cat, blue cats: eliciting morphemes from individuals with primary progressive aphasia

ABSTRACT Background: Progressive neurodegenerative impairment with central language features, primary progressive aphasia (PPA), can be further distinguished for many individuals into one of three variants: semantic, non-fluent/agrammatic, and logopenic variant PPA. Variants differ in their relative preservation and deficits of language skills, particularly in word finding and grammar. The majority of elicited language assessments used in this population focus on single noun and verb production, while modifiers and inflectional morphemes are far less commonly examined. Aims: The purpose of the present study is to determine whether there was an interaction between PPA variant and production of high-frequency nouns, proper names, modifiers, and bound inflectional morphemes to better understand how the variants differ. Methods & Procedures: Forty-six people with PPA and 47 individuals with no known neurological diagnoses completed a morphosyntactic generation assessment designed to target differential production of high-frequency nouns, proper names, modifiers (number, size, color), and bound inflectional morphemes (plural -s and possessive ’s), the Morphosyntactic Generation test (MorGen). Performance is averaged for each of the seven morphosyntactic targets independently, resulting in seven separate performance scores. Outcomes & Results: Individuals with PPA performed significantly more poorly than controls on the assessed morphemes in a repeated-measures analysis of variance, as well as on each morpheme considered independently via t-test. In a multivariable analysis of variance among PPA variants, the interaction of morpheme and PPA variant was significant, suggesting different variants produced the morphemes with a significantly different pattern of success. When morphemes were considered independently, only production of colour resulted in a significant difference between variants, driven by the performance of individuals with nfavPPA, who performed near-ceiling. When MorGen performance was used to predict PPA variant in a multinomial logistic regression the model was significant, with age, plural -s, noun, and number contributing significantly to the prediction. In a discriminate function analysis, classification of cases was best for agrammatic variant with 70% accuracy. Conclusions: Individuals with PPA, particularly semantic and logopenic variants, demonstrated difficulty on the MorGen compared to controls. The MorGen proved useful in predicting PPA variant. These findings highlight the potential benefit of examining a broader range of morphemes, particularly bound morphemes and modifiers, in addition to the more frequently investigated classes of nouns and verbs when understanding PPA.

Is word learning enough? Improved verb phrase production following cueing of verbs and nouns in primary progressive aphasia

There is little evidence that, for people with aphasia, successful outcomes following lexical retrieval treatment generalise beyond single word retrieval to sentence production or daily communication. This study aimed to develop greater understanding of the mechanisms of generalisation. We employed a cueing task to simulate the effects of lexical retrieval treatment. A single noun or verb was provided and the effect on production of a corresponding verb phrase examined. Sixteen individuals with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) were asked to produce verb phrases to describe action pictures accompanied by i) a verb cue where a spoken and written verb was also presented with the picture; ii) a noun cue where a spoken and written noun was presented with the picture; iii) a no cue condition where only the picture was presented. Across the case series, both verb and noun cueing improved verb phrase production relative to no cue, with verb cueing being most effective. At the level of the single case, thirteen individuals showed significantly increased production of verb phrases with verb cueing, and seven individuals with noun cueing. In addition, seven individuals showed significantly greater benefit from verb cueing compared to noun cueing, and none showed the reverse. This suggests that improvements in verb phrase production may also be achievable following treatment-induced improvements in lexical retrieval. Greater benefit from verb cues than noun cues raises important theoretical issues regarding sentence construction and clinical issues around the most effective treatment techniques for people with aphasia.

Traditional Names and Naming Customs of the White Clay (Gros Ventre) People

This article lists personal names in White Clay (or Gros Ventre; Algonquian, northern Plains) from various sources, and discusses the structure and semantics of names in the corpus recorded by myself. Grammatically, names consist of single nouns (with or without modifiers), compound nouns, and nominal phrases; particles; inflected verbal forms; uninflected verbal themes, sometimes truncated; or truncated noun stems. Semantically, names reference social activities such as war, hunting (especially of bison), and religion (ceremonies and sacred objects); nature, especially animals (but rarely the horse); traditional material culture; ethnic affiliation; physical features and other personal attributes; subsistence activities; and singing.

О ПРОЕКЦИЯХ МЕНТАЛЬНОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ НА ЯЗЫК И РЕЧЬ (на примере концепта-пропозиции)

The author examines, using the example of a concept-proposition, multiple manifestations of the connection between a mental unit and units of a language system, argues that the principle of structuring knowledge, characteristic of a proposition, is found in the semantic structure of a sentence, a word-formation nest, in the logic of lexical metonymy, in the logic of transferring definitions, as well as in the ability of a noun to represent knowledge of a propositional nature in speech, concludes that there is a deep commonality of mental and linguistic activity. The semantic structure of the sentence and the structure of the syntactic proposition are isomorphic to the structure of the mental proposition. The vectors of the transfer of the definition from one term of the sentence to another, as well as to the designation of the entire situation, often have propositional logic and are closed by the framework of one sentence. Propositional logic is observed in many word-building nests, especially consistent with the structure of nests organized by a polyactant verb. Among the verbal derivatives in the nest, the percentage of lexemes that name the components of the corresponding situation is significant, in some cases - all the main components of the situation. At the lexico-semantic level, the projection of a proposition on the phenomenon of metonymy is described. Among the models of transference, a variety is highlighted, called propositional metonymy. It includes transfers of the name, the vectors of which (shift of the focus of attention) reflect the structure of the proposition. Another manifestation of the connection between a proposition and linguistic units, considered in the article, is the facts of using a single noun in speech of any lexical and grammatical semantics to represent all situations of any structural complexity. The realized perspective of the research (from the mental unit to linguistic units and processes that reveal with it a certain isomorphism in the logic of categorization and conceptualization of knowledge) allows us to reveal an important line of interaction between the mental and linguistic levels.

Noun Phrase in Mandailing Language

This paper discusses on the rules of Noun Phrase (NP) in Mandailing language. The objectives are firstly to structurally examine the phrase structure rules (PSR) of NP in Mandailing language and to investigate the constituents of each rules in NP. The method is descriptive qualitative with a case study. The data taken from the native speakers of Mandailing language through interviewing. The data are the utterances of Mandailing language in daily conversation. The analysis is based on the use of X-Bar theory, to see how NPs in Mandailing language are hierarchically governed and presented in tree diagram. Thus, the findings showed that there are five major rules of NP in Mandailing language, (a) single noun as headword, (b) pre-modifier preceedes head noun, (c) post-modifiers follows head noun, (d) head noun between pre-modifier and post-modifier, and (e) complex NP with coordinative conjunction. Also, there is found particle na to relate NP with the complement such as AP. To summarize, Mandailing language has similar patterns of word order with Indonesia language. Overall, this research gives contribution to provide a deep understanding in studying morphosyntactic in linguistics especially phrase structures beyond the effort on exploring and revitalizing a regional language in Indonesia.

Place-Naming (Toponymy) of Kecamatan in Bandung: A Morphological Study

This study aims to analyze the morphological processes occupied in place-naming of Kecamatan in Bandung and attempts to classify the place-naming of Kecamatan in Bandung based on toponymy rules by Nash (2015). Descriptive qualitative research design was employed in this study. The investigation of thirty names of Kecamatan in Bandung shows that there are only three types of morphological process in naming Kecamatan in Bandung. They are compounding, borrowing and blending. In term of toponymy rules, the patterns are various in each morphological process: (1) A Single (Proper) Noun; (2) Two Nouns: (Generic) Noun + (Proper) Noun; and (3) (Proper) Noun + Adjective.

СИНТАКСИЧЕСКИЕ СРЕДСТВА ВЫРАЗИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ЗАГОЛОВКОВ ПРЕССЫ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИЙ ЖУРНАЛА SPIEGEL)

Принято считать, что заголовок – неотъемлемая и главная часть любой публикации, поскольку он является первым звеном, на которое обращает внимание читатель при знакомстве с публицистическим текстом. Заголовок несет определенную информацию о содержании публицистического произведения, поэтому должен иметь эмоциональную окраску, возбуждать читательский интерес, привлекать внимание.Цель. Данная статьяпосвящена анализу синтаксических средств выразительности заголовков. Предметом анализа выступают современные немецкие публицистические тексты. Выбор текстов публицистики в качестве материала исследования позволяет по-новому проанализировать средства выразительности заголовков на синтаксическом уровне.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования образуют метод сплошной выборки при подборе практического материала, описательный метод лингвостилистического анализа, а также метод количественно-качественного анализа.Результаты. Результаты исследования показали, что синтаксические особенности заголовков публицистических текстов многогранны и разнообразны. Журналисты используют различные синтаксические средства для того, чтобы сделать заголовок более эмоциональным и экспрессивным. Самыми частотными являются номинативные заголовки, как односоставные, так и состоящие из двух или нескольких существительных. С целью придания заголовку броскости широко используется эллипсис. Краткий заголовок быстрее воспринимается читателем, его необычная форма вызывает интерес и побуждает читателя прочитать сам текст. С точки зрения цели высказывания наиболее распространены повествовательные предложения. Однако встречаются заголовки в форме вопросительных предложений, весьма редки побудительные предложения. Для привлечения внимания читателя к тексту нередко возникает эмфатическое выделение в начале заголовка путем изменения порядка слов. Использование повтора на разных уровнях в целях эмфазы также имеет место быть в исследуемом материале.Область применения. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в теоретических курсах по стилистике немецкого языка, а также в спецкурсах по дискурсу современной немецкой прессы.

Facing the facts of fake: A distributional semantics and corpus annotation approach

Abstract Fake is often considered the textbook example of a so-called ‘privative’ adjective, one which, in other words, allows the proposition that ‘(a) fake x is not (an) x’. This study tests the hypothesis that the contexts of an adjectivenoun combination are more different from the contexts of the noun when the adjective is such a ‘privative’ one than when it is an ordinary (subsective) one. We here use ‘embeddings’, that is, dense vector representations based on word co-occurrences in a large corpus, which in our study is the entire English Wikipedia as it was in 2013. Comparing the cosine distance between the adjective-noun bigram and single noun embeddings across two sets of adjectives, privative and ordinary ones, we fail to find a noticeable difference. However, we contest that fake is an across-the-board privative adjective, since a fake article, for instance, is most definitely still an article. We extend a recent proposal involving the noun’s qualia roles (how an entity is made, what it consists of, what it is used for, etc.) and propose several interpretational types of fake-noun combinations, some but not all of which are privative. These interpretations, which we assign manually to the 100 most frequent fake-noun combinations in the Wikipedia corpus, depend to a large extent on the meaning of the noun, as combinations with similar interpretations tend to involve nouns that are linked in a distributions-based network. When we restrict our focus to the privative uses of fake only, we do detect a slightly enlarged difference between fake + noun bigram and noun distributions compared to the previously obtained average difference between adjective + noun bigram and noun distributions. This result contrasts with negative or even opposite findings reported in the literature.

Особенности названий научных статей на русском и английском языке: контрастивный аспект

The article exposes the cross-cultural incongruence in academic paper titles organization in Russian and in English. The research is based on extensive linguistic corpus data that cover 10 000 paper titles authored by native Russian and English speakers. Its main purpose is to demonstrate that word-for-word translation of paper titles from Russian into English often fails to map standard stylistic patterns characteristic to academic English. It is shown that there is a number of reasons why scientific papers (books, theses, conference reports, etc.) in Russian and in English are titled in different ways. The most important is the difference in the academic style proper in the two languages. While the Russian academic style generates rather extended titles with (multiple) abstract nouns, genitive constructions, etc., incorporated into a single noun group, the English academic style prefers a two-parts title pattern. The latter, in its turn, prefers the and -conjunction, a column, non-finite forms of the verb, prepositions, interrogative constructions, etc. The communicative asymmetry in academic paper titles’ verbalization principles in Russian and in English is no doubt a topical issue for Russian academic community in its way towards effective international cooperation.

The priming of basic combinatory responses in MEG

Priming has been a powerful tool for the study of human memory and especially the memory representations relevant for language. However, although it is well established that lexical access can be primed, we do not know exactly what types of computations can be primed above the word level. This work took a neurobiological approach and assessed the ways in which the complex representation of a minimal combinatory phrase, such as red boat, can be primed, as evidenced by the spatiotemporal profiles of magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals. Specifically, we built upon recent progress on the neural signatures of phrasal composition and tested whether the brain activities implicated for the basic combination of two words could be primed. In two experiments, MEG was recorded during a picture naming task where the prime trials were designed to replicate previously reported combinatory effects and the target trials to test whether those combinatory effects could be primed. The manipulation of the primes was successful in eliciting larger activity for adjective-noun combinations than single nouns in left anterior temporal and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, replicating prior MEG studies on parallel contrasts. Priming of similarly timed activity was observed during target trials in anterior temporal cortex, but only when the prime and target shared an adjective. No priming in temporal cortex was observed for single word repetition and two control tasks showed that the priming effect was not elicited if the prime pictures were simply viewed but not named. In sum, this work provides evidence that very basic combinatory operations can be primed, with the necessity for some lexical overlap between prime and target suggesting combinatory conceptual, as opposed to syntactic processing. Both our combinatory and priming effects were early, onsetting between 100 and 150ms after picture onset and thus are likely to reflect the very earliest planning stages of a combinatory message. Thus our findings suggest that at the earliest stages of combinatory planning in production, a combinatory memory representation is formed that affects the planning of a relevantly similar combination on a subsequent trial.

Análise da extração de descritores como sintagmas nominais através do software OGMA

Analisa a indexação automática por sintagmas nominais de documentos compostos por título e resumo de 30 teses e dissertações escritas em português de três áreas do conhecimento diferentes. O método de pesquisa é categorizado como exploratório, com base em revisão de literatura e experimento computacional. O experimento consistiu na análise da saída do software OGMA quando aplicado ao corpus de documentos e a mensuração do nível de revocação das palavras-chaves. Durante a análise, foram observadas quais palavras-chave indicadas pelos autores estavam nos documentos e a partir daí observou-se quais palavras-chave presentes nos documentos foram extraídas ou não como sintagmas nominais pelo software. Foi traçado um perfil descritivo das sequências ou padrões de etiquetas gramaticais de cada grupo de palavras-chaves presentes extraídas e não extraídas como sintagmas nominais. Conclui-se que da totalidade de palavras-chaves informadas pelos autores 68% se encontravam no título ou resumo da tese ou dissertação, destas 66% foram extraídas como sintagmas nominais, correspondendo ao nível de revocação de palavras-chaves presentes alcançado pelo software OGMA. As palavras-chaves presentes e não extraídas na grande maioria apresentavam substantivos ou adjetivos etiquetados com classe gramatical errada pelo software, e por isso não foram extraídas. As palavras-chaves presentes e extraídas eram na maioria substantivos isolados (30%), substantivos seguidos de adjetivo (28%) e substantivo seguido de preposição e substantivo (19%). O nível de revocação das palavras-chaves presentes pode ser aumentado significantemente com ajustes no etiquetador gramatical do OGMA.