Single Line Spacing Research Articles

Persepsi Masyarakat Kelurahan Rungkut Kidul terhadap Layanan Kelas Parenting Puspaga Balai Rw

Cases of violence against women and children are a public problem that must be answered by the government. The Surabaya City Government together with DP3APPKB Surabaya in 2017 formed the PUSPAGA program with a service center on Floor II of the former Siola Building and in 2022 it developed into PUSPAGA Balai RW with a program for prevention, risk reduction and handling of cases related to families, women and children. One of the services of the prevention program by PUSPAGA Balai RW is Parenting Classes. In implementing parenting classes there are several challenges, such as in Rungkut Kidul Village where there are still few participants attending parenting classes. So the target of this parenting class has not been achieved. This research aims to describe the perceptions of the people of Rungkut Kidul Subdistrict regarding the PUSPAGA Balai RW parenting class services. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques through interviews, observation and literature studies that are relevant to this research. The results of the research show that the perception of the Rungkut Kidul Village Community consists of 60% agreeing and 40% disagreeing with the existence of Parenting Class services. These results are deepened by public perceptions based on the 5 attributes of public service innovation according to Rogers which shows that parenting class services implemented in Rungkut Kidul Subdistrict have relative advantages, suitability, complexity and are not easy to try and easy to observe. (10pt, single line spacing, Palatino Linotype font).

Extraction of proteins and location of the L-ype Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ channel (CaV1.2 α1c) in pig sperm extracted from fresh, frozen and permeated semen

Ion channels are protein structures located in the cell plasma membrane. Sperm cells require calcium ions (Ca2+) to carry out fundamental physiological processes, such as hypermotility, capacitation and acrosomal reaction. Protein extraction is the first, and most critical, stage of molecular tests (Western Blot, proteomic tests, etc). The implementation of these techniques in the study of sperm cells will allow us to understand their physiology (biomarkers) and ways of manipulation (refrigeration, cryopreservation, permeation using streptolysin O (SLO), etc.). The goal of this project was to determine whether if changes in the plasma membrane, brought on by cryopreservation or permeation with SLO, modify the Ca2+ CaV1.2 α1C channel in pig sperm cells. 2 ½ pig ejaculates were taken as working simples, and they were treated as follows: -Control (C): refrigerated semen (SR) 16°/24h; Treatment 1 (T1): SR with SLO T2: cryopreserved semen (SC); T3: SC, previously treated with SLO. It was determined that a better quantitation of proteins from the samples (p<0.001) is obtained with a (total) protein extraction buffer composed of SDS 2% + β-Mercaptoethanol 3%. The detection of the CaV 1.2 α1C protein was done through Western Bloting, using the Rabbit anti-CaV 1.2 α1C (USA, Sigma-AldrichTM) antigen. Better visibility of the protein band of the Ca2+ channel was achieved in the C and T1 experimental groups; whereas its’ presence was not observed in T2 and T3. It was determined that the Ca2+ CaV 1.2 α1C was present in the sperm cells, and that it deteriorates once the sperm cell is frozen and permeated with SLO, which is linked to the decrease of cell viability percentages. alibri font, size 10, and single line spacing.

Areas of blockchain technology application in modern city – part I

Purpose: The purpose of paper is to indicate the potential of using blockchain technology in smart cities. The author analyzes the state of development of blockchain-based solutions and relates it to areas of the functioning of cities. The aim is also to indicate blockchain applications importance in the context of city residents quality of life and the functioning of various industries operating within them. Design/methodology/approach: The objectives of the paper were achieved by analyzing literature, industry reports as well as selected blockchain projects’ websites. The theoretical scope of the article is the description of blockchain technology application areas within the modern cities, their main characteristics and the potential for its usage. Findings: The author indicated 6 areas of blockchain application, and then indicated a number of functioning solutions based on blockchain referring to them, and also indicated the potential of the impact of the described solutions on the development of the city. In the summary, areas for further research were indicated, referring to slightly differently perceived aspects of the city's development and improving the lives of its inhabitants. Practical implications: The successful implementation of blockchain solutions depends on a large amount of conceptual and technological work in organizations. The article suggests areas of blockchain use in the city and indicates examples of already implemented solutions that can constitute a reference point and inspiration for new solutions. Social implications: The blockchain technology shows the potential to improve the quality of life of city residents in the context of building solutions that eliminate the need for trust in service providers, weakened by frequently observed unethical behavior and negligence in the security and transparency of information flow. The widespread use of blockchain in the city is therefore undoubtedly in the interest of societies. Originality/value: The paper’s originality is expressed in a comprehensive look at the issue of using blockchain in the functioning of modern cities, together with an indication of both the potential of their implementation and already existing solutions in the subject area. Moreover, the author points out social benefits in the form of increased trust and an increase in the city residents quality of life. Keywords: from 3 to 5 keywords (phrases), justified text, spacing before 6 pt., TNR 12 pt. font, single line spacing. Category of the paper: Literature review, viewpoint

Effects of line length, number of lines, line spacing, and font size on reading performance of Chinese text in virtual reality environment

The increasing importance of virtual reality (VR) necessitates reading in VR environments. Nonetheless, there is a lack of research on the factors influencing reading performance (speed and accuracy) in VR. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of line length, number of lines, line spacing, and font size on the response time and accuracy of a Chinese comprehension task in VR. Thirty-two participants were required to read Chinese passages and answer 32 multiple-choice questions in VR. The results indicated that line spacing significantly affected reading speed. Meanwhile, the interaction between the number of lines and line spacing had a significant impact on reading accuracy. To improve reading speed and accuracy, it is advisable to use single-line spacing, 20 characters per line, and ensure that the vertical distance created by the number of lines and line spacing does not exceed the optimal field of view.

IMPLEMENTASI KOLABORASI MODEL PENTAHELIX DALAM RANGKA MENINGKATKAN PEMBERDAYAAN UMKM EX LOKALISASI DOLLY PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID 19 (Studi Kasus DS.Point)

After the closing of Dolly's localization in 2014, the Surabaya city government has purchased several guesthouses in Dolly and converted them into various kinds of craft production sites. The location which was previously a place of prostitution with the largest income in Southeast Asia was later turned into the largest MSME center in Surabaya. The Surabaya government continues to provide assistance to residents of EX Localization in order to create a better image, namely by inviting local community members to become MSME actors. DS.Point (Dolly Saiki Point) is a silent witness to the dark history of the City of Surabaya, but has now been designated by the Surabaya City Government as an area for commercial, economic, and tourism activities. DS.Point (Dolly Saiki Point) is under the auspices of the Surabaya City Food and Agriculture Security Service, which makes it a souvenir center that accommodates processed products or products from MSME activists from residents of EX Lokaliasai Dolly. The research method used is descriptive qualitative which refers to the identification of distinguishing traits or characteristics of a group of people, objects, or events in order to provide an overview of the Implementation of the Pentahelix Model Collaboration in the Context of Improving the Empowerment of MSMEs Ex Dolly Localization During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Data collection techniques were carried out through the process of observation, interviews and documentation. The theory used is Collaborative Governance. The results of the study show that the roles played by the penta helix actors are quite good and the collaboration created between them has been going well, this can be seen by the inability for the actors to stand alone in increasing the empowerment of SMEs Ex Dolly Localization. This also has a good impact on the perpetrators of the Ex Dolly Localization MSMEs under the auspices of DS Point (11pt, single line spacing, 1 paragraph).

IMPLEMENTASI KOLABORASI MODEL PENTAHELIX DALAM RANGKA MENINGKATKAN PEMBERDAYAAN UMKM EX LOKALISASI DOLLY PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID 19 (Studi Kasus DS.Point)

After the closing of Dolly's localization in 2014, the Surabaya city government has purchased several guesthouses in Dolly and converted them into various kinds of craft production sites. The location which was previously a place of prostitution with the largest income in Southeast Asia was later turned into the largest MSME center in Surabaya. The Surabaya government continues to provide assistance to residents of EX Localization in order to create a better image, namely by inviting local community members to become MSME actors. DS.Point (Dolly Saiki Point) is a silent witness to the dark history of the City of Surabaya, but has now been designated by the Surabaya City Government as an area for commercial, economic, and tourism activities. DS.Point (Dolly Saiki Point) is under the auspices of the Surabaya City Food and Agriculture Security Service, which makes it a souvenir center that accommodates processed products or products from MSME activists from residents of EX Lokaliasai Dolly. The research method used is descriptive qualitative which refers to the identification of distinguishing traits or characteristics of a group of people, objects, or events in order to provide an overview of the Implementation of the Pentahelix Model Collaboration in the Context of Improving the Empowerment of MSMEs Ex Dolly Localization During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Data collection techniques were carried out through the process of observation, interviews and documentation. The theory used is Collaborative Governance. The results of the study show that the roles played by the penta helix actors are quite good and the collaboration created between them has been going well, this can be seen by the inability for the actors to stand alone in increasing the empowerment of SMEs Ex Dolly Localization. This also has a good impact on the perpetrators of the Ex Dolly Localization MSMEs under the auspices of DS Point (11pt, single line spacing, 1 paragraph).

An Investigation of Critical Thinking Skills in Illustrated Children's Books

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to investigate the critical thinking skills in illustrated children's books in pre-school education classes.Design/Methodology/Approach: Within the scope of the research, 200 picture children's books were analyzed by document analysis method.Findings: According to the findings, it was observed that in the analyzed children's books, there were more phrases that support critical thinking skills such as inference, evaluation and self-regulation while high-level skills such as analysis and interpretation were rather limited. In addition, while phrases supporting the explanation skills were included directly in the examined children's books, it was observed that there was no indirect mention.As a result, research findings showed that critical thinking skills are limited in the illustrated children's books, and they are usually given directly. These results also clearly revealed the existence of a didactic approach, an attitude that restricts critical thinking in children's books. Illustrated children’s books prepared for early childhood should avoid this approach and they should be enriched with content that supports children's thinking skills.Highlights: The abstract of the article should be written by adding the "Calibri (Body)" text font, 8 font size, single line spacing and 6 nk space at the end of the paragraph. The abstract should be between 150 and 350 words. In the abstract, the purpose of the article, the method used, the main findings, conclusions and suggestions should be clearly stated.

Design of Components of 4 Stroke Engine u sing Hybrid Metal Matrix

In the present study of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (AMMCs), specifically speaking, in our case Al-SiC-graphite have been discussed on the basis of literature review, comprising of similar characteristics of base aluminum alloy but not completely identical. Aluminum metal matrix composites have different properties when compared with Cast Iron and Aluminum. This difference in properties gives us a chance to design components which may give better results than the conventional ones. In a new approach, we are trying to develop new components for 4 Stroke Petrol Engine namely piston & connecting rod, which would have better Tensile Strength, Young’s Modulus & Low Thermal Conductivity as compared to the pure Aluminum. Paper Setup must be in A4 size with Margin: Top 0.7”, Bottom 0.7”, Left 0.65”, 0.65”, Gutter 0”, and Gutter Position Top. Paper must be in two Columns after Authors Name with Width 8.27”, height 11.69” Spacing 0.2”. Whole paper must be with: Font Name Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Line Spacing 1.05 EXCEPT Abstract, Keywords (Index Term), Paper Tile, References, Author Profile (in the last page of the paper, maximum 400 words), All Headings, and Manuscript Details (First Page, Bottom, left side).Paper Title must be in Font Size 24, Bold, with Single Line Spacing. Authors Name must be in Font Size 11, Bold, Before Spacing 0, After Spacing 16, with Single Line Spacing. Please do not write Author e-mail or author address in the place of Authors name. Authors e-mail, and their Address details must be in the Manuscript details. Abstract and Keywords (Index Term) must be in Font Size 9, Bold, Italic with Single Line Spacing. All MAIN HEADING must be in Upper Case, Centre, and Roman Numbering (I, II, III…etc), Before Spacing 12, After Spacing 6, with single line spacing. All Sub Heading must be in Title Case, Left 0.25 cm, Italic, and Alphabet Numbering (A, B, C…etc), Before Spacing 6, After Spacing 4, with Single Line Spacing. Manuscript Details must be in Font Size 8, in the Bottom, First Page, and Left Side with Single Line Spacing. References must be in Font Size 8, Hanging 0.25 with single line spacing. Author Profile must be in Font Size 8, with single line spacing. Fore more details, please download TEMPLATE HELP FILE from the website.

ACCIOUR: An Accident Detection and Life Saviour System using IoT

At the end of the day, being alive becomes the topmost priority for anyone in their life span. We can usually see more road tragedies than any good things happening around us. There are many people who lose their precious lives after accidents due to no proper ambulance facility, no one to communicate about the accident to the hospitals or majorly due to getting stuck in the traffic of big cities. The ACCIOUR-IoT based system helps to overcome these problems. Initially, each vehicle will have a device which activates soon after an accident takes place and sends the location to the close ones and to the main server that holds the information of various nearby ambulances, and hence forwards the location to the ambulance. Ambulance on getting the information can turn on their devices that help the traffic signals along their route to know there’s emergency and hence to clear the traffic as much as possible by turning on their green lights immediately so that the patient is taken from the accident spot and later admitted to hospital within the short duration that is possible. On the way, the ambulance will take a quick check on the patient and send information regarding their present condition even before they reach the hospital so that the hospital doctors are aware of what kind of treatment that has to be provided to the patient who is on the way to their hospital. This system majorly challenges the methodology that is currently adopted and provides a better solution to overcome their limitations. Overall, ACCIOUR system is all about saving a precious life and the lives of many others who are indirectly connected to them through technology. spacing. Author Profile must be in Font Size 8, with single line spacing. Fore more details, please download TEMPLATE HELP FILE from the website.

Revenue and Management of Fund Finance Balance

Paper Setup must be in A4 size with Margin: Top 0.7”, Bottom 0.7”, Left 0.65”, 0.65”, Gutter 0”, and Gutter Position Top. The paper must be in two Columns after Authors Name with Width 8.27”, height 11.69” Spacing 0.2”. Whole paper must be with: Font Name Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Line Spacing 1.05 EXCEPT Abstract, Keywords (Index Term), Paper Title, References, Author Profile (in the last page of the paper, maximum 400 words), All Headings, and Manuscript Details (First Page, Bottom, left side). Paper Title must be in Font Size 24, Bold, with Single Line Spacing. Authors' Name must be in Font Size 11, Bold, Before Spacing 0, After Spacing 16, with Single Line Spacing. Please do not write the Author e-mail or author address in the place of the Authors name. The authors' e-mail and their Address details must be in the Manuscript details. Abstract and Keywords (Index Term) must be in Font Size 9, Bold, Italic with Single Line Spacing. All MAIN HEADING must be in Upper Case, Centre, and Roman Numbering (I, II, III…etc), Before Spacing 12, After Spacing 6, with single line spacing. All Sub Heading must be in Title Case, Left 0.25 cm, Italic, and Alphabet Numbering (A, B, C…etc), Before Spacing 6, After Spacing 4, with Single Line Spacing. Manuscript Details must be in Font Size 8, in the Bottom, First Page, and Left Side with Single Line Spacing. References must be in Font Size 8, Hanging 0.25 with single line spacing. Author Profile must be in Font Size 8, with single line spacing. For more details, please download TEMPLATE HELP FILE from the website.

Exploring Critical Success Factors in E-Learning Implementation

Paper Setup must be in A4 size withMargin: Top 1.78 cm, Bottom 1.78 cm, Left 1.78 cm, Right 1.65 cm, Gutter 0 cm, and Gutter Position Top. Paper must be in two Columns after Authors Name with Width 8.59 cm, Spacing 0.51 cm. Whole paper must be with: Font Name Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Line Spacing 1.05 EXCEPT Abstract, Keywords (Index Term), Paper Tile, References, Author Profile (in the last page of the paper, maximum 400 words), All Headings, and Manuscript Details (First Page, Bottom, left side).Paper Title must be in Font Size 24, Bold, with Single Line Spacing. Authors Name must be in Font Size 11, Bold, Before Spacing 0, After Spacing 16, with Single Line Spacing. Please do not write Author e-mail or author address in the place of Authors name. Authors e-mail, and their Address details must be in the Manuscript details. Abstract and Keywords (Index Term) must be in Font Size 9, Bold, Italic with Single Line Spacing. All MAIN HEADING must be in Upper Case, Centre, and Roman Numbering (I, II, III…etc), Before Spacing 12, After Spacing 6, with single line spacing. All Sub Heading must be in Title Case, Left 0.25 cm, Italic, and Alphabet Numbering (A, B, C…etc), Before Spacing 6, After Spacing 4, with Single Line Spacing. Manuscript Details must be in Font Size 8, in the Bottom, First Page, and Left Side with Single Line Spacing. References must be in Font Size 8, Hanging 0.25 with single line spacing. Author Profile must be in Font Size 8, with single line spacing. Fore more details, please download TEMPLATE HELP FILE from the website.

Mining Social Media Content to Predict Peer Trust Level in Social Networks

Paper Setup must be in A4 size with Margin: Top 0.7”, Bottom 0.7”, Left 0.65”, 0.65”, Gutter 0”, and Gutter Position Top. Paper must be in two Columns after Authors Name with Width 8.27”, height 11.69” Spacing 0.2”. Whole paper must be with: Font Name Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Line Spacing 1.05 EXCEPT Abstract, Keywords (Index Term), Paper Tile, References, Author Profile (in the last page of the paper, maximum 400 words), All Headings, and Manuscript Details (First Page, Bottom, left side).Paper Title must be in Font Size 24, Bold, with Single Line Spacing. Authors Name must be in Font Size 11, Bold, Before Spacing 0, After Spacing 16, with Single Line Spacing. Please do not write Author e-mail or author address in the place of Authors name. Authors e-mail, and their Address details must be in the Manuscript details. Abstract and Keywords (Index Term) must be in Font Size 9, Bold, Italic with Single Line Spacing. All MAIN HEADING must be in Upper Case, Centre, and Roman Numbering (I, II, III…etc), Before Spacing 12, After Spacing 6, with single line spacing. All Sub Heading must be in Title Case, Left 0.25 cm, Italic, and Alphabet Numbering (A, B, C…etc), Before Spacing 6, After Spacing 4, with Single Line Spacing. Manuscript Details must be in Font Size 8, in the Bottom, First Page, and Left Side with Single Line Spacing. References must be in Font Size 8, Hanging 0.25 with single line spacing. Author Profile must be in Font Size 8, with single line spacing. Fore more details, please download TEMPLATE HELP FILE from the website.

The Effect of Risk Management, Governance and Information System on Technological Efficiency for the Inpatient Services in the Indonesian Hospital

The hospital is one of the health care institutions supported by medical personnel and non-medical personnel to provide services to the community. The increase in hospitals' number is expected to be in line with the increase in medical and non-medical personnel in hospitals. However, the increase in resources has almost doubled compared to the increase in the number of hospitals in Indonesia. This can indicate that the hospital current conditions are less efficient. To identify the condition of the hospital’s level of efficiency, it can be done using the Stocastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) method. This analysis is based on the production function involving various input and output factors. Various types of inputs and outputs that can be considered for inclusion in the analysis model. The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of risk management factors, governance, information management on the efficiency of inpatients. The results from this study, governance is the most dominant factor in determining the level of efficiency of inpatient services, then followed by risk management factors. Thus, to improve the efficiency of inpatient services the main priority can be directed to better hospital governance. spacing. Author Profile must be in Font Size 8, with single line spacing. Fore more details, please download TEMPLATE HELP FILE from the website.

Third Party Evaluation and Remidial Measuers for Rural Water Supply Scheme at Vadoli-Nileshwar

Government of Maharashtra empaneled Technology and Development Cell (TDSC) as third-party evaluator in all district to improve Rural Water Supply Schemes (RWSS) for improving sustainability, efficiency and equitability of these schemes. The objective of the paper is to investigate and design of rural water supply scheme. The investigation was carried out during 2018-19 in Vadoli-Nileshwar village. Investigation was completed in three stages out of that first stage is to collect document related to scheme like detailed project report, second stage is to verify all documents in scheme and third stage is to verify physical assets of scheme like source well, raising main, storage reservoir and distribution network. Investigation was notified that Vadoli –Nileshwar water supply scheme is completed in 1981, scheme is designed for 2900 peoples with daily demand 40 lit/person/day. But due to increasing population, increasing daily demand and newly developed area water supply is insufficient. For solving this problem, scheme is redesigned in which raising main, storage reservoir, pumping machinery and distribution network is designed for 3700 peoples with daily demand of 115lit/person/day and 12 supplying hours. Scheme was designed by ‘Jaltantra’ software. It is expected that, if this revised design is considered, the problem of water availability to consumers will be solved. Spacing. Manuscript Details must be in Font Size 8, in the Bottom, First Page, and Left Side with Single Line Spacing. References must be in Font Size 8, Hanging 0.25 with single line spacing. Author Profile must be in Font Size 8, with single line spacing. Fore more details, please download TEMPLATE HELP FILE from the website.

TRAFFIC CONTROL WITH AUTOPILOT AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO DECREASE SOIL COMPACTION IN SUGARCANE AREAS

<p>Control the machinery traffic through autopilot and use the combined spacing of two rows are possible solutions to mitigate soil compaction problems. The objective of this study was to evaluate traffic control using autopilot in order to soften the problem of soil compaction in mechanically-harvested sugarcane areas. The study was conducted in two experimental areas belonging to Usina Santa Fe, in New Europe, São Paulo, Brazil. The design was a randomized block design, with 3 treatments: T1 = sugarcane planted in single spacing and without autopilot (1.50 m); T2 = sugarcane planted in single line spacing and managed on autopilot; T3 = sugarcane planted under combined spacing of two rows (1.50 × 0.90 m) and managed with autopilot, with 4 replications. Was collected samples in the wheel row (WR) and the seedbed (SB), which was located next to the plant row to, in layers from 0.00 to 0.15 and 0.15-0.30 m. It was observed that the seed bed area showed higher porosity in the treatments with autopilot in the second year of evaluation. There were no differences in pore sizes and shapes between the treatments in the two years studied. The large and complex pores were observed to be reduced in the second evaluation year. </p>

The readability of expert reports for non-scientist report-users: Reports of DNA analysis

DNA evidence can be extremely compelling. With ongoing scientific advances and applications of DNA evidence in the criminal justice system, it is increasingly important that police, lawyers, and judges recognise both the limitations of DNA evidence and the strength of the evidence in particular cases. Because most forensic sciences are formally communicated via expert reports, we analysed the readability of 68 such reports of DNA evidence from 6 of 8 Australian jurisdictions. We conducted content analyses using three categories: content and sequence, language, and format. Categories contained qualitative and quantitative items drawn from theory and past research. Report styles differed by jurisdiction and by main audience – police and the courts. Reports for police were brief and few links were made between sections in these reports. Reports for courts were less brief and used either legal or scientific styles. Common sections in reports for courts included: the scientist's specialised knowledge; laboratory accreditation information; item list; results; and notes on interpretation. Sections were often not in a logical sequence, due to the use of appendices. According to Flesch Reading Ease scores, reports for police had language that was fairly difficult, and reports for courts, difficult. Difficulty was compounded by the use of specialist terms. Reports for police and the appendices of reports for court often used very small font and single line spacing. Many reports for court contained tables that spanned several pages. Suggestions based on theory and past research are provided to assist scientists to enhance the readability of reports for non-scientists.

The readability of expert reports for non-scientist report-users: Reports of forensic comparison of glass

Scientific language contains features that may impede understanding for non-scientists. Forensic scientists’ written reports are read by police, lawyers, and judges, and thus assessment of readability is warranted. Past studies of readability differed in background theory and approach, but analysed one or more of: content and sequence; language; and format. Using a holistic approach, we assessed the readability of expert reports (n=78) of forensic glass comparison from 7 Australian jurisdictions. Two main audiences for reports were relevant: police and the courts. Reports for police were presented either as a completed form or as a brief legal-style report. Reports for court were less brief and used either legal or scientific styles, with content and formatting features supporting these distinctions. Some jurisdictions prepared a single report to satisfy both the courts and police. In general, item list, analytical techniques, results, notes on interpretation, and conclusions were included in reports of all types. However, some reports omitted analytical techniques, and results and conclusions were sometimes combined. According to Flesch Reading Ease, language was difficult, with a Flesch–Kincaid grade level of university undergraduate. Sentences were long and contained undefined specialist terms. Information content per clause (lexical density), was typically high, as for other scientific texts. Uncertainty was expressed differently by jurisdiction. Reports from most jurisdictions were cluttered in appearance, with single-line spacing, narrow margins, and gridlines in tables. Simple suggestions, based on theory and past research, are provided to assist scientists to enhance the readability of expert reports for non-scientists.

THE REVIEW ON AUTOMATIC LICENSE PLATE RECOGNITION (ALPR)

Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Fon t Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignm ent should be justify, should contain at least 250 words. Abstract explanation sh ould be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should contain at leas t 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times N ew Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should contain at least 250 words. Abst ract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Itali c, Text alignment should be justify, should contain at least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10 , Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment shoul d be justify, should contain at least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Tim es New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, It alic, Text alignment should be justify, should contain at least 250 words.

Effect of display factors on Chinese reading times, comprehension scores and preferences

This paper presents the results of research on elemental standard reading time estimates for traditional Chinese characters on computer displays and explores the factors that may affect the time estimates. Seventy-two native Chinese readers, aged 19 to 24, were asked to read 16 simple passages and then answer four multiple-choice questions. Results indicated that the basic reading time was 213 milliseconds per character (msC − 1) for comprehending the messages conveyed by the passages. Analysis of variance showed that font type, character size, line spacing and display polarity affected reading speed. Traditional Chinese characters of Ming style, 14-point size, double line spacing and positive polarity produced faster reading times and higher preferences than characters of Li style, 10-point size, single line spacing and negative polarity. However, only character size had a significant influence on comprehension score. Recommendations for appropriate display formats and layouts for traditional Chinese characters on computer displays based on the results of subjective preferences and objective measures are discussed.

The readability and information content of new law abstracts and old law abridgements.

Scientific language contains features that may impede understanding for non-scientists. Forensic scientists’ written reports are read by police, lawyers, and judges, and thus assessment of readability is warranted. Past studies of readability differed in background theory and approach, but analysed one or more of: content and sequence; language; and format. Using a holistic approach, we assessed the readability of expert reports (n = 78) of forensic glass comparison from 7 Australian jurisdictions. Two main audiences for reports were relevant: police and the courts. Reports for police were presented either as a completed form or as a brief legal-style report. Reports for court were less brief and used either legal or scientific styles, with content and formatting features supporting these distinctions. Some jurisdictions prepared a single report to satisfy both the courts and police. In general, item list, analytical techniques, results, notes on interpretation, and conclusions were included in reports of all types. However, some reports omitted analytical techniques, and results and conclusions were sometimes combined. According to Flesch Reading Ease, language was difficult, with a Flesch–Kincaid grade level of university undergraduate. Sentences were long and contained undefined specialist terms. Information content per clause (lexical density), was typically high, as for other scientific texts. Uncertainty was expressed differently by jurisdiction. Reports from most jurisdictions were cluttered in appearance, with single-line spacing, narrow margins, and gridlines in tables. Simple suggestions, based on theory and past research, are provided to assist scientists to enhance the readability of expert reports for non-scientists.