Single-leg Test Research Articles

Acute Effect of Whole-Body Vibration on Trunk Endurance and Balance in Obese Female Students: Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background and Objectives: Compared to other subjects, obese people have inferior trunk muscle endurance and balance. A modern method of neuro-muscular training called whole body vibration (WBV) may improve trunk muscle endurance and balance. This study evaluates the impact of a 4-week WBV program on trunk endurance and balance in obese female students. Materials and Methods: Sixty participants from 18 to 25 years of age and with BMI values ≥ 30 were randomly distributed into two equal groups: Group A (WBV group), who received 4 min of WBV, and Group B (sham WBV group), who received WBV with a turn-off device. The training was conducted two days/week for six weeks. Trunk endurance was evaluated using the Sorensen Test (ST) and Trunk Flexor Endurance Test (TFET). The Single-Leg Test (SLT) was used to assess static balance, while the Biodex Stability System measured dynamic balance. Results: The current study demonstrated no significant differences (p > 0.05) in pre-treatment variables between Groups A and B. Post-treatment, Group A showed a significantly higher duration of the Sorensen test, TFET and SLS than Group B (p < 0.001). Moreover, Group A showed significantly lower dynamic balance (p < 0.001) than Group B. Conclusions: WBV has a short-term effect on trunk endurance and balance in obese female students. WBV can be added to the rehabilitation program for obese subjects with deficits in trunk endurance and balance.

BALANCE PERFORMANCE IN DUAL TASK IN PATIENTS WITH CERVICAL DISC HERNIATION RELATED CHRONIC NECK PAIN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Purpose: The aim of the study was to compare balance performance in dual task between patients with cervical disc herniation (CDH) related chronic neck pain and asymptomatic controls. Methods: Thirty-two patients with CDH related chronic neck pain and twenty-three age and sexmatched asymptomatic controls participated in this cross-sectional controlled study. The modified clinical test of sensory integration of balance (mCTSIB), athletic single leg test (ASLT), limits of stability (LOS), and fall risk assessment were performed with and without a cognitive task. Dual task interference (DTI) was assessed. Results: According to our findings, the change in the mCTSIB values (except standing with eyes closed on a firm surface) and fall risk scores was greater in the CDH group compared to the control group (p

THE EFFECT OF POWER, BALANCE AND COORDINATION ON DROPKICK CONVERSION KICKING SKILLS ON RUGBY 7'S WOMEN ATHLETES DKI JAKARTA

This study aims to determine the effect of power, balance and coordination on the accuracy of dropkick conversion in female DKI Jakarta rugby athletes. Population is all members of UNJ rugby and Banteng rugby club. The measurement of the accuracy of the dropkick kick uses a drop kick rum kick test, the power variable uses the Vertical Jump test, the balance variable uses the Bosuball Balance Single Leg test. In coordination component, the researcher modified the Sridadi test instrument to be a drop up in test. The analysis technique uses a path analysis approach at a significance level of 0.05. The conclusion of each research finding shows (1) There is a direct influence between each independent variable: power (X1), Balance (X2), and Coordination (X3), (2) There is a direct effect of each independent variable {Power (X1), Balance (X2), and Coordination (X3) have a direct effect on the dropkick conversion kick (Y)}, (3) There is an Indirect Effect of Power (X1) through coordination (X3) of the dropkick conversion kick (Y). There is an indirect effect of balance (X2) through Coordination (X3) on the dropkick conversion (Y). Thus, kick dropkick conversion can be increased through increased power, balance and coordination.

Dynamic valgus knee revealed with single leg jump tests in soccer players.

Dynamic valgus knee occurs in sports that involve jumps and landing such as soccer and pose an increased risk for anterior cruciate ligament injury. Visual estimation is biased by the athlete's body type, the experience of the evaluator and the movement phase at which the valgus is assessed - thus the result is highly variable. The aim of our study was to accurately assess dynamic knee positions during single and double leg tests through a video-based movement analysis system. Young soccer players (U15, N.=22) performed single leg squat, single leg jump, and double leg jump tests while the knee medio-lateral movement was monitored with a Kinect Azure camera. Jumping and landing phases of the movement were determined within the continuous recording of the knee medio-lateral position over the ankle and the hip vertical position. Kinect measurements were validated by Optojump (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy). Soccer players retained their predominantly varus knee positions in all phases of double-leg jumps, which was far less prominent in single leg tests. Interestingly, a marked dynamic valgus was observed in athletes who participated in traditional strengthening exercises, while this valgus shift was mostly prevented in those who participated in antivalgus training regimes. All these differences were only revealed during single leg tests, while the double leg jump tests masked all valgus tendencies. We propose to use single-leg tests and movement analysis systems for evaluating dynamic valgus knee in athletes. These methods can reveal valgus tendencies even in soccer players who have a characteristic varus knee while standing.

Is There a Correlation between Dental Occlusion, Postural Stability and Selected Gait Parameters in Adults?

There is still an ongoing debate about the role of the craniomandibular system, including occlusal conditions, on postural stability. This study aims to assess the role of antero-posterior malocclusion on postural control and plantar pressure distribution during standing and walking. 90 healthy volunteers (aged 19 to 35) were qualified for the study. The subjects were assigned to three groups, depending on the occlusion type. Each group (Angle Class I, II and III) consisted of 30 people. The research procedure included a clinical occlusal assessment performed by a dentist. Postural control measurements were carried out using a force platform by measuring plantar pressure distribution during standing (six trials with and without visual control) and walking test conditions. The tendency to shift the CoP forward is demonstrated by Angle Class II subjects and backwards by Class I and III subjects (p &lt; 0.001). Individuals with a malocclusion demonstrated significantly higher selected stabilographic parameters while standing on both feet (with eyes open and closed) and during the single-leg test with eyes open (p &lt; 0.05). The analysis of the dynamic test results showed no significant correlations between Angle Classes and the selected gait parameters. Analyses conducted among individuals with malocclusions showed the impact of occlusion on static postural stability. In order to diagnose and effectively treat malocclusion, a multidisciplinary approach with the participation of dentists and physiotherapy specialists is necessary, with the use of stabilometric and kinematic posture assessments.

Effects of Balance Training Using Action Songs on Postural Control and Muscle Strength in Preschool Children

Postural control and muscle strength are important factors for the performance of everyday activities and reduce the possibility of fall-related injuries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a balance training program using action songs on balance and strength of preschool children. A total of 51 preschool children were randomly divided into an intervention group (25 children) and a control group (26 children). The intervention group received a balance training program with action songs (six weeks, two times a week, total 12 sessions), while the control group followed the normal curriculum. Prior to and after the intervention, both groups were assessed in dynamic balance (walking on balance beams), static balance (single-leg stance on forceplate and Flamingo test) and strength (long jump and handgrip). The results showed that the intervention group performed significantly better in the dynamic balance and Flamingo test. There were no significant differences in the centre of pressure (CoP) displacement in the Medio-Lateral direction (CoP/ML), the Anterio-Posterior (CoP/AP), and the strength variables. The reliability of the single-leg test on the forceplate was moderate. Moreover, there were no correlations between balance and muscle strength variables. It can be concluded that the balance training program with action songs constitutes an effective activity for developing preschool children’s balance, but not strength. Perhaps balance and muscle strength are independent of each other and may have to be trained with complementary activities. Moreover, the results of the study and the behaviour of the children during the one-leg stance test on the forceplate gave rise to questions regarding the appropriateness of this test for preschool children.

The effects of football practice on children's fundamental movement skills: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to explore the effects of different soccer practices on fundamental movement skills (FMS) of children of different ages and genders, in order to help children to improve their fundamental movement skills through soccer practice more effectively. The databases of CNKI, Wanfang database, Pubmed, Web of science and Cochrane library were searched to collect relevant studies on the effects of soccer practices on FMS, and the quality of the included studies was evaluated by using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, and Meta-analysis was conducted by Review Manager 5.4 software. 16 studies were finally included, with a total of 3,121 subjects were included. The results showed that soccer had a positive effect on linear sprint ability [SMD 95% CI = -0.37 (-0.61, -0.14), P = 0.002], horizontal jump [SMD 95% CI = 0.22 (-0.34, 0.77), P = 0.003], object control [SMD 95% CI = 1.32 (0.8, 1.85), P = 0.0003], Closed-eye single-leg test [SMD 95% CI = 0.87(0.48,1.25), P < 0.0001],while countermovement jump [SMD 95% CI = 0.50(-0.35,1.35), P = 0.25] and flamingo balance [SMD 95% CI = -0.16(-0.31,-0.02), P = 0.03] had a less significant effect. Meanwhile, the effect of the practice was mainly influenced by the total duration of the intervention, age and gender of the intervention subjects, in which the total intervention time longer than 1,800 min promoted linear sprint ability, horizontal jump and flamingo balance test better than those below 1,800 min; the promotion effect of linear sprint ability and horizontal jump was better in children aged 7-9 years than 10-13 years, while Children aged 10-13 years showed better improvement in Closed-eye single-leg test after the intervention than 7-9 years; Girls were better promoted in linear sprint ability and Closed-eye single-leg test, but the horizontal jump is better for boys to improve the effect. It is recommended that the effects of different soccer practice contents on fundamental movement skills can be further explored in the future to improve the relevance and efficiency of fundamental movement skill development for children.

The Occurrence of Different Vertical Jump Types in Basketball Competition and their Relationship with Lower-Body Speed-Strength Qualities.

Jumps occur frequently in basketball and can be executed from a single-leg take-off following a run-up or bilaterally from a standing start. Understanding the type of jumps performed in competition and how different muscular qualities influence their performance, informs training prescription. Firstly, to quantify the occurrence of different jump types performed in competition an analysis of 15 semi-professional basketball games was undertaken. Secondly, to understand the influence of muscular qualities on performance of different jump types, Semi-professional male basketball players (N=17) performed jump tests; standing vertical jump, running vertical jumps with a double leg take-off (RVJ2) and a single leg take-off (RVJ1) and tests of lower-body speed-strength; reactive strength index (RSI) from a drop jump, counter movement jump (CMJ) and squat jump. A stationary approach was employed for 69%, a running approach for 26% and a one-step approach for 5%. RVJ1 displayed non-significant (P=0.07) moderate correlation with jump height attained from the CMJ (r=0.439) and a very large (r =.806) significant (P&lt;0.01) correlation with RSI. Most jumps were executed from a stationary start with a bilateral take-off while a run-up occurred prior to a substantial proportion of jumps. Jumps with a single-leg take-off from a run-up strongly correlate with RSI.

Effect of dynamic tape on postural sway in individuals with chronic ankle instability

ObjectiveTo examine the effects of dynamic tape on balance control in subjects with chronic ankle instability (CAI). MethodsThis two group experimental pre- and post-treatment design included 18 individuals with CAI and 18 controls. The single-limb stance test with eyes open and closed, standing on a force plate (Accusway Plus; AMTI) for 30 s, was conducted before, 10 min (T1) and 24 h (T24) after a dynamic tape application over the gastrocnemius muscle. Outcome measurements were: mean sway velocity, sway area (circular area), and standard deviation of the body center of pressure path length in both mediolateral and anteroposterior directions. Individuals with poor (unable to perform a single leg test for at least 30 s, eyes closed) vs. good postural stability, were also compared. ResultsIn both groups, a repeated analysis of variance demonstrated a significant time main effect on sway velocity (F = 14.95; p < 0.001) and path length (F = 14.95; p < 0.001) during eyes closed. Post-hoc analysis revealed a significant decrease in T1 values compared to baseline. When comparing individuals with poor vs good stability amongst the CAI group, a statistically significant interaction was observed between group, time on sway velocity and path length (F = 3.92; p < 0.05) during eyes closed. In the poor postural group, most T1 values were significantly lower than baseline. ConclusionsDynamic tape when applied to posterior calf muscles, enhanced balance control with no difference between CAI individuals and controls. The contribution of the tape was greater in those with poor postural stability.

PLANTAR SENSATION AND BALANCE IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS WITH AND WITHOUT PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY.

SUMMARYThe aim of the study was to investigate the effect of diabetes on plantar sense and balance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The study included 300 subjects divided into three groups: 100 T2DM patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (group 1); 100 T2DM patients without peripheral neuropathy (group 2); and 100 subjects without DM (group 3). Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go test (TUG), single leg test with eyes open and closed, and plantar sensory tests were applied in the subjects. Study results showed significant differences in plantar sensory tests, BBS, TUG and single leg test among the three groups (p<0.05). In addition, duration of DM and medication were negatively correlated with single leg test both with eyes open and closed, but showed positive correlation with plantar sense and TUG test. Furthermore, the length of insulin therapy showed positive correlation with plantar sense and TUG test and negative correlation with BBS (p<0.05). In conclusion, DM has an effect on plantar sense and balance, and there is a relation between the duration of DM and balance problems. Balance problems are observed more often in patients with neuropathy.

EFFECTS OF SURFACE ON TRIPLE HOP DISTANCE AND KINEMATICS.

The single leg triple hop (SLTH) test is often utilized by rehabilitation practitioners as a functional performance measure in a variety of patient groups. Accuracy and consistency are important when measuring the patient progress and recovery. Administering the SLTH test on different surfaces, consistent with the patient's sport, may affect the hop distances and movement biomechanics. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of court and turf surfaces on the hop distance, limb symmetry index (LSI), and lower extremity kinematics of a SLTH test. Recreationally active female participants (n=11, height 163.8 ± 7.1cm, mass 63.1 ± 7.1kg, age 18.9 ± 0.9yrs), without injury, volunteered to participate in the study. Three maximal effort SLTH test trials on two different surfaces (court, synthetic turf) were collected and analyzed using 3D motion analysis techniques. Outcome variables included SLTH test distances and LSI values and sagittal plane kinematics including trunk, hip, knee and ankle range of motion (ROM) during the last two landings of each SLTH test trial. The second landing involves an absorption phase and propulsion phase in contrast to the final landing which involves absorption and final balance on the single leg. Paired t-tests were used to determine differences between surfaces in hop distance and LSI values. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA were used to determine differences between surfaces in kinematic variables. The total SLTH test distance was not statistically different between the court (4.11 ± 0.47m) and turf (4.03 ± 0.42m, p=0.47) surfaces. LSI for the court surface was 100.8 ± 3.0% compared to 99.7 ± 3.0% for turf surface, which was not statistically different (p=0.30). Knee flexion ROM was significantly less (p=0.04) on the turf compared to the court surface during the second landing. Ankle flexion range of motion was also significantly less (p=0.03) during the second landing on turf compared to court. Type of surface influenced landing kinematics but not total SLTH test distance. When evaluating the quality of landings during a SLTH test, it may be warranted to observe each type of landing and the type of surface used during single leg tests. 2.

The Effect of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment on Proprioception in Adults: A Pilot Study

Abstract Introduction: This study aims to investigate if proprioception is the mechanism through which osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) corrects somatic dysfunctions. OMT focuses on resolving structural asymmetry in the body that may interfere with physiologic function, including proprioception. Multiple theories have been proposed regarding the physiologic mechanisms of OMT and the effect on proprioception, with few studies objectively establishing a connection. Hypothesis: Significant change in measurements of proprioception was expected in the treatment group (OMT) over the 4-week period. Methods: For the study, 35 adults recruited from the Des Moines University community were randomized equally into treatment and control groups. For 3 weeks, the treatment group received weekly osteopathic structural exams (OSE) and OMT, while the control group underwent the same OSE but without treatment. Proprioception was assessed using force plate measurements collected during two-leg and single-leg tests prior to the first intervention, immediately after the first intervention, and 1 week after last intervention. Measurements included anterior-posterior sway, medial-lateral sway, average velocity, area, path length and time, which were analyzed with a linear model of mixed effects for repeated measures to account for the fixed effects (time and treatments), interaction effects and the random subject effects. Results: Over the 4-week period, significant differences were found for 4 measurements: two-leg eyes-open-path-length (p=0.0342), two-leg eyes-open-average-velocity (p=0.0334), single-right-leg eyes-open-average-velocity (p=0.0145), and single-right-leg eyes-closed-medial-lateral-sway (p=0.0488). Conclusion: Certain measurements of proprioception changed in an adult population over a 4-week course with 3 weekly OMT treatments. These results indicate OMT may be altering proprioception through the correction of somatic dysfunctions. Our results suggest a need for further research investigating the effects of OMT on proprioception in symptomatic populations and larger sample sizes.

Dynamics compensation of impedance-based motion control for LHDS of legged robot

Aimed at the negative effect of dynamics characteristics of leg hydraulic drive system (LHDS) on the accuracy of motion control of the hydraulic drive legged robot, a dynamics compensation control method is proposed. First, according to the mechanical structure of LHDS, the kinematics and statics models of LHDS are analyzed and obtained respectively. Based on the principle of force-based impedance control of LHDS, an impedance based motion control simulation model of LHDS is built and analyzed. The simulation results show that the dynamics characteristics have a great influence on the accuracy of impedance based motion control. Then, a dynamics compensation method considering gravity and inertia force is proposed to solve this problem. Finally, the effect of the dynamics compensation method is verified on the robot single leg test platform. The experimental results show that the compensation method reduces the negative effect of the dynamics characteristics of LHDS on impedance based motion control accuracy, and the position tracking accuracy of the robot’s foot end can be improved by more than 65%. The theory proposed in this paper provides a theoretical basis for the motion control of the whole robot prototype.

Dynamic Knee Valgus in Single-Leg Movement Tasks. Potentially Modifiable Factors and Exercise Training Options. A Literature Review.

Dynamic knee valgus (DKV) as an incorrect movement pattern is recognized as a risk factor for lower limb injuries. Therefore, it is important to find the reasons behind this movement to select effective preventive procedures. There is a limited number of publications focusing on specific tasks, separating the double-leg from the single-leg tasks. Test patterns commonly used for DKV assessment, such as single-leg squat (SLS) or single leg landings (SLL), may show different results. The current review presents the modifiable factors of knee valgus in squat and landing single-leg tests in healthy people, as well as exercise training options. The authors used the available literature from PubMed, Scopus, PEDro and clinicaltrials.gov databases, and reviewed physiotherapy journals and books. For the purpose of the review, studies were searched for using 2D or 3D motion analysis methods only in the SLL and SLS tasks among healthy active people. Strengthening and activating gluteal muscles, improving trunk lateral flexion strength, increasing ROM dorsiflexion ankle and midfoot mobility should be taken into account when planning training programs aimed at reducing DKV occurring in SLS. In addition, knee valgus during SLL may occur due to decreased hip abductors, extensors, external rotators strength and higher midfoot mobility. Evidence from several studies supports the addition of biofeedback training exercises to reduce the angles of DKV.

Effects of successive judo matches on interlimb asymmetry and bilateral deficit

ObjectiveTo verify the effects of successive judo matches on interlimb asymmetry and bilateral deficit in judo athletes. DesignRepeated measures; SettingUniversity Judo center. ParticipantsFourteen male judo athletes. Outcome measuresFour simulated matches consisting of 4-min. Before the first match and after each match athletes were submitted to single leg tests – Countermovement Jump (SLCMJ) and Standing Long Jump (SLSLJ), and handgrip strength (HGS) in the dominant and non-dominant limbs. Interlimb asymmetry was calculated in both jumps and handgrip strength tests. ResultsMost jump-derived variables did not change the magnitude of asymmetry throughout the matches (p > 0.05), with the exception of jump height asymmetry in SLCMJ, that increased after the second match (p = 0.001). The HGS decreased in both hands from the first match (p < 0.001), without asymmetry. The highest bilateral strength deficit was observed in post-match 1 and post-match 2 (close to 10%). ConclusionFour-successive judo matches did not change the magnitude of interlimb asymmetry, with exception of SLCMJ height, which increased after the second match. The handgrip strength decreased throughout the matches, but similarly in both hands. Finally, the direction of asymmetry showed consistency throughout the matches only for SLCMJ height.

Effects of Lower-Body Muscular Fatigue on Vertical Jump and Balance Performance.

Cooper, CN, Dabbs, NC, Davis, J, and Sauls, NM. Effects of lower-body muscular fatigue on vertical jump and balance performance. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2903-2910, 2020-Lower-body fatigue can lead to a decline in vertical jump (VJ) and balance performance due to decreased motor control and coordination. The purpose is to determine the effects of lower-body fatigue on VJ and balance performance. Twenty-four recreationally trained individuals participated in a single 1-hour familiarization and testing session. Participants were familiarized with balance, countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ), and static vertical jump (SVJ) using the Vertec. Three trials of static and dynamic balance tests were completed. Three trials of a SVJ and CMVJ were completed in a randomized order pre/post fatigue protocol. Three trials of double-leg and single-leg tests were performed. Dependent t tests analyzed differences between pre/post fatigue protocol for jumping and balance measures. There was a significant (p < 0.001) difference between pre/post measures for SVJ-H (height), CMVJ-H, and CMVJ peak power (PP). Results showed an interaction (p < 0.05) for group by time for CMVJ-H, CMVJ-peak force (PF), SVJ-PF, and SVJ-PP. There were no main effects (p > 0.05) for time or group for SVJ-rate of velocity development and SVJ-impact force (IF). There were no interactions, time effects, and group effects for balance variables (p > 0.05). Bosco protocol decreased VJ height and PF in SVJ, and VJ height and PF, IF, peak velocity, and PP for CMVJ potentially due to decreased muscle control, coordination, and force-generating capacity after fatigue. Practitioners should consider fatiguing effects on individuals performing jumping motions but it seems that fatigue has no effect on balance.

Diagnostic Balance Tests for Assessing Risk of Falls and Distinguishing Older Adult Fallers and Non-Fallers: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

Falls are a major cause of injury and morbidity in older adults. To reduce the incidence of falls, a systematic assessment of the risk of falling is of paramount importance. The purpose of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive comparison of the diagnostic balance tests used to predict falls and for distinguishing older adults with and without a history of falls. We conducted a systematic review of the studies in which instrumented (force plate body sway assessment) or other non-instrumented balance tests were used. We analyzed the data from 19 prospective and 48 retrospective/case-control studies. Among the non-instrumented tests, the single-leg stance test appears to be the most promising for discrimination between fallers and non-fallers. In terms of body sway measures, the center-of-pressure area was most consistently associated with falls. No evidence was found for increased benefit of the body sway test when cognitive tasks were added, or the vision was eliminated. While our analyses are limited due to the unbalanced representation of different test and outcome measures across studies, we can recommend the single-leg test for the assessment of the risk of falling, and the measurements of body sway for a more comprehensive assessment.

Natural Frequency Analysis of Hydraulic Quadruped Robot and Structural Optimization of the Leg

Abstract Hydraulic quadruped robots can adapt to very complex ground conditions, as they have good maneuverability and high load capacity and, therefore, have received great attention in military research fields all over the world. However, there is no mature theory on how to ensure stable, efficient, and fast walking of robots. In this paper, from the point of view of the natural frequency of the hydraulic system, we first calculate the natural frequency of the robot's legs during the whole motion period of the robot and verify the accuracy of calculation through system identification. Then, through the analysis of the state equation and transfer function matrix of the multiple-input multiple-output system, it is found that the zero and pole of the system are very close, this is why the natural frequency is low but the system response is acceptable and then we prove that no parameter for the simultaneous zero-pole cancelation of two hydraulic cylinders exists. With the goal of increasing the natural frequency, we optimized the leg structure of the robot to find the best structural parameters. Finally, a single-leg test bench was built. The experimental results show that the optimization of the structure can actually increase the natural frequency of the system and significantly improve the response characteristics of the robot.

INFLUENCE OF KINESITHERAPY ON PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC POLYNEUROPATHY

Diabetes tends to increase steadily, and is one of the most common endocrinological diseases. This disease has a high prevalence, and the incidence is increasing every year both in the world and in our country. There are several risk factors for DMD, but the main risk factor is low glycemic control (chronic hyperglycaemia). With each increase in glycated hemoglobin by 1%, the chances of developing DMD are increased. Age is also one of the major factors (the longer the DM lasts, the greater the chances of developing diabetic polyneuropathy).The causes of diabetic polyneuropathy may be known, hereditary or non-hereditary, but sometimes the causes remain unknown. The aim is to study the effectiveness of a kinesiotherapy method, based on modern principles of neurorehabilitation in improving the functional status of patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. Patients were selected according to several criteria in order to have homogeneity of the study: to be between 40 and 60 years of age; have type 2 diabetes diagnosed; have diagnosed diabetic polyneuropathy - distal symmetric sensory motor neuropathy of the lower extremities; not have severe cardiovascular and respiratory insufficiency as well as severe cognitive impairment; have stable hemodynamics, and arterial pressure is below 160/95; to move without auxiliary means. The subjects were treated with a specialized kinesiotherapy method based on the modern principles of neurorehabilitation in DPN. For the purposes of the study, a complex set of diagnostic methods is applied, and the results from which are evaluated on day 1, day 10, and month 1 of treatment are shown in a worksheet. For the purpose of the study, a complex set of diagnostic methods is applied, and the results from which are evaluated on day 1, day 10 and month 1 of treatment are shown in a worksheet.Assessed: sensory capabilities with peripheral sensitivity test (pain) and deep sensitivity (discriminatory and vibrational sensitivity) motor capabilities with manual muscle test (MMT) and centimeter and equilibrium abilities with single leg test. Results and Discussion: The presented results provide an opportunity to analyze the effect of applied kinesiotherapy. For this purpose, follow-up of various evaluated parameters was performed at baseline, on day 10 and on month 1 of treatment. This design is respected in all patients with PDD included in the study. The specialized kinesiology method stabilizes the permanently functional motor revascularization and equilibration potential of patients with PDD. Conclusion: This is a complex study of the potential of kinesiotherapy to overcome sensory, motor, and balance deficits in continued outpatient treatment of patients with PDD. It has been carried out with modern test methods, which give the opportunity to evaluate the changes in the parameters examined, in terms of sensory, motor and equilibrium possibilities after specialized kinesiotherapy. The presence of positive change in all functional parameters was observed after the administration of specialized kinesiotherapy in all subjects.

Relationship between Low Back Pain and Lumbar Proprioception, Functional Stability, Static Endurance of Trunk Muscles and Balance in Adolescents

Research background. Core management is particularly important for uninterrupted and continuous movement. Proprioceptive information is important to maintain the position of the body and control the centre of gravity. Low back pain ultimately affects motor control and leads to proprioceptive changes in injured structures and also can cause balance disorders. Unfortunately, it is unclear until now how low back pain affects proprioception. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between low back pain and lumbar proprioception, functional stability, static endurance of trunk muscles and balance in adolescents. Methods. 42 adolescents participated in the study: 18 control subjects and 24 subjects with low back pain. We used the following assessment methods: the visual pain intensity scale (VAS) for pain evaluation, “flamingo” test, single leg test and balance error score system for balance assessment, Matthiass functional stability test for functional stability, and Biodex 4 Pro isokinetic dynamometer using trunk extension-flexion modular component and four points kneeling methodology for the evaluation of static endurance of trunk muscles, and proprioception. Results. After the assessment of balance, functional stability and proprioception, the results of the control group were statistically signifcantly better (p &lt; 0.05). There was a moderate correlation between low back pain and Biodex 30 degree target reposition sense (r = 0.55), four points kneeling target position sense (r = 0.66), between low back pain and balance tests – “flamingo” and single leg test (r = 0.68, r = 0.61), between pain and Mathiass test (r = 0.52), also between proprioception and balance tests’ results (r = 0.44, r = 0.44, r = 0.46), proprioception and Mathiass test (r = 0.52). There was a strong correlation between pain and balance error scoring test (r = 0.85), balance error scoring test and four points kneeling test results (r = 0.71). All these correlationswere statistically signifcant. Conclusions. After the assessment of balance, functional stability and proprioception, the results of the control group were statistically signifcantly better (p &lt; α). There was a moderate correlation between pain and proprioception, balance tests, Mathiass test results, also between proprioception and balance tests, Mathiass test. There was a strong correlation between pain and balance error scoring test results, between proprioception and balance error scoring test results.Keywords: Low back pain, proprioception, balance, functional stability.