Single Jersey Knitted Fabrics Research Articles

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Single Jersey Knitted Fabrics Containing Recycled Cotton Fiber and Fabric Performance

This study investigates the life cycle assesment of single jersey knitted fabrics containing recycled cotton and their some performance properties. In the yarn production stage fibers obtained from waste through mechanical recycling (pre-consumer recycle) were used in blends at 10%, 15%, and 20% to produce knitted fabrics. Some performance properties such as fabric stiffness, air permeability, and dimensional change, which are important in the usage properties of jersey knitted fabrics, were compared. Within the scope of the study, the environmental impact of the use of recycled raw materials was evaluated with LCA. According to the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) results, the use of recycled cotton with contributions ranging from 10% to 20% instead of 100% original cotton demonstrated significant improvements in resource depletion (fossil fuels), global warming, ozone layer depletion, toxic impact on human life, toxic impact on freshwater life, toxic impact on terrestrial life, and total water usage.

Physics-based modeling of the effective gas transport properties of single jersey knitted fabrics based on images

In many processes and applications, the performance of textiles relies heavily on fluid transport; for example, the in-plane distribution of water and the through-plane permeation of water vapor and air. Prediction of knitted fabrics’ effective transport characteristics can enhance development workflows and bring them to new applications. Effective transport parameters that are particularly important are the permeability and diffusive mass transfer. Usually, experiments are used to determine these parameters. It is desirable to conduct a thorough investigation into how yarn structure and knitting gauge influence these properties to tailor knitted fabrics for a particular application. Our contribution in this context describes a consistent workflow to forecast the effective mass transfer characteristics of single jersey fabrics. Single jersey fabrics have been chosen for they are the simplest patterning, and are widely used in body-near worn garments. The proposed approach involves visualizing fabric samples with a light microscope, and subsequently determining relevant geometric parameters through automated image processing algorithms. With these parameters in hand, a representative elementary volume of the fabric is constructed. The yarn is modeled as an effective medium to reduce calculation time. The representative elementary volume is then used for numerical predictions of air permeability and the diffusive water vapor transport. The predicted through-plane gas transport properties are compared with experimental data to validate the approach. Six different single jersey polyester fabrics were analyzed, with different yarn structures and machine gauges. The comparison shows a good agreement between simulated and measured transport properties.

Prediction of Thermal Conductivity of Elastic Single Jersey Knitted Fabric

ABSTRACT This work aims to derive a mathematical model that describes the thermal conductivity of the elastic single jersey knitted fabric (SJKF) based on the loop geometry and the yarn and fibers inclination on the direction of heat flow, and to assist the manufactures of elastic SJKF to predict the thermal conductivity from the fabric construction parameters. The main fabric construction parameters in this model are yarn count, loop length, and spandex weight percent. To validate the proposed model, elastic SJKF samples were produced at two different counts and five levels of loop length and spandex weight percent. The thermal conductivity of these samples was measured and compared to the predicted values from the new model rather than the previous three models (Maxwell – Eucken 2, Schuhmeister, Militky models). From the results, it could be concluded that the values of thermal conductivity from the model are very closed to the experimental values; therefore, the new model could be used to predict the thermal conductivity of elastic SJKF.

Investigation of the effect of laser technology on the color of polyester fabrics

Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of laser treatment on disperse dye-uptake and fastness values of polyester fabrics. Furthermore, it was aimed to evaluate colors directly over the photos of fabric samples instead of color measuring with spectrophotometer which is thought to be useful in terms of online digital color assessment.Design/methodology/approach In this study, 100% polyester (150 denier) single jersey knitted fabrics (weight: 145 g/m2, course density: 15 loops/cm, wale density: 24 loops/cm) were used in the trials. The effect of laser treatments before and after dyeing on color was investigated. Laser treatments were applied to fabrics at different resolutions (20, 25 and 30 dpi) and pixel times (60, 80 and 100 µs) before dyeing. The power of the laser beam was 210 W and the wavelength was 10.6 µm. In order to determine the effect of laser treatment on polyester; FTIR analysis, SEM-EDX analysis and bursting strength tests were applied to untreated and treated fabric samples.Findings It was found that treatments with laser have a significant effect on disperse dye-uptake of polyester fibers, and for this reason laser-treated fabrics were dyed in darker shade. Furthermore, it was determined that the samples treated at 30 dpi started to melt and the fabric was damaged considerably, but the fabrics treated at 20 and 25 dpi were not affected at all. Another result obtained regarding the use of laser technology in polyester fabrics is that if some areas of fabrics are not treated with laser and some other areas are treated with laser at 20 dpi 60 µs and 25 dpi 60 µs, it will be possible to obtain patterns containing three different shades of the same color on the fabric.Originality/valueWhen the literature is examined, it is seen that there are various studies on the dyeability and patterning of polyester fabrics with disperse dyes by laser technology. As it is known, today color measurement is done digitally using a spectrophotometer. However, when we look at a photograph on computer screens, the colors we see are defined by RGB (red-green-blue) values, while in the spectrophotometer they are defined by L*a*b* (L*: lightness-darkness, a*: redness-greenness, b*: yellowness-blueness) values. Especially when it is desired to produce various design products by creating patterns with laser technology, it would be more useful to show the color directly to the customer on the computer screen and to be able to speak over the same values on the color. For this reason, in this study, the color measurement of the fabric samples was not made with a spectrophotometer, instead, the RGB values obtained from the photographs of the samples were converted into L*a*b* values with MATLAB and interpreted, that is, a digital color evaluation was made on the photographs. Therefore, it is believed that this study will contribute to the literature.

Designing out microplastic pollution released from textiles and apparel during laundering

Abstract The washing of synthetic materials has been named as the largest contributor of microplastic pollution to our oceans. With the consumption of petrochemical-based synthetic materials expected to grow, due to an increased demand, the release of microplastic fibres to our environments is expected to also accelerate. To combat microplastic fibre release, this study explores source-directed interventions within the design and manufacturing process of textiles to reduce the amount of pollution released from the surface and the edges of the fabric structure. Using standardised wash tests and polyester fabric swatches that were created in-house with systematic structural adjustments, single jersey knit fabrics were shown to release over three times more microplastic pollution than twill woven fabric. This illustrates that increasing the tightness of a fabric could be implemented within the design of fabrics for environmental benefits. Additionally, the laser cutting technique reduced microplastic fibres released by over a third compared to scissor cutting and overlock serging, showing that the edge of the fabric is a significant source of microplastic pollution released during laundering. This research highlights the adaptable and innovative eco-design approaches to clothing production which is necessary to help the sector reach international sustainability targets and regulations.

Effect of twist factor of yarn on sensorial comfort of single jersey knitted fabrics

Effect of twist factor of yarn on sensorial comfort of single jersey knitted fabrics

Effect of eco-friendly digital printing on the fastness properties of single jersey knitted fabrics

Abstract In this study, single jersey knitted fabrics were produced from 100 % Ne 12/1 cotton, 100 % Ne 30/1 cotton, Ne 12/1 70% cotton + 30% hemp, Ne 30/1 50% modal + 50 % cotton, Ne 30/1 100 % viscose, and Ne 30/1 50 % viscose + 50 % cotton. The raw materials were bleached and singed, after which reactive pretreatment paste recipes were padded onto the fabrics, and then colored with digital printing. Fastness analyses and spectrophotometric color measurements were applied to the samples. When the results were determined, it was obviously seen that the washing, ironing, and rubbing fastness are of very high degrees because reactive dyestuffs make covalent bonds with the fibers. Thus, the increase in the amount of thickener also increased the bonding and provided better adhesion of the color.

Statistical Study on the Effect of Yarn Fineness on Heat and Mass Transfer Properties of Single Jersey Knitted Fabrics

Abstract Heat and mass transfer properties of textile fabrics determine thermal comfort. This paper introduces a statistical study on the contribution of yarn fineness to the heat and mass transfer properties of single jersey cotton and polyester fabrics through relevant measurements. It is observed that yarn fineness affects those properties at different levels in differing fiber types.

An eco-friendly approach: effect of fixation time on colour and comfort properties of digital printed fabric

This study will examine how digital printing affects clothing comfort on knitted fabrics from different raw materials. Garments significantly affect the heat exchange between the human body and the environment. Therefore, consumers prefer thermally balanced and effective moisture-controlled products in the selection of clothing. Air permeability is also important in explaining the comfort performance of the product in the textile industry. On the other hand, digital printing machines have become the centre of attention of consumers as a print type on which the desired pattern can be printed on the chosen fabric and more ecological, faster, and economical. However different printing processes can change the comfort characteristics of the garments. In this study, single jersey knitted fabrics 100% Ne 12/1 cotton, 100% Ne 30/1 cotton, and Ne 12/1 70% cotton + 30% Hemp were produced. Raw materials were bleached and singed, then coloured with digital printing. After that, air permeability, bursting strength, stiffness, ironing fastness, and SEM analyses were applied to samples when the results were determined, it was seen that heavier fabric will have higher stiffness. Also, thicker yarns have higher bursting strength. It follows that the cotton-hemp blended fibres (PK) have high unevenness, and the bursting strength of the fabrics produced from this raw material is lower than cotton fabrics (P12). Similarly, since the thin-thick place values of cotton-hemp blended yarns are high, porosity is one of the most important factors affecting air permeability in fabrics. This porous structure also increased the air permeability of the fabric.

Influence of cellulose based on knitted fabric on thermal comfort properties performance

Thermal comfort properties are very important factors for knitted fabrics. Optimized comfort properties are demanding during the design of garments, especially for sportswear, outerwear and underwear. Knitted fabrics produced from regenerated fibers other than cotton are highly preferred due to their eco-friendly, environmentally friendly and superior performance properties. In this study, the comfort properties of woven fabrics were investigated. In this study, single jersey knitted fabrics with cotton 100%, bamboo 100%, Modal 100%, Tencel 100% and Cotton/Bamboo (50:50%), Cotton/Modal (50:50%), Cotton/Tencel (50:50%) blend ratios were used. Bursting strength, strength, pilling, air permability, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance and water-vapor permeability properties of single jersey knitted fabrics were investigated. The results of the study showed that the thermal comfort (busting strength, piiling, air permability, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance and water-vapor permeability) of Tencel 100% and Cotton/Tencel (50:50%) single jarsey knitted fabrics were the best. T-shirts were produced by evaluating the obtained data.

Investigation on Thermal Comfort Characteristics of Newly Engineered Yarn Umorfil® Knitted Fabrics

This study investigated the thermal comfort properties of knitted fabrics produced from newly engineered Umorfil® yarns and their blends with Tencel®, wool, acrylic and polyester yarns. Single jersey-knitted fabrics were produced with 50/50% blended yarns (Umorfil®/Tencel®, Umorfil®/wool, Umorfil®/acrylic, and Umorfil®/polyester) and with 100% Umorfil® yarn for comparison. In this regard, the thermal comfort properties (thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal absorptivity), air permeability, relative water vapour permeability, water absorbency, and wicking characteristics of these fabrics were measured and evaluated statistically. The results revealed that, 100% Umorfil® and 50/50% Umorfil®/Tencel® fabrics provided better characteristics in terms of thermal conductivity, air permeability, water absorbency, wicking behaviours, and colder feelings for the use of fabrics in hot climate products. It is also suggested that owing to the synergistic effect of these two materials, the blend of Umorfil® with Tencel® enhanced the thermal comfort and liquid moisture transmission capacities of the fabrics.

Thermal comfort properties of knitted fabrics produced from bamboo/polyester core-spun yarns

The influence of polyester content, twist and loop length on the comfort properties of single jersey knitted fabrics produced from 100% bamboo, 80:20 bamboo/polyester and 60:40 bamboo/polyester core-spun yarns has been studied. Comfort properties, such as air permeability, moisture vapour transmission, thermal conductivity and thermal resistance properties have been analyzed with three different twist levels and loop lengths. Box–Behnken, a three level three factorial design software, has been used to study the interactive effect of core-sheath ratio, twist and loop length on the comfort properties of single jersey knitted fabrics, response surface equations are derived and the design variables are optimized. It is found that the increase in bamboo content in the core yarns having high twist and loop length increases the moisture vapour transmission and thermal conductivity of the knitted fabrics. The air permeability and thermal resistance of the knitted fabrics are found to be higher as the polyester component is increased. High twist and loop length increase the thermal comfort properties of knitted fabrics.

Theoretical Porosity of Elastic Single Jersey Knitted Fabric Based on 3D Geometrical Model of Stitch Overlapping

ABSTRACT To improve the dimensional stability of weft knitted fabrics, spandex yarns are incorporated with the base yarn by the plaiting technique. Adding spandex leads to stitch overlapping, increases the fabric thickness, and affects the pore’s size and distribution. This in turn affects the geometrical and physical properties of weft knitted fabrics such as air permeability. In this paper, the theoretical 3D modeling of stitch overlap, maximum set, and open structures is presented by using AutoCAD software. Fabric thickness was divided into several sections, and the theoretical porosity at each section was analyzed and calculated. Furthermore, single jersey knitted fabrics SJKF with and without spandex were produced to obtain overlapping (by using spandex weight percent, SWP 8%), and open structures. The calculated and theoretical overall porosity were calculated and compared. The study showed the influence of stitch overlapping on fabric porosity. Moreover, the results show that the proposed model captured to some extent the change in fabric porosity as its structure changes.

NUMERICAL MODELLING OF TEXTILE STRUCTURES: POTENTIAL AND LIMITS

Numerical modelling, namely finite element modelling, is a standardised tool in many branches of engineering. In textile engineering, due to the complexity of the structure, many limitations occur in using this approach. Despite the limitations the finite element modelling of textiles has huge potential for the future. This contribution deals with FE modelling of tensile test in wale and course direction of single jersey knitted fabric. The meso level of the structure was chosen for the model, so it could be possible to track the behaviour of yarn interlacement during the simulated deformation. The virtual model was created according to parameters of single jersey knitted fabric sample, which was produced from polyester monofilament. By using monofilament instead of staple yarn, contacts between fibres in yarn could be excluded in FE model preparation. Two different computational programs were used for simulations – MSC Marc Metant for implicit computing approach and ANSYS LS-DYNA for explicit computing approach. The results from implicit and explicit solver were compared and discussed. Validation of models was done and results were included in the discussion. Due to big deformations of textiles, explicit solver appears to be more suitable for finite element modelling in textile engineering.

INVESTIGATION OF STRUCTURAL AND PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES OF HEMP-CONTAINING KNITTED FABRICS WITH DIFFERENT COMPOSITIONS

The growing relevance of sustainable materials has increased the importance of hemp-containing products obtained from natural fibers. When the raw materials used in the garment industry are examined, it is observed that the market share of hemp-containing fibers is low in percentage. Researching the production techniques and methods of fabrics to be obtained from hemp fiber and adapting them to the use of clothing will contribute significantly to the development of the hemp product range. It is aimed that these fabrics to be developed will pass tests in accordance with end-consumer standards. In this study, structural and performance properties of hemp fiber were examined and alternatives were produced instead of conventional methods for a sustainable world. In line with the sustainability strategy, there are advantages of hemp fibers in terms of water consumption, environmental impact compared to cotton fiber. Within the scope, studies were carried out to develop single jersey knitted fabrics by hemp- containing at different compositions such as 70 % cotton/ 30 %hemp, 80 % cotton/ 20 %hemp and 90 % cotton/ 10 %hemp, %100 cotton fabric having the similar structural properties was taken as a control sample. As a result, prototype tests were performed considering the structural and performance properties of the developed fabrics.

FLAMMABILITY BEHAVIOURS OF KNITTED FABRICS CONTAINING PLA, COTTON, LYOCELL, CHITOSAN FIBERS

In recent years, studies have focused on the development of fire retardant products that are produced without the use of flame retardants with toxic effects and do not have harmful effects on humans and the environment. In this work, it has been compared the flame retardant properties of some biodegradable fibers obtained from different sources. It is important to investigate the performance of textile surfaces obtained from renewable fibers for flame retardant products and to improve their usage possibilities. The fire retardancy properties of knitted fabrics containing PLA, cotton, lyocell, and chitosan fibers were studied by analyzing the LOI values and burning behaviors. Single jersey knitted fabrics composed of 100% PLA, 100% Lyocell, 95% PLA 5% Chitosan, 95% Cotton 5% Chitosan, 95% Lyocell 5%Chitosan, 80%PLA 15%Cotton 5%Chitosan, 80%PLA 15%Lyocell 5%Chitosan were produced. The flame speed of each material was determined and differences in the flammability behaviors of the fabrics were identified. The lowest flammability occurred for the fabric 95% PLA 5% Chitosan. The highest flammability was for 100% Lyocell knitted fabric.

Effect of blend ratio on moisture management characteristics of regenerated bamboo/lotus single jersey knitted fabrics

The moisture management properties of the pique knitted fabrics produced from lotus fibre fabrics have been evaluated by SDL- ATLAS moisture management tester and correlated with regenerated bamboo pique knitted fabrics. It is observed that the lotus fabric shows absorption rate similar to that of regenerated bamboo fabric, whereas bamboo lotus blended fabric shows improved spreading speed and one way transport capability than the other fabrics. The lotus fabric exhibits high dimensional stability and the high resistance to pilling. It shows that lotus fabrics are suitable for clothing applications.

Factors Influencing Bursting Strength of Single Jersey Knitted Fabrics

The purpose of this article is to assist engineers in making quick decisions to improve the strength of single jersey knit fabric. This article focused on the different parameters of the single jersey knit fabrics (like stitch length, yarn count, GSM, tightness factor, and fabric thickness) are considered to know their influence on the bursting strength. Five hypotheses have been developed for plain, pique, and fleece knits. Analyses of Variance (ANOVA), correlation coefficient, and regression analysis are executed using the STATA 14.1 program to test the hypotheses at a 5% level of significance. Three of the five hypotheses are rejected. This study supports that the bursting strength of the fabric is dependent on the tightness factor, stitch length, and count of the single jersey knitted fabrics. Here, the stitch length, count, and tightness factor are inversely proportional to the bursting strength. The GSM and fabric thickness have less impact on the bursting strength.

Characterization of Wild Turmeric and Holy Basil Combination Herbal Extracts and Their Synergistic Effect on the Antibacterial Properties of Knitted Fabrics

ABSTRACT In this work, the characterization of combination herbal extracts of wild turmeric (WT) and holy basil (HB) and their synergistic effect on the antibacterial properties of finished single jersey knitted fabrics of cotton, lyocell and micro-denier polyester were analyzed. The main objective of this work is to find out the influence of combination herbal extract proportion, type of material and their interactive effect on the antibacterial properties. The quantitative antibacterial test (AATCC 100) results of the combination herbal extracts-treated single jersey knitted fabrics show that the 50%WT: 50%HB proportion showed consistent bacterial reduction performance against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacterial strains in all the materials as supported from the test results of phytochemical screening, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Fractional Inhibitory Concentration index for synergy, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity and GC-MS analysis. In terms of material, lyocell and micro-denier polyester fabrics showed good results in 12 hr and 24 hr contact time against S. aureus. Against E. coli, cotton and micro-denier polyester showed good results in 12 hr and 24 hr contact time, respectively.

The effect of loop length, yarn twist and dyeing process on seam strength of knitted fabrics

Seam strength is a key factor both in terms of aesthetics and the life of the apparel. There are many factors affecting seam strength, some of which are relevant to fabric construction and treatment, and the others are about sewing thread and sewing parameters. This research paper focuses on the effects of fabric construction, sewing parameters and the dyeing process on the seam strength of knitted fabrics. For this purpose, seven single jersey knitted fabrics were produced, differing in loop length and yarn twist. The samples were dyed and then sewn with different sewing parameters. The seam strength values were calculated and statistically evaluated. The results showed that fabric construction, sewing thread type and count, stitch density and dyeing process profoundly influence the seam strength of single jersey fabrics. When comparing the effects of dyeing, it was found that dyeing leads to a decrease in seam strength values