Single-income Families Research Articles

Striving to be Men in the Family: Masculinity and Capitalist Transformation in Vietnam

Women in Vietnam, historically and today, have participated in the labor force at a high rate. Since Vietnam opened its markets in 1986, their participation has noticeably declined. Given this change, what does economic transformation mean for how men understand the place of women in society, and relatedly, what does it mean for how they understand masculinity? Through ethnography and interviews with 53 men in Ho Chi Minh City, I find that Vietnamese men in this urban center aspire for projects of masculinity that rely on the reimagination of Vietnamese women as non-workers in history. My findings show that men from different economic positions and occupations evidence divergent views of the family and women’s role in it. Men who are employed in waged occupations with a high school degree or less seek to realize “tradition” through the single-income family and the homemaker wife, yet this family is not necessarily an echo of the past. By contrast, men in salary paying occupations with some or complete college education view the dual-income family and the female worker as progressive despite the long history of women’s labor in Vietnam. This finding presents an opportunity to understand how masculinity as an ideal, a process, and a lived experience occurs during moments of economic transformation.

National service is free, not cancer disease: Financial toxicity in a public universal coverage healthcare system.

32 Background: Italian National Health Service provide regional control on clinical pathways to be cost-free. ASL Napoli 1 centralized model of Palliative Care Unit ensure free multidisciplinary medical and nursing assistance, beyond aids and devices. Since healthcare costs are rising and private spending is becoming necessary, our aim is screening financial toxicity in the most densely populated area in Europe. Methods: From January to April 2023 we performed simple random sampling to select 27 home care patients. From the richest neighborhoods to poorest ones, patients answered the COST-FACIT questionnaire. We collected information about medical history, sociodemographic characteristics (employment status or retired, family composition, if benefiting from state allowances) and, above all, out-of-pocket costs. Results: Data highlight that wealthiest and middle-class patients are afraid about out of control medical expenses and their satisfaction about economic status is declining. Patients from a lower socioeconomic background are deeply concerned about not being able to work and not being of financial support to often single income families. Score analysis reveals significant variation among the different items, and the average score is 12.4. Highest scores count 28 and 29, respectively, suggesting that these patients are more able to manage the costs of treatment or access financial resources to cope with medical expenses. Three scores of 0 suggest higher financial toxicity in the realm of palliative oncology care. These patients face greater difficulty in handling treatment costs, encounter barriers in accessing financial resources, or experience high expenses. Patients have highlighted that purchase of non-reimbursable drugs is the most onerous out-of-pocket cost in home care setting. Conclusions: Our centralized Palliative Care Unit organizational model coordinates by adapting purchasing and providing holistic sanitary approach beyond patients' economic abilities. Our centralized Palliative Care Unit provides health services to endure equity across all the city. However, score analysis suggests a range financial suffering for home care patients. Low average score 12.4 suggests how much financial suffering in palliative care impacts, even in a model of centralization of health care with global coverage. So, screening for financial toxicity plays a key role in directing health policies on pharmaceutical expenditure.

Future risk in Japanese parents raising children with special needs

This paper examines relationships in married couples raising children with special needs — children requiring medical care, from an economic point of view in the context of parental employment. There is an opinion that the burden of parents with children requiring medical care who are close to being a “handicapped child” is so heavy, that the couple’s relationship can be jeopardized. How does the parents’ employment relate to the burden of parenting and how does it affect the couple’s relationship? The research method is a survey of married couples with children throughout Japan (conducted in 2021). The questionnaire consisted of two parts: with multiple choice questions and open-ended questions. The multiple choice questions dealt with (1) family structure: number of persons in the household including number of children requiring medical care and their age, (2) parental employment, and (3) marital relationship (division of housework and childcare, communication between parents, frequency and reasons for fights). In considering how parents work, terms such as “shared responsibility” for dual-income families and “isolation” and “cooperation” for single-income families were key words in considering sustainable marital relations. The open-ended questions part shows what is necessary for the parents to maintain a sustainable relationship. In this paper we come to the conclusion that one of the reasons for troubles that the parents face is the fact that the definition of the term “children requiring medical care” is too broad. We suggested that this term should be subdivided so that administrative support could be spread widely, and that support should be tailored to the family’s lifestyle (e.g., career and other parental needs).

영유아 자녀를 둔 외벌이 가정 부모가 겪는 양육 경험의 의미 탐색

The purpose of this study is to explore how parents' parenting experiences appear and what they mean by examining the meaning of parenting experiences experienced by single-income parents with infants and children. In this study, parents and children of single-income families with infants and children were selected as study participants. A total of 19 observations and interviews were conducted from January 23, 2021 to August 21, 2021.…

Association between Job Demands and Fathers’ Involvement between Single-Income and Dual-Income Families: The Mediating Role of Work to Family Conflict

Based on the theoretical perspectives of role strain theory and the spillover model, we examined the association between job demands and employed fathers’ involvement of single-income and dual-income families in South Korea (Korea hereafter). In addition, we examined the mediating role of work to family conflict in the above association. Data were collected from 201 employed fathers with at least one preschool child. We conducted multiple group structural equation modeling analysis using employed fathers in single-income family group (n = 100) and dual-income family group (n = 101). The results showed that job demands were negatively associated with fathers’ involvement, and this association was mediated by work to family conflict among Korean fathers in both single- and dual-income family groups. Findings indicate that regardless of wives’ employment status, job demands are related to fathers’ involvement, and this association is mediated by work to family conflict. Consequently, we suggest that alleviating employed fathers’ job demands and work to family conflict are key factors increasing fathers’ involvement. Therefore, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers are required to improve employed fathers’ work environments in order to support their familial well-being. Future research may consider a more representative sample with various sources of data collection.

The probability factor influences the level of financial well-being of workers in Malaysia

Generally, the dual-income family households earn higher income than the single-income family households as both husband and wife are working and earning money for the family. Dual-income households should have more advantages in terms of better level of financial well-being in comparison to single-income households. The workers in dual-income family are also expected to have a better level of financial well-being. Therefore, this study aims to determine the probability factors affecting the workers’ level of financial well-being. The sample of the study was married workers in the public sector, with focus on workers who are in a dual-income family. The analysis unit in this study is the individual. A total of 415 married workers were analyzed in this study. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied in identifying the probability factors of various levels of financial well-being (low, moderate, high) which includes socioeconomic background, financial knowledge, financial behavior and financial decision making factors. The logistic regression analysis showed the socioeconomic background (age, monthly income, home ownership and financial product ownership), financial behavior and financial decision making of the husband have a significant relationship with the respondents’ various levels of financial well-being. Factors such as age, monthly income, home ownership, financial product ownership and financial behavior were found to have an impact on financial well-being. Financial education needs to be implemented in the workplace to encourage workers to have good financial practices. This is necessary in order to ensure the financial well-being of their workers. Keywords : behavior, decision making, dual-income families, financial well-being, knowledge, married workers

A Natural History Model of Low Birth Rate Issues in Japan since the 1990s

This paper tries to combine the natural history model of social problems with Foucauldian discourse analysis. Foucault tried to outline connections between knowledge and power, and this paper applied his method to qualitative content analysis of discourse on low birth rates in Japanese news articles and discussions among the Japan’s national Diet members. This paper focuses on two topics: how some policies to combat low birth rates were adopted, while other were rejected; and why the policies which were adopted tend to favor two-income families. In order to answer these two questions, this paper selects seven important events from 1990 to 2016 in order to understand what kind of power or knowledge operates, and what kind of similarities in the discourse appear repeatedly and regularly. This paper highlights four points. First, claim-makers who regarded declining birth rates as a serious social problem---population experts, politicians, bureaucrats, and feminists---influenced political decisions against low birth rates. The low birth rate issues can be considered a government-manufactured social problem. Second, the policies against low birth rates have emphasized that difficulty in balancing work and childrearing decreases the fertility rates. Therefore, gender-equality and work-life balance have been dominant within the discourses on low birth rates, and the more fundamental problem of why young people are postponing marriage have been ignored. Third, both bureaucrats in the Ministry of Finance balancing national revenue and expenditure and feminist activists emphasizing gender-equality and work-life balance often reject a child allowance which provides equal benefit to each child regardless of the parents’ lifestyle. Fourth, merely welfare policies that are adaptive to the ideologies of gender-equality and work-life balance have been implemented. Bureaucrats, lawmakers, and feminist activists gained ownership of a social problem. Similarly, the gender-equality ideology has only catered to heterosexual males and females who form a family, work outside, and raise children equally. Therefore, single persons with no family or singleincome families have been neglected. This should be described as the exertion of governmental power.

The Nepali-Canadian Living Standards Survey: Newcomer Incorporation in the Greater Toronto Area

The Nepali-Canadian Living Standards Survey is collaborative research that assesses the economic and social incorporation of newly immigrated Nepalese into Canada. The study is based on survey interviews with sixty-two Nepali households in the Greater Toronto Area, conducted between November 2015 and April 2016. In this paper, we show that those who have immigrated from Nepal since 2012 are still struggling to find work commensurate with their expectations and their overall high human capital. The persistence of single income families, and a lack of female participation in the labour force, appear to be factors in this struggle. Those who have migrated earlier, however, report that they are more firmly anchored, both economically and socially, in the Canadian middle class, even though they continue to lag behind the native-born population. Both groups reported a high degree of investment in their children's education. The study suggests that policy makers find resources for retraining current immigrants who are attempting to secure better employment, including provisions for early childcare. Finally, Nepali-Canadian voluntary organizations are encouraged to pursue these same goals, both with levels of government and with each other.

DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR CHILDCARE ROBOTS WITH AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF DUAL INCOME AND SINGLE INCOME FAMILIES

As childcare has become a serious social concern in Korea, the development of a childcare robot is of great interest. In particular, with the increase of dual-income families, designing childcare robots for respective dual and single income households is needed. This paper presents an ethnographic study of dual and single income families with a child to develop design guidelines for childcare robots for those respective groups. We use in-depth interviews, home tours and a oneweek journal written by mothers to gather the requirements during interaction between mother and child, and user and product. A total of 6 primary requirements and each with their respective secondary requirements were gathered. By analyzing the frequency of the primary and secondary requirements we were able to find both similarities and differences between dual and single income households. By quantifying the importance of robot design issues based on frequency of

The Work–Family Interface and Sleep Quality

ABSTRACTObjective: This article investigated whether work-to-family conflict (WFC) and work-to-family enrichment (WFE) were associated with employee sleep quality. WFC and WFE reflect the potential for experiences at work to negatively and positively influence nonworking life respectively, and may have implications for sleep quality. In this article, we examined whether WFC and WFE were linked with sleep quality via hedonic balance (i.e., positive affect relative to negative affect). Participants: The sample included 3,170 employed Australian parents involved in the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. Methods: Information on WFC, WFE, hedonic balance, sleep quality, and relevant covariates was collected through a structured interview and self-completion questionnaire. Results: WFC was associated with poorer sleep quality (β = .27, p < .001), and this relationship was stronger in males than females and in dual parent–single income families. WFC was also found to be indirectly associated with poor sleep quality via a lower hedonic balance (β = .17, 99% confidence interval [.14, .20]). WFE was not directly associated with sleep quality, but was indirectly associated with better sleep quality via a higher hedonic balance (β = –.04 [–.07, –.02]). Conclusions: These results indicate that aspects of the work–family interface are associated with employee sleep quality. Furthermore, affective experiences were found to link WFC and WFE with sleep quality. Workplace interventions that target WFC and WFE may have implications for employee sleep.

Adolescents’ role in family decision-making for services in India

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the involvement of adolescents in family vacation and dining out on the basis of the type of family. Also, the purpose of this paper is to refine the Scanzoni’s sex role orientation scale (SSRS) in the Indian context. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires from adolescents in Delhi and Uttar Pradesh (states in India). The response rate is 44.88 per cent. Sex role orientation was measured using the Scanzoni’s SSRS. Findings There is a decline in the involvement of adolescents through the major decision-making stages for both the services, family vacation and dining out. There is no significant difference in the involvement of adolescents in dual-income and single-income families for a vacation and dining out, except that the children from dual-income families are more involved in destination selection for a vacation. Also, the adolescents in modern families are significantly involved in the sub-decision stages, spending and selection of travel agent. Practical implications The marketers should advertise the vacation destinations to adolescent children in dual-earning families. Also, the travel agencies should design their promotion strategies so as to appeal to the adolescent children with modern attitudes. While catering to the needs of a family, travel agencies must present their services in a way that appeals to adolescents in modern families. Also, this aspect must be taken care of in all the pricing strategies and promotions for the modern families. Originality/value Despite the large number of studies in various Western countries in this area, few studies investigate adolescent influence in family decision-making in India. The present study takes into account the type of family, single income or dual income (on the basis of the employment of parents) and traditional or modern (on the basis of gender role orientation).

An Analysis Study on Correlation Between Dual-income Familyand Internet Addiction of Children

With advances in information and communication technologies and especially smart technologies, most people can enjoy favor of those technologies. However, as side effects of those technologies, we are facing with various problems. The typical problems are internet addiction, cyber bullying, cyber gambling, infringement of personal information, copyright violation, and hacking, etc. It is responsibility of our society to provide prevention programs and treatment programs for those side effects. Also, as recently dual-income families have been increasing due to economic crisis, their children are exposed to various troubles. The purpose of this study is to analyze correlation between internet addiction and dual-income family. For this purpose, 4-year national survey works from Korea National Information Society Agency have been analyzed. After statistical work, it is concluded that, although internet addiction rate of children from dual-income families is higher than the of children from single-income families, there is no meaningful correlation between dual-income family and internet addiction.

An Analysis Study on Correlation Between Dual-income Familyand Internet Addiction of Children

With advances in information and communication technologies and especially smart technologies, most people can enjoy favor of those technologies. However, as side effects of those technologies, we are facing with various problems. The typical problems are internet addiction, cyber bullying, cyber gambling, infringement of personal information, copyright violation, and hacking, etc. It is responsibility of our society to provide prevention programs and treatment programs for those side effects. Also, as recently dual-income families have been increasing due to economic crisis, their children are exposed to various troubles. The purpose of this study is to analyze correlation between internet addiction and dual-income family. For this purpose, 4-year national survey works from Korea National Information Society Agency have been analyzed. After statistical work, it is concluded that, although internet addiction rate of children from dual-income families is higher than the of children from single-income families, there is no meaningful correlation between dual-income family and internet addiction.

‘Who should do the caring’? Involved fatherhood and ambivalent gendered moral rationalities among cohabiting/married irish parents

Drawing on qualitative couple interviews with cohabiting/married mothers and fathers, this paper examines accounts of involved fatherhood in contemporary Ireland. It shows that while the ideal of fathers as heavily involved in day-to-day parenting is widespread, the reality is somewhat different – and this despite increased participation of Irish mothers in the labour market. Given this mismatch between fatherhood ideals and realities, it begs the question: how do we account for this inequitable division of family work? Gender-differentiated parenting experiences, I argue, are strongly influenced by ambivalent attitudes on the part of both fathers and mothers. I argue that mothers draw on ‘primarily mother’ moral rationalities that associates ‘good’ mothering with large amounts of time in direct provision of childcare, while fathers display a ‘primarily worker’ rationality associated with strong commitment to the labour market. It is the clash of these contrasting normative societal demands that gives rise to a pervasive sense of ambivalence about ‘who should do the caring’. This ambivalence, I demonstrate, is especially prominent in single-income families where the father is the sole breadwinner. In dual-income families, several parents go some distance towards reconciling these contradictory claims, these competing moral discourses.

Importância da educação formal dos responsáveis e renda familiar no processo de adesão ao uso de próteses auditivas em menores de 12 anos

OBJETIVO: verificar se o nível de educação formal dos responsáveis pelas crianças atendidas no serviço de Saúde Auditiva de um Hospital Universitário, assim como a suas rendas familiares e o grau das perdas auditivas das crianças, influencia na adesão ao uso de próteses auditivas. MÉTODOS: foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo por meio de um levantamento de dados secundários contidos em fichas técnicas no Laboratório de Exames Complementares do referido Hospital. Foram verificados os dados sobre o tipo e o grau das perdas auditivas, tipo de adaptação, renda familiar e escolaridade dos pais ou responsáveis. A adesão ao uso de próteses auditivas foi verificado por meio da presença em consulta anual após alta. RESULTADO: foram verificados dados de 105 pacientes. Em 35 (10,47%) casos, os entrevistados relataram até um salário mínimo como única renda familiar, 54 (51,4%) entre um e três salários mínimos, 4 (3,8%) entre três e 10 salários mínimos e em 12 (11,4%) casos esse dado não foi informado na entrevista. Em relação à escolaridade dos responsáveis pelas crianças, 51 (48,5%) responsáveis relataram ter no máximo, ensino fundamental I, 39 (37,1%) iniciaram ou completaram o ensino médio, 5 (4,7%) iniciaram ou completaram um curso superior e em 10 (9,7%) entrevistas não constava essa informação. Em 94 casos foi encontrada adesão e em 11, não adesão. Não houve significância estatística entre a renda familiar ou escolaridade dos responsáveis com o sucesso na adesão de crianças atendidas no Hospital Universitário. CONCLUSÃO: a renda familiar ou a escolaridade dos responsáveis não influencia na adesão em crianças de até 12 anos atendidas no Hospital Universitário.

Lessons from the recent economic crisis: the Australian household stimulus package

This paper provides an impact evaluation analysis of the 2009 Australian Household Stimulus Package, which was composed by three main cash payments: the Back to School Bonus, the Single Income Family Bonus and the Tax Bonus for Working Australians. Using panel data from the 2008 and 2009 HILDA surveys, the results show that these cash payments reduced the risk of poverty and stimulated consumption expenditure. Nonetheless, only the Back to School Bonus and the Single Income Family Bonus were really important in achieving these goals, while the Tax Bonus for Working Australians did not contribute to stimulate consumption and failed to reduce the risk of poverty. Thus, the analysis confirms the crucial role of governments to protect the most vulnerable groups avoiding a dramatic deterioration of social outcomes and favoring a fast economic recovery when interventions are timely and well-targeted.

The Law and Economics of Gender Discrimination and Poverty

Sexist laws are more prevalent in regions where poverty is endemic. The corollary is also true; the places where women experience less discrimination are typically more developed. The legal academy has drawn several inferences from this observation, including that poverty and the development process appear to be detrimental to women’s rights. Said differently, it is generally assumed that women’s rights are bolstered or diminished depending upon the economic landscape in which they reside. But despite the strength of this relationship, few legal studies have sought to understand why precisely sexist laws seem inextricably linked to poverty.Our research finds the opposite of what is typically believed: the act of depriving women of fundamental rights is a primary cause of poverty. First, using a law and economic approach, we find that sexist laws create perverse behavioral incentives whereby actors rationally engage in inefficient behaviors. This is because sexist laws, in contrast to other forms of discrimination, burden society's basic economic unit — the family. For instance, prohibiting women from earning a wage depresses the rate of investment since single-income families must then approach the market over cautiously. These deductions are supported by our original empirical research, which indicates that gender inequality and poverty are significantly and powerfully connected. Indeed, sexist laws are less the result of underdevelopment as much as its very cause.

유아의 대인관계형성능력에 영향을 미치는 변인 연구: 사회 인구학적 변인, 부부조망수용능력, 유아 대처반응 및 정서지능을 중심으로

The purpose of this study is to investigate the variable factors influencing children`s interpersonal relationship skills and analyze the effects of marital perspective-taking ability, managing responses of young children and emotional intelligence on the interpersonal relationship skills of children. The study subjects were young children aged from four to seven attending private kindergartens or public day care centers in Seoul or Kyeongki-do and their mothers. The results are as follows : 1) First, marital perspective-taking abilities were indicated higher on boys than girls, children in a full-day program than those in a half-day program, university graduates or higher degree holders than collage graduates, single-income families than double-income families. In case of managing responses of young children, boys showed high avoidance of offensive disposition and girls showed high emotions dissipation. Also, young children in a full-day program showed non-responses on managing responses but high responses on emotions dissipation, and children of mothers with bachelor`s degree or higher education showed support and children from double-income family showed no responses in high. Moreover, emotional intelligence of young children in a full-day program was higher than that of children in a half-day program, interpersonal relationship skills were showed higher on girls than boys, half-day children than full-day ones, children from single-income family than those from double-income family. 2) Meaningful relationships were indicated between these variables; managing responses of young children, emotional intelligence and interpersonal relationship skills by partly showing correlations. 3) Children in a half-day program with low in emotions dissipation, non-responses, offensive dispositional managing responses but high on Avoid, emotional intelligence showed high interpersonal relationship skills.

Symposium 4 : Food Flavors: Ethnic and International Taste Preferences

ABSTRACT: The cuisine of India is as diverse as its people and each ethnic group has its own unique culture and its own unique food preferences. Although Indian cuisine is largely associated with the pronounced use of some key ingredients and spices, differences in region, culture, climate, and religion dictate the variations in the use of these ingredients. With its more than 1 billion people, India is rapidly becoming a key market for consumer goods and processed foods. The level of awareness of the “western world” has increased noticeably. Coupled with this is the shift from single-income families to dual-income families. Busy lifestyle, heightened awareness, and a desire to imitate the West makes India a very suitable market for prepared foods. Most the fast food chains like Pizza Hut, McDonald's, Domino's Pizza, and TGIF, to name a few, are already household names in major Indian cities. Even the government has recognized the potential of the processed food industry and has declared food processing a major thrust area. This means that there will be subsidies from the government as well as important tax benefits. For companies wanting to tap the huge Indian market, this is a great opportunity. But before developing food for the Indian market, it is important to understand the traditional influences and key flavors of Indian food to successfully merge Western trends with Indian flavors.

The paradox of child poverty in israel

Data on the levels of child poverty in Israel indicate that it has remained consistently high and indeed is higher than that in most welfare states. This finding is paradoxical given the fact that, since its establishment fifty years ago, Israel has emphasized its commitment to the well-being of its children and to their welfare. Indeed, this approach has been reflected in a wide variety of social programmes aimed at bettering the living standards of children and of families with children. The reasons for the failure of the Israeli welfare state to deal more effectively with child poverty and deprivation over the last two decades can be linked to economic developments, such as high unemployment and inflation levels and wide wage disparities, to demographic trends such as the concentration of large, single income families among the Arab and orthodox Jewish sectors, and to policies that have encouraged privatization and have discriminated against Arab children. Social workers can play a major role in dealing with these developments by seeking more universal and equitable social policies for children in Israel.