Single Gauge Research Articles

Simulation of daily precipitation in the Pacific Northwest using a weather classification scheme

A weather classification scheme was coupled with a semi-Markov model to represent the coincident occurrence of rain/no rain states at a single rain gauge and classes representing regional atmospheric circulation patterns, as identified from National Meteorological Center gridded observations for a large area of the North Pacific. Weather classes were identified from daily observations of surface pressure and 850 mb pressure height at five selected ten degree latitude by ten degree longitude cells using a K-means clustering algorithm, which was applied on a month-by-month basis. The number of climate classes, K, for each month was chosen based on a preliminary analysis of the model’s ability to describe statistics of observed precipitation occurrences at the Stampede Pass, Washington weather station. The length of stay distributions within each precipitation occurrence/weather class were assumed to be geometric, and the precipitation amounts for each class and season were fitted with a mixed exponential distribution. Parameters of the length of stay distributions, transition probabilities, and precipitation amounts were estimated from the period of record 1975–84.

Fluid transport through Bass Strait

The flux of water through Bass Strait was measured with two sections of current meter moorings placed in the west of Bass Strait between Cape Otway and King Island, and King Island and Hunter Island, in the autumn and winter of 1984. The flux was found to be highly correlated with the local wind stress and the time gauges on the northern boundary. Mean flux over the period of the experiment was 0.49 Sv from west to east, with a maximum of +3.05 Sv and a minimum of –0.8 Sv. Much of this flux occurred in surges lasting 2–3 days following the passage of atmospheric cold fronts across the region. The variations in flux may be monitored by a single tide gauge on the eastern Victorian coast, at least in winter. From dynamical considerations it is inferred from the available data that the through-flow is forced by a combination of forcing to the west of Bass Strait and wind stress within Bass Strait in the approximate ratio of 3:1. It seems probable that these surges are the principal cause of the coastally trapped waves observed in the Australian Coastal Experiment of 1983–1984 ( H. J. Freeland et al. (1986) The Australian Coastal Experiment: A search for coastal trapped waves. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 13, 1230–1249). It appears that the geometry of Bass Strait causes singularities in linear coastally trapped wave theory in the south-west and north-east corners, and it is probable that this phenomenon is manifested in the stronger currents observed in the south-west than at the other stations further north.

A GENERALIZATION OF GAUGE COUPLING CONSTANTS TO GAUGE COUPLING FIELDS

A natural generalization of the notion of the gauge coupling constant appearing in the covariant derivation operator is obtained by replacing it with a field Γ which takes values in the linear hermitian invertible mappings [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] is the Lie algebra of the gauge group G equipped with a G-invariant inner product). In this case the eigenvalues of Γ(x) for each point x from the space-time take the role of the usual single gauge coupling constant.

A strain gage-variable area flowmeter

This article presents a unique hybrid flowmeter that combines the turndown ratio/low resistance benefits of a variable area differential pressure flowmeter with the low component simplicity of a target flowmeter. The design attaches a single element strain gage to the flexural membrane suspended in a fluid flow passage, eliminating the need for force or pressure transducers. A prototype of the concept produced favorable results that conformed well to a theoretical model.

Neutron-pair transfer formalism including deformation in gauge space for target and projectile

We propose a macroscopic description of multiple neutron-pair transfer in heavy-ion reactions which takes into account explicitly the nuclear deformations in gauge space of the target and projectile. The requirement of conservation of the total number of particles yields an interaction potential that depends only on a single gauge variable. The intrinsic coordinate-dependent phase-shift formalism is then used to evaluate cross sections.

Gauge fields

This article is a survey of the history and ideas of gauge theory. Described here are the gradual emergence of symmetry as a driving force in the shaping of physical theory; the elevation of Noether’s theorem, relating symmetries to conservation laws, to a fundamental principle of nature; and the force of the idea (‘‘the gauge principle’’) that the symmetries of nature, like the interactions themselves, should be local in character. The fundamental role of gauge fields in mediating the interactions of physics springs from Noether’s theorem and the gauge principle in a remarkably clean and elegant way, leaving, however, some tantalizing loose ends that might prove to be the clue to a future deeper level of understanding. The example of the electromagnetic field as the prototype gauge theory is discussed in some detail and serves as the basis for examining the similarities and differences that emerge in generalizing to non-Abelian gauge theories. The article concludes with a brief examination of the dream of total unification—all the forces of nature in a single unified gauge theory, with the differences among the forces due to the specific way in which the fundamental symmetries are broken in the local environment.

Anomaly processes of the system of technions and gauge bosons

By gauging Wess-Zumino term in the technicolor model, we obtain the low energy effective action of the system of technions and gauge bosons (gluons, photon,W± andZ0). These actions show some new anomaly processes of the system of technions and gauge bosons. We exame, as examples, new anomaly processes of the system of a single technion with gauge bosons and of three technions with a single gauge boson. The results show that the anomaly couplings are quite small.

An approximate analysis of surface runoff model uncertainty

The recent work of Schilling and Fuchs (1986) is useful in evaluating the potential success of a surface runoff model in reliably predicting the runoff response at a stream gage from a catchment. given rainfall data from a single rain gage. Besides demonstrating the relative influences of the various components utilized in surface runoff models (i.e. routing, loss rates, subwatershed response functions, etc.), the cited paper provides a useful indication as to the magnitude of the uncertainty in surface runoff model predictions due to the unknown boundary conditions of the problem. In this paper, the uncertainty in runoff predictions is approximated by coupling to the rainfall - runoff model a stochastic model which represents the error between measured runoff data and model estimates of runoff. The stochastic model is developed using a multilinear model of either the catchment runoff itself, or a multilinear equivalent to some particular surface runoff modeling approach. From this coupled model, distributions of the predicted outcomes of criterion variables (e.g., peak flow rate. detention basin maximum volume, etc.) can be obtained, and confidence intervals can be subse-quently estimated and used for flood control planning purposes. Once the distribution of the predicted outcomes of the criterion variable is developed, T-year estimates of the criterion variable are evaluated. Questions are considered regarding the optimum use of available rainfall-runoff data, and the optimum selection of the effective rainfall estimator (i.e., rainfall less losses, rainfall excess) used to develop the base input to the surface runoff model, when estimating T-year values of a criterion variable. The main goal of this paper is to provide a mathematical review of methods which would allow designers and researchers to investigate the effect of uncertainty in analysis and design. New notation is introduced which provides a unification to the theory of uncertainty applied to rainfall-runoff models.

Effects of fractionated doses of ionizing radiation on small intestinal motor activity

The small intestinal motor effects of fractionated doses of ionizing radiation were studied in 6 conscious dogs. Eight strain-gauge transducers were implanted on the small intestine and a single gauge on the ascending colon, of each dog. After control recordings, an abdominal dose of 250 cGy was administered three times a week on alternate days for 3 successive weeks (total dose, 2250 cGy). Recordings were then made for 4 wk of follow-up. Giant migrating contractions occurred 11 times in 520 h of control recordings in the fasted and fed state, with a mean distance of origin of 55 ± 16 cm from the ileocolonic junction. Abdominal field irradiation significantly increased the incidence and distance of origin of these giant contractions to 438 in 745 recording hours and 158 ± 7 cm from the ileocolonic junction, respectively. The incidence of giant migrating contractions peaked after the second dose of radiation. The amplitude ratio of radiation-induced giant migrating contractions to phase III contractions, and their duration and velocity of migration, were similar to the control state. The dogs developed diarrhea and vomiting as early as the first fraction of radiation. Irradiation also increased the incidence of retrograde giant contractions from 8 in 520 h of control recording to 42 in 745 h of recording during the radiation schedule. The radiation-induced retrograde giant contractions peaked in incidence on the day of the first fraction of radiation and were more likely to be associated with a vomiting episode than those occurring in the control period. Migrating motor complex cycling persisted during radiation and its cycle length was not different from the control or postradiation values. Our findings suggest that some of the side effects of radiation such as diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and vomiting may be related to the dramatically increased incidence of giant migrating contractions and retrograde giant contractions.

Dynamic measurements of initiation toughness at high loading rates

An experimental method is described for measuring the dynamic initiation toughness of a sharp stationary crack. A plane specimen is utilized which consists of a central region 50-mm wide and 200-mm long with integral dog-bone ends. The loading is accomplished by the detonation of four small explosive charges which produce two tensile stress waves upon reflection from the dog-bone ends. The stress waves meet at the midpoint of the specimen and reinforce to produce a relatively large, uniformly stressed region with a very high loading rate. The crack is positioned at the midpoint of the specimen at the location where the reinforcing tensile stress waves meet. A series of photoelastic experiments were conducted using Homalite 100 as the model material to observe, in a full-field view, the arrival of the dilatational waves, the subsequent development of the stress field at the tip of the stationary crack and the initiation of the crack. The isochromatic fringe pattern was also used to determine the instantaneous value of the stress-intensity factorK(t) after the characteristic fringe loops developed in the region near the crack tip. Finally,K(t) was measured using a single strain gage positioned and oriented so that its signal output was proportional toK(t) and independent of the next two higher order terms in the series representation of the strain field. A method was developed to determine the instant of initiation from the strain-time trace. Results obtained from the photoelastic and strain measurements of the dynamic-initiation toughnessK ID were consistently higher than the static value ofK IC .

Some characteristics of an inverted magnetron cold cathode ionization gauge with dual feedthroughs

Single feedthrough cold cathode ionization gauges often suffer from spurious currents due to insulator leakage and field emission which mask the small pressure dependent ionization currents. This paper describes an inverted magnetron gauge tube designed to reduce these problems by using separate feedthroughs for the anode high voltage and the cathode current. The cathode is insulated from the grounded metal envelope. This gauge is useful for pressure measurement from 10−4 to 10−10 Torr in the constant voltage mode and from 10−2 to 10−6 Torr in the constant current mode. The characteristic curves typically show a change of slope at ∼10−9 Torr. When used at a magnetic field of 1200 G the slope above the inflection point is 1.08±0.02, while below it the slope varies from 1.4–1.9. It was found that operating the gauge for some time at a pressure of 10−4 Torr does not change the curve above the inflection point, but can alter the lower portion temporarily.

A demonstration of problems associated with crack closure measurement techniques

Closure load measurements were performed on an experimental Ni base superalloy compact tension (CT) specimen which exhibited a significant degree of surface roughness. To calibrate the test procedure, a back face strain gage, front face clip gage and a laser extensometer were used to measure the load-displacement response for an uncracked specimen. Closure measurements were then performed as a function of ΔK during a fatigue crack propagation test. It was found that a single back face strain gage could not be used to obtain accurate closure measurements due in part to the apparent strains generated as a result of temperature fluctuations. The clip gage was somewhat more accurate but was subject to rotation and slippage on the knife edges which affected the output. The laser extensometer gave the most reliable results and required no additional specimen preparation. Machine alignment was critical and measured closure loads were affected by seemingly unimportant alterations in the test set-up. Limitations and sources of potential errors associated with these measurement techniques are discussed.

Extension of the application range of a piston pressure gauge to low pressures

A method is presented by which a absolute pressure gauge may be calibrated using a single piston gauge in a pressure range more than two decades lower than its usual working range. The calibration pressure is referenced to the weight of an additional mass and to the cross section of the piston. The auxiliary instrumentation necessary for this method is an uncalibrated reference pressure gauge and a mechanism for removing the additional mass from the piston. A measurement uncertainty of +or-0.6 Pa down to a pressure of 30 Pa has been achieved. From a test measurement it is inferred that the absence of a finite bell jar pressure in a piston gauge does not influence its operation.

Single and Dual Probes for Soil Density Measurement

ABSTRACT FIELD calibration of a single and dual probe gamma ray density gauge was carried out in three soil textures. Relationships were established between gauge determined dry densities and core determined values. In all soils tested, the dual probe correlated better with core measurements than did the single probe gauge. Differences between core sampled and measured densities emphasized the need for in situ calibration of gamma gauges.

Two potentials, one gauge group: A possible geometrical motivation

By studying the purely gravitational sector of a higher-dimensional matter-gravity coupled theory, one can see that in the case of nonvanishing torsion the effective 4-dimensional theory exhibits two gauge potentials that transform under the action of a single gauge group.

Gauged BRST symmetry and the occurrence of higher cocycles in quantum field theory

The BRST symmetry of Yang-Mills theories can be gauged via the introduction of an anticommuting single gauge field. The construction of a local BRST operation follows, which allows an algebraic analysis of the BRST current algebra. This construction provides, in particular, a field theory interpretation of most higher cocycles which accompany the usual chiral anomaly.

Daily Water Use in Nine Cities

Transfer functions are used to model the short‐term response of daily municipal water use to rainfall and air temperature variations. Daily water use data from nine cities are studied, three cities each from Florida, Pennsylvania, and Texas. The dynamic response of water use to rainfall and air temperature is similar across the cities within each State; in addition the responses of the Texas and Florida cities are very similar to one another while the response of the Pennsylvania cities is more sensitive to air temperature and less to rainfall. There is little impact of city size on the response functions. The response of water use to rainfall depends first on the occurrence of rainfall and second on its magnitude. The occurrence of a rainfall more than 0.05 in./day (0.13 cm/day) causes a drop in the seasonal component of water use one day later that averages 38% for the Texas cities, 42% for the Florida cities, and 7% for the Pennsylvania cities. In Austin, Texas, a spatially averaged rainfall series shows a clearer relationship with water use than does rainfall data from a single gage. There is a nonlinear response of water use to air temperature changes with no response for daily maximum air temperatures between 40° and 70°F (4–21°C) an increase in water use with air temperature beyond 70°F; above 85°–90°F (29°–32°C) water use increases 3–5 times more per degree than below that limit in Texas and Florida. The model resulting from these studies can be used for daily water use forecasting and water conservation analysis.

OBSERVABLES IN LOW-ENERGY SUPERSTRING MODELS

We compile phenomenological constraints on the minimal low-energy effective theory which can be obtained from the superstring by Calabi-Yau compactification. Mixing with the single additional neutral gauge boson in this model reduces the mass of the conventional Z0, Field vacuum expectation values are constrained by the experimental upper bound on this shift. Then, requiring the sneutrino mass squared to be positive constrains the scale of supersymmetry breaking more than do lower bounds on the masses of new charged particles and of sparticles. More model-dependent constraints follow from the “naturalness” requirement that observables do not depend sensitively on input parameters. We find a preference for the second neutral gauge boson to weigh ≲320 GeV, [Formula: see text] GeV and [Formula: see text] GeV. Dynamical generation of the gauge hierarchy is possible if mt≲70 GeV, with lower values of mt being favoured.

Relative sea levels of Japan from tide-gauge records

Research Article| February 01, 1986 Relative sea levels of Japan from tide-gauge records D. G. AUBREY; D. G. AUBREY 1Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar K. O. EMERY K. O. EMERY 1Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information D. G. AUBREY 1Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 K. O. EMERY 1Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 Publisher: Geological Society of America First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Geological Society of America GSA Bulletin (1986) 97 (2): 194–205. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<194:RSLOJF>2.0.CO;2 Article history First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation D. G. AUBREY, K. O. EMERY; Relative sea levels of Japan from tide-gauge records. GSA Bulletin 1986;; 97 (2): 194–205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<194:RSLOJF>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract We attempted to separate tectonic, ocean-ographic, and eustatic components of change in relative sea levels derived from the many tide-gauge records of Japan acquired during the past 50 yr. A modified eigenanalysis permitted use of station data of unequal lengths. Regression analysis and eigenanalysis revealed systematic spatial differences in relative sea-level rise of ∼25 mm/yr. Although the difference is too great to be solely eustatic in origin, data are insufficient to permit accurate separation of tectonic and eustatic effects on relative sea levels. The low-frequency patterns (periods longer than 50 yr) may have been derived from subduction of the Pacific and Philippine plates beneath Japan. Higher frequencies (12-, 6-, and 2-yr periods) are correlated with oceanographic factors such as shifts in the position of the Kuroshio and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. The contours of relative change in sea levels provide convincing evidence that neither a single nor several Japanese tide gauges can be selected to authentically demote present or past eustatic sea-level rise. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Some remarks on torsion in Kaluza–Klein unification

The role of manifolds endowed with a parallelizing torsion in Kaluza–Klein theories is examined. In particular the spin connection on such manifolds is demonstrated to be a single pure gauge almost everywhere on the manifold. This follows from the Frobenius integration theorem. As a consequence of this result the computation of the representation of massless fermions follows immediately and trivially. The spectrum of massless fermions on manifolds with a parallelizing torsion is contrasted with the analogous spectrum on manifolds with nontrivial topological configurations. While the remarks are primarily of pedagogic value much of the relevant mathematics is made intuitive.