Single-factor Structure Research Articles

Development of a Self-Care Scale for Compound Caregivers

Background: Japan and other nations are experiencing rising demands for care, owing to declining birth rates and aging populations. This particularly affects compound caregivers, people who provide informal care for multiple individuals. Compound caregivers face unique challenges and higher risks of physical and mental health problems. However, existing self-care scales do not cover their needs. This cross-sectional study aimed to develop and validate the Self-Care Scale for Compound Caregivers (SCSCC) to assess specific self-care practices and promote targeted support. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey of 400 compound caregivers. Reliability was assessed via item analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and Cronbach’s alpha. Criterion validity was evaluated using a self-rated health scale. Results: Overall, 400 compound caregivers participated in the study. After item analysis, we excluded nine items, leaving eight for factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a single-factor structure explaining 51.5% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit after modifications (goodness of fit index = 0.964, adjusted goodness of fit index = 0.932, comparative fit index = 0.980, root mean square error of approximation = 0.054). The final version of the SCSCC demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.859) and was positively correlated with self-rated health (r = 0.387, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The SCSCC is a reliable tool for assessing self-care in compound caregivers, supporting health promotion, interventions, and policies to improve their health within the community care system.

Psychometric properties of the WHODAS 2.0 in patients with orthopedic injuries from road traffic crashes in Bangladesh

Purpose Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a leading cause of disability in low- and middle-income countries. This study assesses the psychometric properties of 12-item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0 among patients with orthopedic injuries from road traffic crashes in Bangladesh across two timepoints after hospital discharge. Materials and methods Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed WHODAS 2.0 construct validity and investigated measurement invariance among a sample of RTI patients at an orthopedic hospital one month and three months post-discharge. Cronbach’s alpha measured reliability. Results A single-factor structure was identified in CFA for the one-month sample (χ2(53)=894.337, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.989, TLI = 0.986; SRMR = 0.052, RMSEA = 0.151) and the three-month sample (χ2(53)=630.119, p < 0.001; CFI = 1.000, TLI = 1.000; SRMR = 0.022, RMSEA = 0.130). Measurement invariance was supported, and internal consistency was excellent (α > 0.9) at each timepoint. Mean disability score decreased from 37.89 (out of 48, SD = 10.44) one-month post-discharge to 27.19 (SD = 18.10, p < 0.001) three months post-discharge indicating improvement in functional status over time. Conclusions WHODAS 2.0 is valid and reliable for measuring disability among patients with RTIs in Bangladesh and has validity for making meaningful comparisons in disability level over time. Future research should include samples with different types of RTIs to strengthen the evidence supporting the use of the instrument.

Development and validation of STEM motivation scale for middle school students

Understanding motivational beliefs such as expectancy and value that shape students’ persistence and decision to pursue a STEM career, obtaining valid and reliable measures for these dimensions, and developing strategies using this data are critically important to ensure students’ persistence in the STEM pipeline. Therefore, this study aims to develop a tool to measure middle school students’ STEM motivations within the expectancy and value concepts framework. The trial version of the scale was conducted on 967 middle school students in the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. The study group was randomly divided into two groups. EFA was conducted on the data obtained from the first sub-group (n=479), and CFA was performed using the data obtained from the second sub-group (n=488). The results of a series of CFA performed to test three different models developed based on the theoretical structure, Model 3, the second-order single-factor structure composed of 5 sub-dimensions was found to be a successful model. This measurement tool would allow determining motivational beliefs within the expectancy-value concept that can be targeted to encourage students’ interest in STEM fields, as well as help design interventions for these structure(s), and evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions.

Measuring resilience in young children: The Child and Youth Resilience Measure- Early Childhood (CYRM-EC)

Early childhood is a particularly important time to nurture resilience. Strengthening measurement of resilience processes for young children is essential to advancing resilience science and application. The current study provides an initial validation of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM) for parent/caregiver-report during early childhood (CYRM-EC). Participants included 265 children in the U.S. ages 4–5 years (M = 5.07 years) in the spring prior to kindergarten. The sample varied substantially by annual household income (36% earning ≤ $35,000; 43% ≥ $75,000) and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs; 47% had ≥ 1; 17% had ≥ 3). Diversity in child race/ethnicity was limited (69.5% White/Caucasian, 17.9% more than one race, 9.4% Latinx/Hispanic, 1.6% Asian, 0.4% Native American/Alaska Native, and 1.2% other races/ethnicities). The 11-item Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Early Childhood demonstrated strong internal reliability (α = .81) and a single factor structure. This measure also exhibited concurrent validity with both individual (children's self-regulation and social skills) and relational (positive parenting) promotive and protective factors and processes, accounting for covariates including child age, gender, race/ethnicity, ACEs, parent education, and nesting by classroom. Findings further indicated evidence for predictive (concurrent) validity of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Early Childhood to better overall child health status and fewer teacher-rated externalizing behaviors, but not to early literacy or math scores. Longitudinal research with young children of varying ages and from more diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds is needed to advance understanding of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Early Childhood and to inform application for preventive interventions.

Development and validation of the chronic condition physician-patient relationship scale (CC-PPR): A patient-informed measurement tool

ObjectiveSeveral tools exist to measure the physician-patient relationship; however few are specific to those with chronic physical health conditions, and none to date have been derived from the patient’s perspective. This research aimed to develop and validate a patient-informed tool for measuring the physician-patient relationship with patients who have a chronic physical health condition. MethodsStudy 1: An Australian sample of participants with a diagnosed chronic physical health condition and a self-reported good physician-patient relationship completed a three round Delphi poll to determine items of the chronic condition physician-patient relationship scale (CC-PPR). Fifty-two participants completed round one, 33 completed round two, and 24 completed all three rounds. Study 2: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted on a separate sample (N = 226) to explore the factor structure of the CC-PPR. ResultsThe CC-PPR comprised 22 items within a single-factor structure which demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.97) and sound convergent validity. DiscussionThe CC-PPR reliably measures observable, concrete, and specific physician behaviours that patients with chronic physical health conditions believe are critical in forming a good physician-patient relationship. The CC-PPR has potential application in research, educational, and self-assessment contexts, including for the evaluation and development of competence in post-graduate and professional settings.

Adaptation and validation of the Adolescent Psychotic-like Symptom Screener (APSS-6) in Spain: evidence from adult population

BackgroundPsychotic-like experiences are common in the general population and an important indicator of psychological vulnerability. One of the used instruments for their assessment is the Adolescent Psychotic-Like Symptom Screener (APSS). However, there are few studies on the APSS psychometric characteristics in different cultural contexts. The aim of this study is to adapt the instrument in the Spanish context and analyze its psychometric properties in an adult population.MethodsUpon the translation and adaptation of the APSS to Spanish, a sample of 287 participants (19–60 years) completed the questionnaire online together with the Symptom Assessment-45 Questionnaire (SA-45) and an ad-hoc survey on clinical and sociodemographic variables. The sample was then randomly split into two halves, the first being the calibration (n = 144) and the second the validation sample (n = 143). An exploratory factor analysis was performed with the former, and a confirmatory factor analysis was performed with the latter, together with internal consistency and convergent validity analyses.ResultsThe APSS Spanish version presents a unifactorial structure comprising 6 out of the 7 original items with adequate fit and good internal consistency. This single factor structure is invariant across age, sex and history of self-reported psychopathology. The instrument also shows significant positive correlations with the SA-45 psychoticism and paranoid ideation subscales.ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has conducted a psychometric analysis of the APSS in adult population. The Spanish version of the APSS shows adequate reliability, construct and convergent validity in adults, therefore provides a handy tool to be used for the screening of psychotic-like experiences in the Spanish general population.

Assessment of psychometric properties of the Dari version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) among Afghans

BackgroundSleep helps in improving the functions of all systems of human body. Disturbance in sleep can cause immediate adverse effects on normal human physiologic functions. Main objective of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Dari version of the of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) among general adult population of Afghanistan.MethodsThis methodological study has been conducted during July to November 2023. Reliability and validity of PSQI were evaluated using Cronbach’s Alpha and confirmatory factor analysis, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to assess the convergent validity of the components of PSQI, comparing results with those obtained from the DASS-21 subdomains.ResultsIn this cross-sectional study, 965 Afghan adults were studied during five months of duration between July and November, 2023. Mean age of the study participants was 35.2 years. The prevalence of sleep disturbance was 44.6% (430/965). Among them, 59.3% (572/965) reported experiencing subjective sleep quality disturbances less than once a week, 36.2% (349/965) had sleep latency issues less than once a week, 17.6% (170/965) had sleep duration disruption once or twice a week, while 36.3% (350/965) had daytime dysfunction less than once a week. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the seven-component scale was 0.677, indicating acceptable internal consistency. Substantial and statistically significant positive correlations were present among the component of PSQI subjective sleep quality and sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, daytime dysfunction, DASS-Depression, DASS-Anxiety, and DASS-Stress. The overall PSQI exhibited favorable fit indices, supporting the proposed single-factor structure among adult Afghan population.ConclusionPrevalence of sleep disturbance was very high among adult population of Afghanistan. This study provided useful information that will help policy makers (such as ministry of public health as well as international donor agencies like WHO, USAID, and UNICEF) to design a better strategy to reduce the prevalence of sleep disturbance that affects health of the Afghan community at large.

QOL-23. MEASURING BODY FUNCTIONALITY APPRECIATION IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY BRAIN TUMORS

Abstract BACKGROUND Body image is a multifaceted construct consisting of thoughts, feelings, and perceptions about one’s body and its functioning. Perception of one’s own physical functioning and capabilities may be an important consideration in neuro-oncology given the sequalae of brain tumors and associated treatment; however, it is understudied in this population. One brief measure of body image, the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) is a comprehensive tool, focused on one’s perceived physical functioning and capabilities, rather than perceived appearance. We aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the recently developed Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) among patients with primary brain tumors. METHODS Adult patients with primary brain tumors (N=237) completed the FAS and other measures of psychological distress as well as medical and demographic characteristics. An exploratory variance factor analysis (EFA) using principal axis factoring and a Promax rotation was conducted. Convergent validity was examined via correlations to measures of psychological distress. RESULTS The EFA supported the single-factor structure, which accounted for 62.71% of the variance with all items loading significantly onto this factor. The FAS had good internal consistency (Cronbach’s a=.90). Convergent validity was demonstrated by negative associations (ps&amp;lt;.05) with symptoms of depression (r=-.30), generalized anxiety (r=-.21), and death anxiety (r=-.17). CONCLUSION Results confirmed the single factor structure of the FAS in primary brain tumor patients. Furthermore, the expected negative relationships with measures of psychological distress provide evidence of convergent validity. The FAS is valid and reliable in patients with primary brain tumors. Our findings suggest that body functionality and appreciation may be important to target in psychosocial interventions for those with primary brain tumors.

Validity and Reliability of Turkish Language Version of Baby Preparation and Worry Scale

Introduction. The Baby Preparation and Anxiety Scale (Baby-PAWS) is the only instrument focusing on expectant mothers’ practical concerns about the transition to parenthood (being able to care for the baby, securing childcare, personal well-being, and partner involvement) and measuring these parameters. Objective. The aim of this study is to determine the validity and reliability of Baby-PAWS, by adapting it to the Turkish population. Method. Two hundred and twenty expectant mothers over the age of eighteen in the third trimester of pregnancy were included in our methodological study. The content and language of Baby-PAWS were also validated. Data were subsequently obtained through confirmatory and explanatory factor analysis, correlation analysis and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient test. Results. It was found that although the Turkish language version of Baby-PAWS did not have three sub-dimensions as in the original, the one-dimensional Baby-PAWS was a valid, reliable scale tool suitable for the Turkish population. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the revised scale was .85. Discussion and conclusion. The Turkish language version of Baby-PAWS is a suitable instrument in terms of language and content validity, and its single-factor structure can be applied to the Turkish population and correctly identify expectant mothers’ concerns about self-care, partner/relationship issues, self-care, and relying on others to care for the baby after its birth.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the German Version of the Upper Limb Functional Index.

The Upper Limb Functional Index (ULFI) is a popular tool with valid psychometric properties to assess upper limb function in patients with musculoskeletal conditions. The aim of the study was to cross-culturally adapt and validate the German version of the ULFI. Cross-cultural validation. A 2-stage cross-cultural adaptation of the ULFI was performed according to international guidelines through consecutive forward and backward translations. Psychometric properties of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, criterion, face and content validity, and factor structure were determined from the included German participants suffering from upper limb conditions (n = 100), who fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: (1) older than 18years old, (2) German as native language, and (3) medical diagnosis of musculoskeletal upper limb condition. Participants completed the ULFI; Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand; EuroQol Health Questionnaire 5 Dimensions; and Short Form-12 questionnaires. The ULFI-G showed good internal consistency (α = .88); excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient2:1 = .98); directly strong correlation with Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (r = .84); fair correlation with Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand-sport (r = .54); inversely fair correlation with EuroQol Health Questionnaire 5 Dimensions (r = -.62); and Short Form 12's physical health domain (r = -.7). A single-factor structure was revealed. The ULFI-G showed adequate psychometric properties and proved to be a valid tool for upper limb functional assessment in German population.

Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Italian Version of the Shoulder Instability-Return to Sport After Injury (SI-RSI) Scale.

To culturally adapt and validate the Italian version of the Shoulder Instability-Return to Sport after Injury (SI-RSI-I) scale. The SI-RSI-I was developed by adapting the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport Index-Italian version and replacing the term "knee" with "shoulder." Subsequently, it underwent validation following COSMIN recommendations. The study involved athletic participants who experienced SI. They completed the SI-RSI-I together with other measurement instruments: Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index, Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic Score, EuroQol-5D-5L, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale. The following psychometric properties were investigated: structural validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, measurement error, and construct validity. The study included 101 participants (age mean [SD] 28.5 [7.4]y; 83 males, 18 females). The SI-RSI-I showed a single-factor structure, excellent internal consistency (α = .935), and excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = .926; 95% CI, .853-.964). The standard error of measurement was 6.1 points, and the minimal detectable change was 17.0 points. Furthermore, SI-RSI-I demonstrated moderate to strong correlations with all reference scales, confirming 8 out of 9 (88.0%) hypotheses, thus establishing satisfactory construct validity. The SI-RSI-I has demonstrated robust internal consistency, reliability, validity, and feasibility as a valuable scale for assessing psychological readiness to return to sport in Italian athletes with SI.

무용창작 수업에서 대학생의 경험에 대한 개방성 창의적, 프로세스 참여 내재적 동기 및 창의적 수행 간의 관계

Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore the latent factor structure of the Creative Process Engagement Scale (Zhang &amp; Bartol, 2010a) and the Creative Performance Scale (Mutonyi &amp; Slatten, 2020) adapted for college dance students (Study 1), and to examine the effects of openness to experience on college students' creative performance through creative process engagement and intrinsic motivation (Study 2). Methods Study 1 was conducted on 127 undergraduate dance majors (17 males, 110 females) to test the validity and reliability of two scales. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, and re-liability analysis. Study 2 was conducted on 428 dance majors (54 males, 374 females, mean age= 20.08±1.62) to examine the mediating effects of creative process engagement and intrinsic motivation on the relationship be-tween openness to experience and creative performance. The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor anal-ysis, internal consistency, and regression analysis. Results In Study 1, the latent factor structure of the Creative Process Engagement Scale and Creative Performance Scale fit a two-factor structure. The internal consistency coefficient (ɑ) was .927 for the creative process engage-ment scale and .838 for the creative performance scale. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis supported a three-factor structure for the creative process engagement scale and a single-factor and two-factor structure for the creative performance scale. Regression analysis showed that openness to experience has an indirect effect on creative performance through idea generation and intrinsic motivation. Conclusions Findings suggest that fostering college students' engagement in the creative process, intrinsic moti-vation, and creative performance in dance composition classes requires the promotion of cognitive styles that are open to experience.

Translating and validating the Ghosting Questionnaire into Arabic: results from classical test theory and item response theory analyses

BackgroundGhosting refers to the sudden cessation of communication in interpersonal relationships. Ghosting has gained attention as a phenomenon commonly encountered in the context of digital communication. Earlier studies on ghosting mostly focused on Western societies while, in Arab societies, research into this practice has yet to be initiated. The current study aimed to address this gap by translating and validating the commonly used Ghosting Questionnaire (GHOST) into Arabic.MethodsThe translation process involved forward and back translation, expert review, and pilot testing to ensure linguistic and cultural equivalence. A convenience sample of 607 participants from Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Oman, and Tunisia completed the Arabic version of the GHOST. Statistical analyses, including reliability testing and confirmatory factor analysis, were conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the instrument.ResultsThe Arabic version of the GHOST demonstrated high reliability. The Cronbach’s alpha (α = 0.87) and McDonald’s omega (ω = 0.87) coefficients indicated strong internal consistency. Test-retest reliability coefficients confirmed the stability of the responses over time (ICC 0.89, p < 0.001). CFA supported a single-factor structure in alignment with the conceptual framework of the original English version.ConclusionsThe successful translation and validation of the GHOST into Arabic provide researchers with a reliable tool for investigating ghosting behavior within Arab societies. Future research endeavors can build upon these findings to explore the psychological implications of ghosting. Researchers can now also develop culturally sensitive understanding of online dating and related practices in Arab communities.

Psychometric Properties of Turkish Versions of the Non-Attachment Scale Short Form

This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Non-Attachment Scale Short Form in a Turkish sample. With the participation of 244 adults over 18 years of age, the Short Form of the Nonattachment Scale, the Resilience Scale and the Ontological Addiction Scale were used as data collection tools. Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficient were used for the reliability of the Non-Attachment Scale Short Form. According to the results of the analyses, the internal consistency coefficient and McDonald's value were found to be .77 and .78, respectively. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used to test the construct validity of the scale. The results of the analyses showed that the model fit and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) values were at an acceptable level. Item factor loadings ranged between .40 and .67 and the scale was found to have a single factor structure. The statistically significant difference between the 27% lower and upper groups among the participants showed that the item discrimination index of the scale was at a good level. According to the correlation findings conducted to test the criterion validity of the scale, non-attachment was found to have positive significant relationships with resilience (r = .60) and negative significant relationships with ontological dependence (r = -.39). As a result, adaptation of the Short Form of the Non-Attachment Scale can be said to be a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Development and Initial Validation of a Scale to Measure Social Abuse in Intimate Partner Relationships.

Social abuse represents a distinct form of intimate partner violence characterized by intentional violations of a victim's social rights and inherent need to belong. This is achieved by tactics such as severing, interfering with, and surveilling the victim's social connections as well as limiting their social participation. Such abuse often results in victims experiencing social isolation, potentially causing adverse mental health outcomes and failure to seek help. This study aimed to develop and validate the Social Abuse Scale (SAS) to measure social abuse in intimate partner relationships. After generating the preliminary items, content validity testing was performed. Ten international experts reviewed the items and assessed their relevance. Additionally, 17 interview participants assessed the items for clarity and ease of response. Thereafter, the SAS was administered to 251 individuals, either currently in or who had an intimate relationship in the previous year. The final SAS comprised 30 items unified under a single-factor structure, which accounted for approximately 69.77% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the model's satisfactory fit. The instrument showed excellent internal consistency, as evidenced by Cronbach's alpha and a McDonald's omega value of .986. The SAS can be employed to investigate the prevalence of social abuse, its underlying mechanisms, and its impacts, and it can also assist in further development and evaluation of programs aimed at its prevention.

Development and Evaluation of an Out-of-Control Scale Measuring Global Contextual Stressors Across 20 Countries and Regions

Abstract: Stressful contexts like the COVID-19 pandemic precipitated remarkable socio-economic changes, exacerbating universal uncertainty and a pervasive loss of control. Improving mental health outcomes on the operational definition and measurement of related concepts. This study analyzed cross-sectional data from 20 countries and regions, collected between January 25 and November 10, 2021. Psychometric evaluation occurred in two stages: initially, item review and factor analysis with a 2,749 adult sample from Mainland of China and Hong Kong SAR; subsequently, confirmation of factor structure, measurement invariance testing, and advanced analyses with a 4,000 adult sample from 20 countries and regions. A six-item, single-factor structure was verified, confirming satisfactory factor loading, fit indices and consistency. Measurement invariance across geographies and groupings was also confirmed. Three Out-of-Control profiles representing low, medium, and high stress levels, were identified, with age, depression/anxiety symptoms, education, socio-economic status, and exposure to COVID-19-affected acquaintances significantly influencing affiliation. The item “I think I cannot control things that I previously could” was the most critical node. This newly validated scale represents a substantial advancement in measuring stress within the context of global health crises, thus enhancing comprehension of psychological responses. Continual evaluation of the scale’s effectiveness and accuracy is crucial.

Measuring compassion in end-of-life cancer patients: The Italian validation of the Sinclair Compassion Questionnaire (SCQit).

Compassion is acknowledged as a key component of high-quality palliative care, producing positive outcomes for both patients and healthcare providers. The development of the Sinclair Compassion Questionnaire (SCQ) fulfilled the need for a valid and reliable tool to measure patients' experience of compassion. To validate the Italian version of the SCQ and to evaluate its psychometric properties in a sample of cancer patients with a life expectancy of less than 4 months. Cronbach's alpha estimates were computed to evaluate the internal reliability. Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and Item Response Theory analyses were performed to assess the validity of the construct. Divergent validity was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Treatment Satisfaction-Patient Satisfaction, the revised Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale, and the Trust in Oncologist Scale-Short Form. Data were collected from 131 patients recruited in either a hospital or a hospice setting. The analyses confirmed the single factor structure of SCQit, with Confirmatory Factor Analysis factor loadings ranging between 0.81 and 0.92 and satisfactory internal reliability. Hospital setting and high diagnosis/prognosis awareness were associated with significantly lower SCQit scores, whereas practicing a religious faith was associated with greater experiences of compassion. The Italian version of the SCQ (SCit) is a valid and reliable measure of patient-reported compassion. The SCQit can be used in clinical practice and research to measure the compassion experiences of terminally ill cancer patients and to evaluate the effectiveness of training to promote compassionate care in healthcare professionals.

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) in Iranian Older Adults

Objectives: To investigate the psychometric properties of the persian version of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS-P) among older adults in Tabriz. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting(s): Tabriz, the capital of East Azerbaijan province, Iran. Participants: A representative sample of 1362 (768 females and 594 males) community-dwelling people aged≥60 participated in the current study. Outcome measures: The psychometric properties of the SWLS-P were evaluated. The standard translate/back-translate procedure was applied. Then, using an expert panel, the face and content validities were assessed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to investigate the factorial structure, and data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23 and AMOS version 18. Results: Cronbach’s alpha calculated for the SWLS-P was 0.883, showing desirable internal consistency and reliability for the SWLS. Furthermore, CFA confirmed the single-factor structure of the Persian version of the scale and indicated an appropriate fit, with a root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) of 0.049, a comparative fit index (CFI) of 0.997, a Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) of 0.991, and a Chi-square to degrees of freedom (DF) ratio of 4.289. Conclusions: The results supported the validity and reliability of the SWLS-P for use with Iranian older adults.

Validation and reliability of the Chinese version of the Friendship Scale (FS-C) in family caregivers of people with severe mental illness

Social isolation has been shown to contribute to negative health outcomes. Within a Chinese cultural context where people highly value social relationships, family caregivers of people with severe mental illness are prone to experience social isolation due to demanding caregiving tasks and prevalent social stigma. However, an instrument that could comprehensively measure social isolation in Chinese family caregivers is lacking. The six-item Friendship Scale was designed to measure social isolation but it has not previously been validated for use in the Chinese context. This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Friendship Scale – Chinese version (FS-C) in family caregivers of people with severe mental illness (SMI) (N = 200). Confirmatory factor analysis affirmed FS-C's single-factor structure. FS-C demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.74) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.72). Convergent validity was supported by moderate to strong correlations with social networks (r = 0.342, p < 0.01) and loneliness (r = −0.608, p < 0.01). Divergent validity was confirmed by a weak correlation with perceived social stigma (r = −0.190, p < 0.01). FS-C is a reliable and valid tool for assessing social isolation among Chinese family caregivers of people with SMI.

Psychometric Properties of the Serbian Version of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Disability Self-Assessment Questionnaire: Criterion Validity, Construct Validity, and Internal Consistency.

Background/Objectives: The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire is a widely employed self-report tool for assessing upper extremity function. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Serbian version of the DASH by determining its criterion and construct validity, as well as internal consistency. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with hand and wrist disabilities at the Institute for Orthopedics "Banjica", Serbia. The psychometric properties of the Serbian version of the DASH were analyzed through an examination of its factorial structure and internal consistency. The DASH consists of 30 items, 24 of which assess function, 21 of which focus on physical function and three on social/role function. The remaining six items evaluate symptoms related to pain, tingling/numbness, weakness, and stiffness. Results: A total of 297 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 47.4 ± 16.8 years, with 50.5% males. Three models were assessed to determine the reliability and validity of the questionnaire across different domains. Model 1 examined a single-factor structure. In Model 2, the items were divided into two domains: Physical Function and Psychosocial/Symptoms. In Model 3, items were subdivided into three domains: Physical Function, Symptoms, and Psychosocial. All models demonstrated an excellent internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha > 0.9 for most domains. The values for the fit indices Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) and Comparative-Fit Index (CFI) were above their cut-off criteria of 0.9, while the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) were below the suggested value of 0.06, indicating an excellent level of models fit. Standardized factor loadings were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The present study provided the evidence for the appropriate metric properties of the Serbian version of the DASH. Results support both the unidimensional and multidimensional structures of the DASH.