Single Electrode Configuration Research Articles

Electrospun Cellulose Nanocrystals Reinforced Flexible Sensing Paper for Triboelectric Energy Harvesting and Dynamic Self-Powered Tactile Perception.

The technical synergy between flexible sensing paper and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) in the next stage of artificial intelligence Internet of Things engineering makes the development of intelligent sensing paper with triboelectric function very attractive. Therefore, it is extremely urgent to explore functional papers that are more suitable for triboelectric sensing. Here, a cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) reinforced PVDF hybrid paper (CPHP) is developed by electrospinning technology. Benefitting from the unique effects of CNCs, CPHP forms a solid cross-linked network among fibers and obtains a high-strength (25MPa) paper-like state and high surface roughness. Meanwhile, CNCs also improve the triboelectrification effect of CPHP by assisting the PVDF matrix to form more electroactive phases (96% share) and a higher relative permittivity (17.9). The CPHP-based TENG with single electrode configuration demonstrates good output performance (open-circuit voltage of 116V, short-circuit current of 2.2µA and power density of 91mWm-2) and ultrahigh pressure-sensitivity response (3.95mVPa-1), which endows CPHP with reliable power supply and sensing capability. More importantly, the CPHP-based flexible self-powered tactile sensor with TENG array exhibits multifunctional applications in imitation Morse code compilation, tactile track recognition, and game character control, showing great prospects in the intelligent inductive device and human-machine interaction.

Demonstration of transient CHI startup using a floating biased electrode configuration

Results from the successful solenoid-free plasma startup using the method of transient coaxial helicity injection (transient CHI) in the QUEST spherical tokamak (ST) are reported. Unlike previous applications of CHI on HIT-II and on NSTX which required two toroidal insulating breaks to the vacuum vessel, QUEST uses a first of its kind, floating single biased electrode configuration, which does not use such a vacuum break. Instead, the CHI electrode is simply insulated from the outer lower divertor plate support structure. This configuration is much more suitable for implementation in a fusion reactor than the previous configurations. Transient CHI generated toroidal currents of 135 kA were obtained. The toroidal current during the formation of a closed flux configuration was over 50 kA. These results bode well for the application of transient CHI in a new generation of compact high-field STs and tokamaks in which the space for the central solenoid is very restricted.

A novel polarity configuration for enhancing ablation depth of pulsed field ablation: Design, modeling, and in vivo validation.

Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has been increasingly used to cut off the delivery of abnormal electrical signals in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. A successful cut off requires forming a layer of transmural damage on the heart wall, and this layer depends on the depth of ablation by PFA. This study aims to propose a novel polarity configuration of PFA to increase the ablation depth in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. A novel polarity configuration was designed for a multi-electrode system, where the number of electrodes is greater than two. The polarity configuration in such multi-electrode system is called the paired-electrode interlaced configuration (PIC). The existing configuration called the single-electrode interlaced configuration (SIC) was used to compare with the PIC. To both the SIC and PIC, a full-SIC or a full-PIC is called when all electrodes (anode, cathode) in a catheter is used otherwise partial-SIC or partial-PIC is called. By the comparison between the full-SIC and full-PIC, the benefit of the PIC was exhibited as opposed to the SIC, but an extra ablation step was added in the PIC in order to form a continuous ablation zone. The other comparative study was taken between a partial-PIC and a partial-SIC with the same number of ablation step. In this study, a rabbit model was built by infusing 0.4% saline solution (at 37°C) into the rabbit's abdominal cavity which surrounds the liver. This model was considered as a biometric environment of the heart, namely cardiac-mimetic model (CMM). The experimental results have shown that the full-PIC is superior to the full-SIC in the ablation depth, specifically in both the maximum (4.14±0.55mm vs. 3.35±0.26mm, p<0.01) and the minimum (3.18±0.29mm vs. 2.76±0.28mm, p<0.05), and in the ablation width, specifically only in the maximum (8.27±0.76mm vs. 7.09 ± 0.51mm, p=0.019) under an identical ablation time (i.e., 5s). It is noted that the minimum ablation width did not show a significant difference between the full-PIC and full-SIC (specifically, 5.61±0.86mm vs. 4.67±0.73mm, p=0.069). Considering the lethal electric field threshold (LEFT) to be 600V/cm for liver tissues, the maximum and minimum ablation depth generated by the full-PIC was found larger than that by the full-SIC (3.90vs. 3.52mm, and 3.03vs. 2.48mm, respectively) in the simulation. Meanwhile, similar experiment results by comparing the partial-PIC and partial-SIC have been obtained, which shows a significant increase in both the maximum ablation depth (4.81±0.87mm vs. 3.30±0.73mm, p<0.001) and the maximum ablation width (8.19±0.85mm vs. 6.47±1.13mm, p=0.001). (1) The electric field in the PIC is concentrated around the pair of electrodes, and the pattern of the field is a significant factor in the energy delivery along the direction of the depth. (2) The increase of the ablation depth can significantly expand the range of the tissue on the heart, where the PFA can apply, and can therefore readily form a layer of transmural damage on the heart wall at positions at which the wall is thicker.

The impact of secondary flow intensity on heat transfer efficiency of the wire-to-plate electrohydrodynamics devices

The performance optimization of electrohydrodynamics (EHD) induced heat transfer enhancement has attracted much interest in recent decades. Although various EHD device designs have been proposed, coupling optimization based on comprehensive parameters, including Reynolds number, voltage, and electrode spacing, is still absent, and the overall heat transfer efficiency is rarely considered. In this study, the heat transfer efficiency of a wire-to-plate EHD device in a wide range of secondary flow intensity NEHD = 0.4–5 is investigated. Here, NEHD is a dimensionless parameter that integrates Reynolds number, voltage, electrode radius, etc. The average Nusselt number Nu rather than the enhancement rate ER is selected for optimization. It is demonstrated that NEHD = 2 is the optimal secondary flow intensity in both single-electrode and multiple-electrode configurations. The too-weak or too-strong secondary flow will lead to a decrease in the heat transfer efficiency. The underlying physics is revealed by the barrier effect and oversize vortex. An optimal electrode spacing of l &amp;gt; 0.014 m is proposed in the multiple-electrode configuration. A strong interaction between adjacent vortices will significantly decrease the heat transfer efficiency when l &amp;lt; 0.0014 m. A new design criterion for EHD devices is proposed: make sure that the secondary flow intensity NEHD = 2.0 and the electrode spacing l &amp;gt; 0.014 m, then arrange as many electrodes as possible in the channel.

Reliability of Mental Workload Index Assessed by EEG with Different Electrode Configurations and Signal Pre-Processing Pipelines.

Mental workload (MWL) is a relevant construct involved in all cognitively demanding activities, and its assessment is an important goal in many research fields. This paper aims at evaluating the reproducibility and sensitivity of MWL assessment from EEG signals considering the effects of different electrode configurations and pre-processing pipelines (PPPs). Thirteen young healthy adults were enrolled and were asked to perform 45 min of Simon's task to elicit a cognitive demand. EEG data were collected using a 32-channel system with different electrode configurations (fronto-parietal; Fz and Pz; Cz) and analyzed using different PPPs, from the simplest bandpass filtering to the combination of filtering, Artifact Subspace Reconstruction (ASR) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA). The reproducibility of MWL indexes estimation and the sensitivity of their changes were assessed using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and statistical analysis. MWL assessed with different PPPs showed reliability ranging from good to very good in most of the electrode configurations (average consistency > 0.87 and average absolute agreement > 0.92). Larger fronto-parietal electrode configurations, albeit being more affected by the choice of PPPs, provide better sensitivity in the detection of MWL changes if compared to a single-electrode configuration (18 vs. 10 statistically significant differences detected, respectively). The most complex PPPs have been proven to ensure good reliability (>0.90) and sensitivity in all experimental conditions. In conclusion, we propose to use at least a two-electrode configuration (Fz and Pz) and complex PPPs including at least the ICA algorithm (even better including ASR) to mitigate artifacts and obtain reliable and sensitive MWL assessment during cognitive tasks.

Improving the Accuracy of Atomistic Simulations of the Electrochemical Interface.

Atomistic simulation of the electrochemical double layer is an ambitious undertaking, requiring quantum mechanical description of electrons, phase space sampling of liquid electrolytes, and equilibration of electrolytes over nanosecond time scales. All models of electrochemistry make different trade-offs in the approximation of electrons and atomic configurations, from the extremes of classical molecular dynamics of a complete interface with point-charge atoms to correlated electronic structure methods of a single electrode configuration with no dynamics or electrolyte. Here, we review the spectrum of simulation techniques suitable for electrochemistry, focusing on the key approximations and accuracy considerations for each technique. We discuss promising approaches, such as enhanced sampling techniques for atomic configurations and computationally efficient beyond density functional theory (DFT) electronic methods, that will push electrochemical simulations beyond the present frontier.

Porous PDMS conformable coating for high power output carbon fibers/ZnO nanorod-based triboelectric energy harvesters

A new method for depositing PDMS directly onto conductive carbon yarns is proposed to produce Triboelectric Nanogenerator Yarns (TENG yarns) that can serve as the basic building blocks for energy scavenging wearables. The in-situ PDMS curing method described in this study allows the fast formation of a uniform thick coating over conductive surfaces regardless of their roughness. Single-electrode configuration TENG yarns are developed and their electrical output is optimized by precisely adjusting the PDMS layer thickness and by changing the chemical and physical nature of the carbon fiber (CF) yarns’ surface. Functionalizing the CF yarns’ surface with ZnO rods combined with porous PDMS coating can enhance their electrical output. The best results are achieved using this type of TENG yarns with an average diameter of 1.74 mm, which can be obtained after only 3 min of PMDS deposition by “in-situ” curing method. A maximum of 72 V peak-to-peak and 10 µA (74.1 µW cm−2 of power density with a load resistance of 20 MΩ) is reached when applying an impact force of 600 N to a set of five TENG yarns connected in parallel. The output is stable even after 10,000 cycles and this set of TENG yarns is also able to light at least 28 LEDs when tapping by hand, proving a contribute towards the development of basic building blocks to power the future generation of wearables.

Acceleration of Plasma Bullets by Grooved Dielectric Rod

In this work, we studied hollow cylindrical plasma bullets propagating along the grooved glass rod in a single electrode configuration. The plasma source was a cylindrical shell consisted of two coaxial glass cylinders. The surface of the inner cylinder was structured by creating grooves on its surface to investigate the plasma bullet acceleration through the traveling shell. The corresponding plasma jet was driven by a 6.2-kHz sinusoidal waveform using helium gas. Optical and electrical characteristics proved that the plasma jet was working in a stable bullet mode. The propagation speed of the hollow cylindrical bullet was evaluated along with the downstream of the jet axis inside and outside of the plasma carrier shell. The results showed that the charge associated with the bullets and corresponding root-mean-square (rms) value of the alternative current (ac) electric field were increased by creating the grooves on the path of the bullets. It was observed that the radiation intensity of the plasma was increased around each groove, too. The structured inner cylinder revealed that the dielectric properties play an essential rule in the plasma bullet propagation through tubes.

Electrode segmentation in reverse electrodialysis: Improved power and energy efficiency

Reverse electrodialysis harvests energy from salinity gradients establishing a renewable energy source. High energy efficiencies are fundamental to up-scale the process and to minimize feedwater pre-treatment and pumping costs. The present work investigates electrode segmentation to strategically optimize the output power density and energy efficiency. Electrode segmentation allows the current density to be tuned per electrode segment. Segmentation experiments were performed with a dedicated electrode configuration in a cross-flow stack using a wide range of residence times. Moreover, an experimentally validated model was extended and used to further compare single and segmented electrode configurations. While operating the electrode segments, the highest efficiencies were obtained when considering the overall power, i.e. not maximized by segment. Results show that at a given net power density (0.92 W·m−2), electrode segmentation increases the net energy efficiency from 17% to 25%, which is a relative increase of 43%. Plus, at 40% net energy efficiency the net power output for a segmented electrode configuration (0.67 W·m−2) is 39% higher than in a single electrode configuration. Higher power density reduces capital investment and higher energy efficiency reduces operating costs. Electrode segmentation increases these parameters compared to a single electrode and can be potentially applied for up-scaling.

Control of Reactions on Bipolar Electrodes Using Ion-Selective Membranes

IntroductionBipolar electrochemistry is an attractive technique to realize simultaneous multiplexed detection. In bipolar electrochemical systems, a potential gradient is formed in a solution. When an isolated electrode (bipolar electrode: BPE) that is not in contact with an external device is placed in the potential gradient, potential difference is generated at the interface between the BPE and the solution (Figure 1(A)), which can be a motive force to make anodic and cathodic reactions to proceed on the BPE (Figure 1(B)) [1]. The progress of reduction reactions on the cathodic pole can be measured by coupling the reaction with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) [2]. Although the simple single electrode configuration is attractive in realizing a large array of BPEs, an issue is that the interfacial potential difference on the BPE is not controlled intentionally. In other words, the potential profile in the solution can vary as expressed by 1, 2, and 3, although the potential difference between the two poles is the same for all cases (Figure 1(C)). To solve this problem, we used an ion-selective membrane (ISM) on a part of the BPE. The ISM has an effect to fix the interfacial potential difference there without current generation through the interface (Figure 1(D)). Method Arrays of BPEs were formed with platinum (Pt) or gold (Au). An ISM was formed on a part of each BPE. The surface of the BPE was insulated with polyimide layer except for the anodic and cathodic poles and the active area of the ISM. We previously tested the use of thin-film Ag/AgCl instead of the ISM. However, a problem was that current flowed through the interface due to its non-polarized nature, affecting the ECL intensity. With regard to this, current does not flow through the ISM/solution interface. The location of the ISM was changed with BPEs of the same length (Figure 2(A)). Otherwise, BPEs of different lengths were fabricated, and the location of the ISM was kept constant between the ISM and the cathodic pole (Figure 2(B)).The active areas on the BPEs were cleaned and the cleanliness was checked by taking cyclic voltammograms (CV) in a solution containing 100 mM KCl and 10 mM K3[Fe(CN)6]. To form the ISM, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT/PSS) was first coated on an exposed area of the BPE. To form the ISM, 20 µl of Na+ ionophore cocktail containing 89.5% 2-Nitrophenyl octyl ether, 10.0% sodium ionophore II, and 0.5% sodium tetraphenylborate (w/w) (Sigma-Aldrich (Japan)) was dissolved in 79.3% polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and tetrahydrofuran (PVC/THF) solution. The solution was dropped onto the PEDOT/PSS layer to form the ISM and was dried.Figure 3 shows the setup used for the experiment. Pt wires (diameter: 0.5 mm) were used for the driving electrodes. The distance between the driving electrodes was 30 mm. For ECL, 10 mM PBS (pH 6.9) containing 5.0 mM tripropylamine (TPA) and 1.0 mM [Ru(bpy)3]2+ was used. As an analyte, oxygen dissolved in the solution was used. To change the interfacial potential difference at the ISM, Na+ ions of different concentrations were added to the solution. Before injecting the solution in the reaction chamber, the solution was stirred for at least 30 min to saturate air. Pictures of ECL were taken immediately after the application of the voltage with 60 s exposure. The experiments were conducted at 25°C. Results and Conclusions The potential of the ISM was checked using a BPE with an ISM by measuring the potential in NaCl solutions of various concentrations with respect to a commercial liquid junction Ag/AgCl electrode. Figure 4 shows the dependence of the potential of the ISE on the concentration of Na+ ions. The slope was 59.0 mV/decade, which was very close to the value expected from the Nernst equation. The effect of placing the ISM on a part of the BPE was investigated using BPEs of the same length. ECL intensity changed depending on the location of the ISM (Figure 5). Figure 6 shows ECL observed using BPEs of different length maintaining the distance between ISM and the cathodic pole. In both cases, the effect of placing the ISM was clearly observed and the ECL intensity was strongest when the distance between the ISM and the anodic pole is longer. These results indicate that the ECL intensity can actually be controlled by the ISM. We have tested other electrode configurations. The results will also be presented.The potential control developed in this study is also effective to control the electrode potentials in closed BPE systems in which solutions are separated in different compartments.

An Electrochemical Study with Three Redox Substances on a Carbon Based Nanogap Electrode Array

An Electrochemical Study with Three Redox Substances on a Carbon Based Nanogap Electrode Array

Automatic microbial electro-Fenton system driven by transpiration for degradation of acid orange 7

Microbial electro-Fenton system (MEFS) shows potential application for degradation of recalcitrant pollutants. In order to simplify the MEFS and adapt to the practical application situations, such as water, soil or sludge remediation, we developed an automatic MEFS (AMEFS) for degradation of a recalcitrant dye, acid orange 7. The AMEFS contained a microchannel-structured carbon decorated with iron oxides as electro-Fenton cathode. The AMEFS could be either two-electrode configuration that the microchannel-structured carbon connected with an additional bioanode by an external circuit, or single-electrode configuration that the microchannel-structured carbon served as both bioanode and cathode. Thanks to the microchannel structure of the carbon cathode, the AMEFS could be auto-driven by a process similar to the transpiration process of natural plants. The two-electrode AMEFS had higher degradation efficiency of acid orange 7 at lower external resistance, and achieved the highest degradation efficiency of 96% at the short-circuit condition. The single-electrode configuration simplified the setup of the AMEFS and possessed comparable performance with that of two-electrode configuration at short-circuit condition. Moreover, it could degrade high concentration acid orange 7 of up to 50 mg L−1 and achieve a high degradation efficiency of over 93%. The AMEFS could be applied for soil and sludge remediation by direct insertion of the microchannel structured carbon into contaminated body.

Wireless Single-Electrode Self-Powered Piezoelectric Sensor for Monitoring.

In complex environments, there are often toxic and harmful conditions, and so self-powered sensors that use wireless access have a huge advantage. However, there is still a risk of short circuit for self-powered sensors in harsh environments. A single-electrode self-powered sensor was designed, which can be used to monitor body movements such as walking and running, as well as monitoring the motion of some mechanical devices, such as peristaltic pumps, door, and window switches. By using a threshold delay algorithm, this self-powered sensor can be connected to the phone to warn the phone user to check for theft or illegal intrusion when the door and window are opened. Further research shows that the single-electrode configuration can avoid the short-circuit behavior caused by device damage so that the self-powered sensor can still work even if it is pierced. Therefore, the wireless single-electrode self-powered sensor system has better reliability and is more applicable to harsh environments.

Non-Equilibrium Plasma Jet at Atmospheric Pressure Powered by Tesla Coil

The aim of this work presents the characterization of a plasma jet powered by Tesla coil. Tesla coil can be used for generation cold plasma from Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD). Tesla coil has been designed and constructed at Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority for multipurpose. The electrical characteristic of non-equilibrium plasma jet using rare gases (argon and helium) at atmospheric pressure has been studied. An atmospheric-pressure cold plasma jet generated by Tesla coil in a single-electrode configuration is characterized based on optical and electrical measurements.

Theoretical analysis of electrochemical noise measurement with single substrate electrode configuration and examination of the effect of reference electrodes

The development of the single substrate technique presents a realistic possibility of utilising electrochemical noise measurement for on-site evaluations of corrosion behaviour. A theoretical model was developed to further understand the effects of reference electrodes on the acquired data to increase confidence in the technique. The model demonstrates that the reference electrodes can have a significant impact on the measurements, resulting in erroneous values if the reference electrodes are not selected carefully. Furthermore, the derived equations elucidate how to limit/remove such influence, facilitating accurate application of the single substrate technique on bare metal and coated substrates both in laboratories and in the field.

Flexible Filtering Element on SOI With Wide Bandwidth Tunability and Full FSR tuning

We demonstrate a silicon-on-insulator flexible filtering element, relying on two serially coupled micro-ring resonators equipped with three thermo-optically tuned Mach–Zehnder interferometers, acting as variable optical couplers. A single electrode configuration is adopted, enabling the low-complexity thermo-optical control of the filtering element for bandwidth and wavelength tunability. The module's performance has been studied in detail via simulation analysis, and the obtained results were verified through experimental evaluation. Wide bandwidth tunability from 9 GHz to 103 GHz is achieved with a power efficiency of 0.284 mW/GHz, while full free spectral range wavelength tuning is achieved with an efficiency of 0.297 mW/GHz. Module's insertion loss lays below 3 dB.

Estimating Localized Bio-impedance with Measures from Multiple Redundant Electrode Configurations.

In most bio-impedance applications, measurements are collected from a single electrode configuration though multi-electrode systems could monitor different tissue sites or serve as a source of redundancy in case of electrode malfunction. However, comparison of impedance data collected from different electrode configurations is difficult. This article proposes an approach to estimate the current tissue impedance collected from a fixed electrode configuration using measurements from different sites of the same localized tissue. Estimated impedance is calculated using the ratio between impedance values from different electrode configurations collected prior to the electrode malfunction event. This approach is validated using measurements of a human forearm collected from 3 kHz to 1 MHz collected with 4 electrode configurations over 3 days. The estimation results using this approach show maximum estimation errors of 2.3% and 16.9% for the resistance and reactance, respectively, compared to the measured impedance.

Electrochemical Characterization of Nanogap Interdigitated Electrode Arrays for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications

In this work we present recent results on electrochemical characterization of the fabricated nanogap interdigitated electrode arrays (nIDAs) for Lab-on-a-Chip applications (LoC). The advantages of the presented nIDAs and their potential for application in bioelectrochemistry were studied using different electrochemical methods. Chronoamperometry is applied to achieve reversible redox processes which lead to an amplification of the measured current compared to a single electrode configuration and as a result, an increase in signal-to-noise ratio. For the electrochemical characterization of the created nIDAs ferrocenemethanol (FcMeOH) and p-aminophenol (pAP) were selected as redox couples. An amplification factor above 160 compared to a single electrode configuration was obtained with FcMeOH for the nIDAs with 100 nm gap. An inverse correlation between gap size and amplification was proven. In addition, the formation of a polymer film during redox cycling could be verified to cause the lower amplification factor observed in pAP measurements. Furthermore, different electrode cleaning procedures were demonstrated by combination of O2 plasma and cyclic voltammetry. The nIDAs presented here offer many advantages including low-cost fabrication, high amplification and collection factors and thus are highly suitable for biosensor applications.

(Invited) Electrochemical Characterization of Nanogap Interdigitated Electrode Arrays for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications

In this work we present recent results on electrochemical characterization of the fabricated nanogap interdigitated electrode arrays (nIDAs) for Lab-on-a-Chip applications. The advantages of the presented nIDAs and their potential for application in bioelectrochemistry were studied using different electrochemical methods. Chronoamperometry is applied to achieve reversible redox processes which lead to an amplification of the measured current compared to a single electrode configuration and as a result,an increase in signal-to-noise ratio. For the electrochemical characterization of the created nIDAs ferrocenemethanol (FcMeOH) and p-aminophenol (pAP) were selected as redox couples. An amplification factor above 160 was obtained with FcMeOH for the nIDAs with 100 nm gap. An inverse correlation between gap size and amplification was proven. In addition, the formation of a polymer film during redox cycling could be verified to cause the lower amplification factor observed in pAP measurements. Furthermore, different electrode cleaning procedures were demonstrated by combination of O2 plasma and cyclic voltammetry. The nIDAs presented here offer many advantages including low-cost fabrication, high amplification and collection factors and thus are highly suitable for biosensor applications.

(Invited) Electrochemical Characterization of Nanogap Interdigitated Electrode Arrays for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications

In this work we present recent results on electrochemical characterization of the fabricated nanogap interdigitated electrode arrays (nIDAs) for Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC) applications. The operation principle of the final nIDA sensor is based on the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) protocol. For this method a high signal and especially a high signal-to-noise ratio are beneficial. Bard et al. [1] and Aoki et al. [2] showed that a signal amplification can be achieved by chronoamperometry due to the reversible redox process. Because of the current amplification, a lower detection limit can be achieved compared to a single electrode configuration. Furthermore, the shorter the distance between the electrodes, the higher the amplification [3]. Therefore, a gap size in the nanometer range will be aimed for the electrode array. Conventional microfabrication techniques were used for the fabrication of the sensor chip with adjustable nanogaps (Figure 1a) [4]. The advantages of the presented nIDAs and the potential of their use in bioelectrochemistry were studied utilizing cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. For the electrochemical characterization ferrocenemethanol (FcMeOH) and p-aminophenol (pAP) were selected as redox couples. Cyclovoltammetric measurements were performed for the determination of the redox potentials of both FcMeOH and pAP. The potential windows from 0.0 V to +0.3 V and from -0.3 to +0.4 V (vs. Ag/AgCl as reference electrode) were defined as the optimal scan ranges for ferrocenemethanol and p-aminophenol respectively. The cyclovoltammetric measurement in generator/collector mode was applied to obtain information about electron transfer. In this mode, one working electrode (generator) is scanned while the second working electrode (collector) is fixed at the constant potential (for the applied redox couples at the reduction potential). The measurement diagrams obtained by generator/collector experiments point out that the electron transfer of pAP is diffusion inhibited in contrast to FcMeOH. Furthermore, chronoamperometric measurements were carried out to determine the signal amplification and collection efficiency. In these measurements, constant potentials were applied to both generator and collector electrodes. On working electrode 1 (WE1) the oxidation potential and on working electrode 2 (WE2) the reduction potential was applied respectively. Compared to a single electrode configuration, a current amplification factor above 100 was achieved. The maximum, 161-fold, amplification was obtained with FcMeOH (Figure 1b). To the best of our knowledge that is the highest reported amplification achieved by chronoamperometric measurements in bulk solutions (the sensor was dipped into the solution). For the same nIDA a significantly lower amplification factor was observed for p-aminophenol compared to FcMeOH. We assume that the formation of a polymer film takes place during redox cycling of pAP, this leads to an electron transfer inhibition and hence to the decrease of amplification. SEM images support this assumption and show a polymer film on the electrode surface. It has been verified that the cleanness of the IDA surface and measuring sequence of cyclovoltammetric experiments are strongly influencing the signal amplification of pAP. Figure 1c shows the correlation between gap size and amplification factor. The gap size is relevant for the amplification factor and with a gap size of 100 nm an amplification of 161 has been achieved. The results show that not only high signal amplification but also high current efficiency above 99 % has been reached for both tested redox couples. Moreover, we demonstrated that our fabricated nIDA has the potential of high signal amplification by chronoamperometric measurements of the generally used redox couples. Therefore, it is an excellent candidate for the further ELISA experiments.