Single Belts Research Articles

The Identification and Reservoir Architecture Characterization of Wandering Braided River in Nanpu 1-29 Area, Bohai Bay Basin

Nanpu 1-29 Area of Jidong Oilfield in China is currently in the stage of high water cut and low recovery degree. The remaining oil development and adjustment are difficult because of the complex reservoir heterogeneity and the lack of analysis of the reservoir architecture due to the unclear river type. This study first used sedimentary background, granularity, core, and sand body distribution to determine the river type and believed it belongs to the wandering braided river. Combined with core and logging data, four types of sedimentary architectural elements were found in the study area, namely, channel bar, braided channel, floodplain, and basalt. Based on the scale measurement of many similar modern wandering braided rivers, core data, and empirical formulas, the scales of the braided rivers were determined. The quantitative relationships among the scale of the braided river, the channel bar, and the braided channel were established. With this constraint, the reservoir architecture was anatomized. The results showed two filling types of the braided channels, including sandy filling and muddy filling. The combination patterns of the channel bars and the braided channels could be divided into three types, namely, superimposed, standalone, and contact, and the contact type was the primary type. On the whole, it showed the geometric morphological characteristics of the flat top convex at the bottom of the channel bar and the flat bottom convex at the top of the braided river channel. A careful measure of the architectural element was executed. The length of the single braided flow belts was 365.16-1349.72 m, and the width was 270.57-1160.54 m. The channel bar’s length was distributed 158.89-318.32 m, and the width was distributed 75.97-116.41 m. The braided river’s width was distributed 16.81-180.05 m. The length and width ratio of the channel bar was concentrated between 2 and 4, which manifested wide bar and narrow river channel mode. Finally, the static distribution model and dynamic response curve were compared to verify the correctness of the reservoir architecture characteristics to guide the subsequent development of the oilfield.

Morphological and structural evolutions of α-MoO3 single crystal belts towards MoS2/MoO2 heterostructures upon post-growth thermal vapor sulfurization

We have studied thermal vapor sulfurization (TVS) of α-MoO3 single crystal belts that were grown by chemical vapor deposition and transferred onto sapphire substrates. Micro-Raman scattering spectroscopy reveals an onset of material conversion from α-MoO3 to MoS2/MoO2/α-MoO3 heterostructures at TTVS = 600 °C; the conversion increases with the increase in TTVS, accompanied by monotonically mode hardening of MoO2 phonons up to TTVS = 900 °C; and the α-MoO3 base materials completely disappeared when TTVS is increased to higher than 800 °C, giving rise to thermodynamic stable MoS2/MoO2 heterostructures at TTVS = 900 °C. Layered structures consisted of a network of linear structures with regular in-plane orientation at the bottom and densely packed crystallites on top have also been observed, which is attributable to the effect of the epiready c-plane sapphire substrate. Absorption spectroscopy measurements reveal huge blue shifts in the absorption edge of the MoS2/MoO2 heterostructures when the thickness of the MoO2 layer is reduced, which is attributed to optical interferences at the crystal surfaces.

ISSUES OF GREENING THE LAND USE SYSTEM IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Soil protection in agrolandscapes is especially necessary in conditions of intensification of production and increasing anthropogenic pressure on them. This complex should fit into the landscape farming system. The more intensive the load on the land in the farm, the higher the level of soil protection against destruction. The article notes that raising soil fertility, increasing crop yields and ecological environmental improvement are possible only on the basis of agrolandscape farming system, which allows to establish the correct ratio of arable land, meadows and forests. The transition to such a system of agriculture requires: development of a project for agrolandscape land management with a set of anti-erosion measures for each farm; adjusting the structure of sown areas taking into account market conditions, that is, increasing the area of productive crops in demand (winter and spring wheat, perennial grasses), which in combination with occupied and green manure pairs determine the structure of biologized crop rotation; widespread use of legumes (peas, vetch) as factors in the biologization of agriculture. The efficiency of expanding the area of perennial grasses to 25 % of arable land in some areas of the Non-Chernozem region and the Belgorod region is shown. Here, techniques that increase the efficiency of arable land are based on strict adherence to crop rotation with legumes, the use of adaptive varieties, and the use of biologized fertilizer and plant protection systems. It is noted that the creation of a system of shelterbelts makes it possible to reduce the cost of planting and growing them in comparison with single forest belts and what is very important for farmers is to sharply increase the return on their exploitation in the form of increased increases in crop yields. The creation of forest-sized landscapes will improve the environmental conditions for the cultivation of crops.

Testing functional features of V-belt transmissions

The development of belt transmissions with wedge belts and new materials used to produce belts inspire designers and people who deal with the exploitation of belt drives to carry research on the possibilities of increasing the load and durability of the belts. It is necessary to know the actual mechanical and rheological characteristics of the belts in the range of their durability features and to comply with the conditions of proper transmission work. It is possible to find in literature many information referring to classic, single rubber belts. In case of polyurethane heat-sealed belts obtaining such information is not easy. It has been a starting point to carry out experimental research in order to determine the material characteristics of belt PU 75 A (red colour). The article presents experimental research results on creeping, cyclical squeezing and stretching of the belt; also the subjection of a side-slip and transmission efficiency in the torque function for PU 75 A belt was determined. The research results will be used to create a transmission model in Abaqus Explicit programme.

Reversible, stable Li-ion storage in 2 D single crystal orthorhombic α–MoO3 anodes

Engineering two dimensional (2D) materials at atomic level is a key factor to achieve enhanced electrochemical Li-ion storage properties. This work demonstrates that single crystals of orthorhombic α–MoO3 phase can preferentially grow with a 2D nanoarchitecture via a ball-milling process, followed by heat treatment at elevated temperature. Detailed FE-SEM and TEM micrographs proved the 2D architecture of α–MoO3 nanoparticles and Raman spectroscopy evidenced the active vibration modes that correspond to the orthorhombic α-MoO3 phase. Single crystalline MoO3 belts depicted high intensity of (0 2 0) and (0 4 0) indexed planes indicating a preferential arrangement. As Li-ion host anode, the 2D α–MoO3 nanostructure delivered high reversible specific discharge capacity of ~540 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C-rate with 99.9% coulombic efficiency as well as 63% capacity retention after 200 charge-discharge cycles. An excellent reversible Li-ion storage performance (high capacity, longer cycle life and good rate capability) was attributed to the 2D α–MoO3 arrangement consists of MoO6 octahedron by corner sharing chains.

Single-Crystal MoO3 Micrometer and Millimeter Belts Prepared from Discarded Molybdenum Disilicide Heating Elements

Single-crystal MoO3 micrometer to millimeter even centimeter belts were prepared via a novel route of oxidizing a discarded molybdenum disilicide heating element at 1000 °C for 3 h. The morphology and structure features, and growth mechanism of the products were evidently investigated by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that the powdery and fibrous products were typical α-MoO3 belt-like structures which size could develop from micrometer to several millimeter even centimeter in length and up to 0.5 mm in width. It should be formed preferentially along the [001] direction via layer by layer growth to form 1-D single MoO3 belts by vapor-solid mechanism. Thermal and luminescence properties of the products were revealed by thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis and photoluminescence spectra that the resultant α-MoO3 belts had good thermal stability and characteristics of luminescence with a central peak at 481 nm. The MoO3 belts are of good potential being applied to luminescent and high temperature devices.

HERSCHEL-RESOLVED OUTER BELTS OF TWO-BELT DEBRIS DISKS—EVIDENCE OF ICY GRAINS*

ABSTRACT We present dual-band Herschel/PACS imaging for 59 main-sequence stars with known warm dust (T warm ∼ 200 K), characterized by Spitzer. Of 57 debris disks detected at Herschel wavelengths (70 and/or 100 and 160 μm), about half have spectral energy distributions (SEDs) that suggest two-ring disk architectures mirroring that of the asteroid–Kuiper Belt geometry; the rest are consistent with single belts of warm, asteroidal material. Herschel observations spatially resolve the outer/cold dust component around 14 A-type and 4 solar-type stars with two-belt systems, 15 of which for the first time. Resolved disks are typically observed with radii >100 AU, larger than expected from a simple blackbody fit. Despite the absence of narrow spectral features for ice, we find that the shape of the continuum, combined with resolved outer/cold dust locations, can help constrain the grain size distribution and hint at the dust’s composition for each resolved system. Based on the combined Spitzer/IRS+Multiband Imaging Photometer (5-to-70 μm) and Herschel/PACS (70-to-160 μm) data set, and under the assumption of idealized spherical grains, we find that over half of resolved outer/cold belts are best fit with a mixed ice/rock composition. Minimum grain sizes are most often equal to the expected radiative blowout limit, regardless of composition. Three of four resolved systems around the solar-type stars, however, tend to have larger minimum grains compared to expectation from blowout (f MB = a min/a BOS ∼ 5). We also probe the disk architecture of 39 Herschel-unresolved systems by modeling their SEDs uniformly, and find them to be consistent with 31 single- and 8 two-belt debris systems.

Two-temperature Debris Disks: Signposts for Directly Imaged Planets?

AbstractThis work considers debris disks whose spectra can be modelled by dust emission at two different temperatures. These disks are typically assumed to be a sign of multiple belts, but only a few cases have been confirmed via high resolution observations. We derive the properties of a sample of two-temperature disks, and explore whether this emission can arise from dust in a single narrow belt. While some two-temperature disks arise from single belts, it is probable that most have multiple spatial components. These disks are plausibly similar to the outer Solar System's configuration of Asteroid and Edgeworth-Kuiper belts separated by giant planets. Alternatively, the inner component could arise from inward scattering of material from the outer belt, again due to intervening planets. For either scenario, the ratio of warm/cool component temperatures is indicative of the scale of outer planetary systems, which typically span a factor of about ten in radius.

Do two-temperature debris discs have multiple belts?

We present a study of debris disks whose spectra are well modelled by dust emission at two different temperatures. These disks are typically assumed to be a sign of multiple belts, which in only a few cases have been confirmed via high resolution observations. We first compile a sample of two-temperature disks to derive their properties, summarised by the ratios of the warm and cool component temperatures and fractional luminosities. The ratio of warm to cool temperatures is constant in the range 2-4, and the temperatures of both warm and cool components increases with stellar mass. We then explore whether this emission can arise from dust in a single narrow belt, with the range of temperatures arising from the size variation of grain temperatures. This model can produce two-temperature spectra for Sun-like stars, but is not supported where it can be tested by observed disk sizes and far-IR/mm spectral slopes. Therefore, while some two-temperature disks arise from single belts, it is probable that most have multiple spatial components. These disks are plausibly similar to the outer Solar System's configuration of Asteroid and Edgeworth-Kuiper belts separated by giant planets. Alternatively, the inner component could arise from inward scattering of material from the outer belt, again due to intervening planets. In either case, we suggest that the ratio of warm/cool component temperatures is indicative of the scale of outer planetary systems, which typically span a factor of about ten in radius.

Mechanical and longitudinal electromechanical properties of Sb-doped ZnO nanobelts

Sb-doped ZnO nanobelts are synthesized by using a simple chemical vapor deposition method. Investigations into the mechanical and longitudinal electromechanical properties of single ZnO belts indicate that the Sb doping in ZnO can reduce the Young's modulus and enhance electromechanical response sensitivity.

Evidence for a widespread mafic cover sequence and its implications for continental growth in the Northeastern Superior Province

Archean greenstone belts of the Northeastern Superior Province (NESP) were emplaced over a 160 Ma period (2.88–2.72 Ga), spanning a major episode of crustal reworking in which early tonalite–trondhjemite plutonism evolved to dominant granite–granodiorite and pyroxene-bearing felsic plutonism. The numerous greenstone belts that crop up across the craton contain lavas belonging to three mafic volcanic suites: (1) Mg-tholeiites that have chemical compositions typical of many Archean basalts, with 4–10 wt.% MgO, 9–15 wt.% Fe 2O 3t, 0.4–1.2 wt.% TiO 2 and La/Sm ratios between 1 and 3. (2) Fe-tholeiites that have similar MgO contents and La/Sm ratios, but markedly higher Fe 2O 3t (11–20 wt.%), TiO 2 (1.0–2.6 wt.%), and Gd/Yb ratios that may reflect derivation from a distinct garnet-bearing mantle source. (3) Light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched rocks that have the chemical characteristics typical of ‘calc-alkaline’ mafic magmas, with higher SiO 2, Al 2O 3 and La/Sm ratios, but lower Fe 2O 3t and TiO 2 than the tholeiitic suites at a given MgO content. The presence of unconformities within single greenstone belts, numerous inheritance ages in volcanic rocks replicating those of older volcanic–plutonic assemblages, and the recognition of widespread, geographically separate, yet coeval (2.78 Ga) extrusive assemblages containing the distinctive Fe-tholeiites, do not support a plate tectonic model for a large portion of the NESP. The correlations in composition and ages of greenstone belts are more consistent with a model in which they represent the remnants of an extensive autochthonous mafic cover sequence. Nd isotopic evidence for the presence of evolved crust in some syn-volcanic felsic plutons and volcaniclastic rocks imply that this mafic cover sequence was erupted onto an older granitoid crust. The amalgamation of two isotopically distinct terranes at ca. 2.76–2.74 Ga created a proto-cratonic mass that consisted of a composite tonalite–trondhjemite–greenstone crust. Underplating by mafic mantle melts and widespread insulation after 2.75 Ga increased temperatures sufficiently to produce extensive melting of this crust to generate pyroxene-bearing felsic rocks and granodiorite to granite partial melts. The isotopically enriched character of mantle-derived magmas after 2.75 Ga may reflect more extensive contamination by a felsic crust affected by widespread partial melting. Furthermore, a decrease of Nb/Th ratios in the LREE-enriched mafic rocks younger than 2.75 Ga reflects a change in the nature of the crustal contaminant, from tonalite–trondhjemite prior to 2.75 Ga, to granite–granodiorite afterwards.

Architecture of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta (the Netherlands) - A result of changing external controls

AbstractThe Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta is formed under the influence of sea-level rise, tectonics, and variations in discharge and sediment supply. This paper aims to determine the relative importance of these external controls to improve our understanding of the evolution of the Rhine-Meuse fluvio-deltaic system. To do this, the geological and lithological composition of the fluvio-deltaic wedge has to be known in detail, both in space and time. This study presents five cross-valley sections in the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta, based on almost 2000 shallow borings. Over 130 14C dates provide detailed time control and are used to draw time lines in the sections. Distinct spatio-temporal trends in the composition of the Holocene fluvio-deltaic wedge were found. In the upstream delta, the Holocene succession is characterised by stacked channel belts encased in clastic flood basin deposits through which several palaeo-A-horizon levels are traceable. In a downstream direction, the fluvio-deltaic wedge thickens from 3 to 7 m. The Holocene succession in the downstream cross sections formed from <8000 cal yr BP onwards and is characterised by single channel belts encased in organic flood basin deposits. The main part of the organic beds accumulated between 6000 and 3000 cal yr BP. After 3000 cal yr BP, clastic deposition dominated throughout the delta, indicating an increase in the area of clastic sedimentation. The Holocene fluvio-deltaic wedge is subdivided into three segments based on the relative importance of eustatic sea-level rise, subsidence, and upstream controls (discharge and sediment supply). Before 5000 cal yr BP, eustatic sea-level rise controlled the build-up of the wedge. After eustatic sea-level rise ceased, subsidence was dominant from 5000 to 3000 cal yr BP. From 3000 cal yr BP onwards, increased sediment supply and discharge from the hinterland controlled the formation of the fluvio-deltaic wedge. A significant part of the present-day Rhine-Meuse fluvio-deltaic wedge aggraded after eustatic sea-level rise ceased. We therefore conclude that external controls other than eustatic sea-level rise were also of major importance for the formation of the fluvio-deltaic wedge. Because this is probably true for other aggrading fluvial systems at continental margins as well, all external controls should be addressed to when interpreting (ancient) fluvio-deltaic successions.

Mechanical Properties and Failure Behavior of Cord/Rubber Composites

The mechanical properties and failure behavior of single tire belts with different cord angles were investigated. The cords consisted of two pairs of twisted steel wires. Geometric moire and the grid method were used to measure small and large deformations, respectively. The stress–strain curves of all samples tested display three typical deformation stages, initial nonlinear deformation, followed by an intermediate stage of approximately linear deformation and a final stage of approximately linear deformation with increased modulus. The transition strain from the first to the second stage increases linearly with cord angle and the ultimate strength is found to follow the Tsai–Hill failure criterion. Failure mechanisms varied with cord angle. They are classified into four modes including failure within the cord, shear failure at the interface between cord and rubber, a combination of the above two modes and cord breakage. In-plane shear properties were obtained using both the Arcan pure shear and the 22° off-axis tests. They were found to be in good agreement. A nonlinear micromechanics model was proposed to predict the properties of single belts with different cord orientations by taking into consideration both the material and geometric nonlinearities.

Late-Glacial History of Lago Argentino, Argentina, and Age of the Puerto Bandera Moraines

In the west-central part of Lago Argentino, the Puerto Bandera moraines are clearly detached from longer, more prominent moraines of the last glaciation and from shorter and smaller Neoglacial moraines. Scientists have long speculated about the age of the Puerto Bandera moraines. Detailed geomorphologic studies in the western area of Lago Argentino, including stratigraphic profiles at Bahı́a del Quemado in the northern branch (Brazo Norte), indicate that the Puerto Bandera moraines were deposited by three pulses of ice. Each of the three pulses is represented by single moraine ridges and belts of tightly arranged ridges. The timing of the three glacier advances was established by radiocarbon dating, including data published by John Mercer. The oldest moraine system, formed during the Puerto Bandera I substade, was deposited ca. 13,000 14C yr B.P. Moraines of the Puerto Bandera II substade were deposited ca. 11,000 14C yr B.P. The youngest moraine system was deposited during a minor readvance, shortly before 10,390 C14 yr B.P., and thus appears to have occurred some time during the European Younger Dryas interval. After this third substade, the ice tongues retreated into the interior branches of Lago Argentino and have remained there since. Evidence found at Bahı́a del Quemado, together with data provided by other authors, attests to a significant climatic change by the middle Holocene, which we believe occurred during the Herminita advance, the first Holocene glacial readvance recognized within the area.

Growth of mineral crystals in turkey tendon collagen fibers.

Bone and several other vertebrate mineralized tissues are formed by the organized growth of crystals of carbonated apatite within a matrix of type 1 collagen fibers. The development of this process in isolated fibrils of young turkey leg tendons has been studied by transmission electron microscopy. Collagen banding, presumably due to ion concentration, precedes the appearance of any crystals. The smallest crystals observed are short needles in bands near the surface of the fibrils. Longer needles, up to the length of the collagen gap regions, were also seen, and, evidently at a later stage, single crystal belts extending partly or wholly through the fibrils. Finally, in mature tendon crystal platelets, seemingly derived from the cracking of belts, extend partly into the collagen overlap zone. In the least mineralized tendon, extrafibrillar mineral-containing vesicles have occasionally been observed adjacent to regions of radiating needle crystal growth in the fibrils, and, more commonly, smaller particles adjacent to bands of very small needles.

Deep seismic reflection characteristics of the continental crust

Four types of seismic reflection “fabrics” appear to characterize the continental crust: (1) a cratonic fabric dominated by diffractions and dipping reflections but lacking a pronounced reflection Moho; (2) regions of thin-skinned foreland deformation with abundant shallow but sparse deep reflections; (3) a unidirectional fabric that dips toward the hinterland and may represent a crustal-scale ramp zone; and (4) zones of highly layered lower crust and high-amplitude reflection Moho. The first three types are commonly observed in transects across single mountain belts, but the fourth appears to correspond to regions of elevated lower crustal temperatures such as those encountered in rift provinces and perhaps elsewhere.

Cankerworm Control in Shelterbelts, Walhalla, North Dakota, 1976

Abstract Each insecticide was applied from the air to 1 of 6 one-half mile long single row belts. There were approximately 100 yds between belts. Pre-treatment larval counts were made from two randomly selected twigs on each side of 6 trees along each belt on June 2. Twig samples were taken at eye level and approximately 20 ft above ground level. Larvae were in the 1st to the 3rd instar and averaged 48.9 larvae/2 ft twig. There were approximately 2 spring cankerworms to 1 fall cankerworm. Treatments were applied June 3. Post-treatment larval counts were similarly made one week later. The materials were applied with 44, D-7 nozzles at 40 psi and 115 mph. Three gals of water/acre were applied. Wind speed at application was 5-10 mph, and measurable and prolonged rainfall occurred during the period between application and post-treatment larval counts. Data consisted of % reduction in cankerworms between pre- and post-treatment counts. No reduction in cankerworms was assumed when post-treatment counts were equal to or greater than pre-treatment counts. The arcsin transformation was applied to the data. Treatments were compared with a series of “t” tests for paired comparisons.

Cankerworm Control in Shelterbelts, Walhalla, North Dakota, 1973

Abstract Each insecticide was applied from the air to 1 of 8 one-half mile long single row belts. There were approximately 100 yds between belts. Pre-treatment larval counts were made from five randomly selected 2 ft twigs on each side of 5 frees along each belt on May 29. Twig samples were taken from eye level to approximately 20 ft above ground level. Larvae were in the 1st to the 3rd instar and averaged 22.5/2 ft twig. Cankerworms were significantly more abundant on Siberian elm than on American elm. There were approximately 2 spring cankerworms to 1 fall cankerworm. Treatments were applied May 30. Post-treatment larval counts were similarly made on June 8. The materials were applied with 44, D-7 nozzels at 38 psi and 115 mph. Three gals of water were applied/acre. Imidan 1EC, Imidan 70W and Imidan 5W were applied to American elm. The rest were applied to Siberian elm. The untreated check belt was American elm. Wind speed at application was 5 mph, and rainfall was light during the period between application and post-treatment counts. Data consisted of % reduction in cankerworm counts between pre- and post-treatment counts. No reduction in cankerworms was assumed when post-treatment counts were equal to or greater than pre-treatment counts. The arcsin transformation was applied to the data. Treatments were compared with a series of “t” tests for paired comparisons.

Juniperus SabinaL. in Val di Vizze e in Val Passiria (Alto Adige)

Summary The author gives notice, for the first time, of the presence of Juniperus Sabina L. in the Passiria Valley (Alto Adige); she describes its distribution both in this valley and in the Vizze Valley carefully and from the comparison between the floristic composition of its phytocenoses in both valleys, she concludes that the various species living with J. Sabina are associated with it only because they find in its shrubs suitable life conditions. On the whole even for this phytocenosis, as for the others which can develope in chemically different substrata and spread in altitude remarkably, the known «companions» depend on the kind of the soil most of them belong to the flora typical of the single altitudinal belts and horizons on which the association develop unless particular local conditions permit the infiltration of some species belonging to different altitudinal belts as in one of the stations examined by the author in the Passiria Valley.