Single Barrel Research Articles

IMPROVING THE SEALING EFFECT OF AN ECCENTRIC DOUBLE-DOOR HYDRAULIC PACKER

This research's primary goal is to identify ways for enhancing the hydraulic packer with eccentric power's molding impact and removing any potential causes. Since they ensure the efficacy of multi-stage hydraulic fracturing, packers are a well-known and essential component of hydraulic fracturing operations in low-permeability reservoirs. Packers enable the application of hydraulic pressure to specific wellbore segments. However, packer cuffs need to be dependable and have long-lasting qualities in order to survive formations subjected to high pressure and temperature (such as 80 MPa and 150 °C). In this study, a software program is employed to numerically optimize the rubber cuff constructions of the packer through trials, and the findings are verified. The rubber cuff with a regular structure serves as the starting point for the optimization process. The software then identifies the weakest places and improves them by making minor structural changes. The final, optimal construction of the expandable cuff is achieved by repeating this process. The findings demonstrate that the single rubber barrel's optimized construction works incredibly well in horizontal wells for packer rubbers and expanding reserve rings. Keywords: Packer collar, shaping effect, structure optimization, packer.

The Anterolateral Barrel Subfield Differs from the Posteromedial Barrel Subfield in the Morphology and Cell Density of Parvalbumin-Positive GABAergic Interneurons.

Layer 4 of the rodent somatosensory cortex has unitary structures called barrels that receive tactile information from individual vibrissae. Barrels in the anterolateral barrel subfield (ALBSF) are much smaller and have gained less attention than larger barrels in the posteromedial barrel subfield (PMBSF), though the former outnumber the latter. We compared the morphological features of barrels between the ALBSF and PMBSF in male mice using deformation-free tangential sections and confocal optical slice-based, precise reconstructions of barrels. The average volume of a single barrel in the ALBSF was 34.7% of that in the PMBSF, but the numerical density of parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons in the former was 1.49 times higher than that in the latter. Moreover, PV neuron density in septa was 2.08 times higher in the ALBSF than that in the PMBSF. The proportions of PV neuron number to both all neuron number and all GABAergic neuron number in the ALBSF were also higher than those in the PMBSF. Somata of PV neurons in barrels and septa in the ALBSF received 1.64 and 1.50 times more vesicular glutamate transporter Type 2-labeled boutons than those in the PMBSF, suggesting more potent feedforward inhibitory circuits in the ALBSF. The mode of connectivity through dendritic gap junctions among PV neurons also differed between the ALBSF and PMBSF. Clusters of smaller unitary structures containing a higher density of representative GABAergic interneurons with differential morphological features in the ALBSF suggest a division of functional roles in the two vibrissa-barrel systems, as has been demonstrated by behavioral studies.

Novel Method of Calculation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Perfusion and Comparison of Single versus Double Barrel Superficial Temporal Artery-Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass for Revascularisation in Moya Moya Disease

IntroductionMoyamoya disease (MMD) is characterised by supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) narrowing causing cerebral parenchyma to starve. Direct and indirect revascularisation techniques are the treatment norm. We provide a clinicoradiological comparison of single and double barrel superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass for MMD. The perfusion in cerebral hemispheres and vessel density in DSA have been evaluated using novel algorithms. MethodsDSA, ASL MR imaging methods and Suzuki, Matsushima, Angiographic Outcome Score (AOS) scales were used to quantify perfusion parameters; modified Rankin score (mRS) was used for clinical evaluation. A novel image processing algorithm was designed to perform analysis of ASL sequences and compare perfusion. Vessel density was calculated using connected component analysis on thresholded DSA images. Results54 hemispheres with MMD underwent STA-MCA bypass 42(77.8%) single barrel and 12 (22.2%) double barrel. Clinical outcome - mRS was significant with p<0.001 in single barrel and p=0.001 in double barrel groups. The overall AOS showed improvement post-operatively (p=0.032).Perfusion analysis was performed in 20 hemispheres (13 single barrel; 7 double barrel). MCA territories showed significant improvement in single barrel (2.72%, p=0.0294) and double barrel groups (12.89%, p=0.025). Vessel density calculated in MCA territory, showed an overall post-op improvement (p=1.75 x 10-8). ConclusionDouble barrel STA-MCA bypass clinically as well as radiologically improves perfusion in the ACA as well as MCA territories in MMD. The novel image processing algorithm is an accurate, objective tool to evaluate perfusion in MR images and vessel density in DSA images of MMD.

Distribution and Characteristics of Single and Double Barrel House Type in the Mountainous Areas of South Gangwon Province and North Gyeongsang Province

Distribution and Characteristics of Single and Double Barrel House Type in the Mountainous Areas of South Gangwon Province and North Gyeongsang Province

Area-latency efficient floating point adder using interleaved alignment and normalization

The barrel shifter is an indispensable floating-point (FP) adder circuit. It performs the alignment on the mantissa of the smallest FP number and also normalizes the added mantissa in a conventional FP adder. Alignment and normalization are two different FP steps at distinct two-barrel shifters. It increases the implementation cost of the FP adder by increasing the chip area and power consumption. The proposed FP adder targets to reduce the area. Where a single barrel shifter replaces two shifters in a conventional FP adder, a single barrel shifter aligns the mantissa. After the mantissa addition, it normalizes the added mantissa. Alignment and normalization share a barrel shifter in the second and fourth FP steps. Consecutive two-clock cycles allow the two sets of FP numbers for two FP additions. In the subsequent two consecutive clock cycles, the shared barrel shifter blocks the input stage that does not fetch the new FP inputs. Compared with a conventional FP adder and FPGA FP cores, a proposed FP adder has two barrel shifters; the single shifter in the proposed adder has a gate count of 867, and the two shifter adder's gate count is 1131. Throughput is restricted in the proposed FP adder sharing a single barrel shifter (SSB) in two pipeline stages. SSB stalls the input stage during the sharing period for two clock cycles. Accordingly, the output is not taken during the period of pipeline stall. The shared barrel shifter conserves the area of 21.60% in Xilinx ZynQ FPGAs and 13.5% in Intel Cyclone FPGAs. Latency remains unchanged in proposed and conventional FP adders. The proposed adder implemented in Xilinx and Intel FPGAs of 3% to 10% of fmax improvement over the conventional double barrel shifter (DBS) FP adder. The proposed adder is feasible for applications where cyclic addition is not required, and it is suitable for interleaved addition like post-quantum cryptography and homomorphic encryption.

Reduced Slit Rolling Power in Rebar Steel Production

The rolling process of rebar steel production is one of the well established manufacturing processes; however, it should be subjected to revision and redesign for productivity enhancement and power reduction throughout the slit rolling process. In this work, slitting passes are extensively reviewed and modified for the attainment of better rolling stability and reduction in power consumption. The study has been applied for grade B400B-R Egyptian rebar steel, which is equivalent to steel grade ASTM A615M, Grade 40. Traditionally, the rolled strip in the rolling pass is edged before implementing a slitting pass using grooved rolls; this produces a single barreled strip. This single barrel form causes instability in the next slitting stand on the pressing by the slitting roll knife. Multiple industrial trials are attempted to achieve the deformation of the edging stand using a grooveless roll. As a result, a double barreled slab is produced. In parallel, finite element simulations of the edging pass are performed using grooved and grooveless rolls, and similar slab geometry with single and double barreled form are produced. In addition, further finite element simulations of the slitting stand are execute using idealized single barreled strips. The power calculated by the FE simulations of the single barreled strip is (245 kW), which is in acceptable agreement with the experimental observations in the industrial process (216 kW). This result validates the FE modeling parameters such as material model and boundary conditions. The FE modeling is extended to the slit rolling stand of a double barreled strip, which was previously produced by the grooveless edging rolls. It is found that the power consumption is (165 kW) 12% lower than the power consumed (185 kW) for slitting the single barreled strip.

Accuracy Evaluation of an Alternative Approach for a CAD-AM Mandibular Reconstruction with a Fibular Free Flap via a Novel Hybrid Roto-Translational and Surface Comparison Analysis

Although the fibula free flap represents the gold standard for mandibular reconstructions, when implanted as a single barrel, this flap does not have the cross-sectional requisites to restore the native mandibular height, which is in turn required for the implant-supported dental rehabilitation of the patient. Our team has developed a design workflow that already considers the predicted dental rehabilitation, positioning the fibular free flap in the correct craniocaudal position to restore the native alveolar crest. The remaining height gap along the inferior mandibular margin is then filled by a patient-specific implant. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy in transferring the planned mandibular anatomy resulting from said workflow on 10 patients by means of a new rigid body analysis method, derived from the evaluation of orthognathic surgery procedures. The analysis method has proved to be reliable and reproducible, and the results obtained show that the procedure already has satisfactory accuracy (4.6° mean total angular discrepancy, 2.7 mm total translational discrepancy, 1.04 mm mean neo-alveolar crest surface deviation), while also pointing out possible improvements to the virtual planning workflow.

Profiling bourbons based on congener concentrations

1H NMR spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical compositions of several distilled spirits (differently-aged, barrel-conditioned, single barrel, and non-aged) and bourbon whiskeys from seven distilleries. Our approach allowed for quantitation of 17 congeners in the samples. Our initial hypothesis was that the relative concentrations of these congeners would be sufficiently different to identify one bourbon from another. However, the differences in congener concentrations in the bourbons from different distilleries are not sufficient to allow for chemical finger-printing or distillery identification, when using routine statistical analyses. By applying Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP), a dimension reduction technique, we can discriminate between bourbons and identify the distilleries of origin. This study highlights that NMR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics can be used to uncover insights about the chemistry and provenance of bourbon whiskeys.

Prosthetically guided mandibular reconstruction using a fibula free flap: three-dimensional Bologna plate, an alternative to the double-barrel technique

The fibula free flap represents the gold standard for mandibular reconstruction. However, when harvested as a single barrel, this flap does not allow the native mandibular height to be restored, which is required for implant-supported dental rehabilitation of the patient. The aim of this study was to present a new design for a patient-specific three-dimensionally printed reconstructive plate (3DBO-PSI) that positions the fibula bone at the height of the resected mandibular alveolar bone while restoring the mandibular profile to ensure a correct morphological outcome. Twenty patients were enrolled prospectively between January 2019 and May 2022. All patients underwent a segmental mandibular resection and prosthetically guided reconstruction making use of a fibula free flap supported by the 3DBO-PSI. The mean follow-up period was 20 months. All microvascular and implant-related complications were recorded. Microvascular failure occurred in two patients. No PSI-related complications were recorded during the postoperative follow-up. The proposed reconstructive method was found to be reliable and reproducible. In all treated patients, the bony flap appeared to be adequately positioned to maintain the preoperative intermaxillary relationship, as planned. To date, dental rehabilitation has been completed in seven patients.

Classification of Whisker Deflections From Evoked Responses in the Somatosensory Barrel Cortex With Spiking Neural Networks.

Spike-based neuromorphic hardware has great potential for low-energy brain-machine interfaces, leading to a novel paradigm for neuroprosthetics where spiking neurons in silicon read out and control activity of brain circuits. Neuromorphic processors can receive rich information about brain activity from both spikes and local field potentials (LFPs) recorded by implanted neural probes. However, it was unclear whether spiking neural networks (SNNs) implemented on such devices can effectively process that information. Here, we demonstrate that SNNs can be trained to classify whisker deflections of different amplitudes from evoked responses in a single barrel of the rat somatosensory cortex. We show that the classification performance is comparable or even superior to state-of-the-art machine learning approaches. We find that SNNs are rather insensitive to recorded signal type: both multi-unit spiking activity and LFPs yield similar results, where LFPs from cortical layers III and IV seem better suited than those of deep layers. In addition, no hand-crafted features need to be extracted from the data—multi-unit activity can directly be fed into these networks and a simple event-encoding of LFPs is sufficient for good performance. Furthermore, we find that the performance of SNNs is insensitive to the network state—their performance is similar during UP and DOWN states.

ENHANCING PERFORMANCE OF MECHANICALLY OPERATED PACKER

During hydraulic fracturing operations of low-permeability reservoirs, packers are the key component to ensure the success of multistage fracturing. Packers enable sections of the wellbore to be sealed of and separately fractured by hydraulic pressure, one at a time, while the remainder of the wellbore is not afected. However, reliable sealing properties of the packer rubber are required to meet the high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) conditions of reservoirs (such as 70 MPa and 170 °C). In this study, the structures of the packer rubber with two diferent materials are optimized numerically by ABAQUS and validated by experiments. The optimization process starts from the packer rubber with a conventional structure, and then, the weakest spots are identifed by ABAQUS and improved by slightly varying its structure. This process is iterative, and the fnal optimized structure of a single rubber barrel with expanding back-up rings is achieved. For the structure of three rubber barrels with metallic protective covers, both HNBR and AFLAS fail under HPHT conditions. For the fnal optimized structure, the packer rubber made of AFLAS can work better under HPHT than that made of HNBR which ruptures after setting. The results show that the optimized structure of a single rubber barrel with expanding back-up rings and the material AFLAS are a good combination for the packer rubber playing an excellent sealing performance in multistage fracturing in horizontal wells. Keywords: packer rubber, sealing property, structure optimization, hydrogenated nitrile–butadiene rubber (HNBR), AFLAS rubber.

Neuronal Avalanches Across the Rat Somatosensory Barrel Cortex and the Effect of Single Whisker Stimulation.

Since its first experimental signatures, the so called “critical brain hypothesis” has been extensively studied. Yet, its actual foundations remain elusive. According to a widely accepted teleological reasoning, the brain would be poised to a critical state to optimize the mapping of the noisy and ever changing real-world inputs, thus suggesting that primary sensory cortical areas should be critical. We investigated whether a single barrel column of the somatosensory cortex of the anesthetized rat displays a critical behavior. Neuronal avalanches were recorded across all cortical layers in terms of both multi-unit activities and population local field potentials, and their behavior during spontaneous activity compared to the one evoked by a controlled single whisker deflection. By applying a maximum likelihood statistical method based on timeseries undersampling to fit the avalanches distributions, we show that neuronal avalanches are power law distributed for both multi-unit activities and local field potentials during spontaneous activity, with exponents that are spread along a scaling line. Instead, after the tactile stimulus, activity switches to a transient across-layers synchronization mode that appears to dominate the cortical representation of the single sensory input.

Zooming‐in – Visualization of active site heterogeneity in high entropy alloy electrocatalysts using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy

AbstractComplex solid solutions (“high entropy alloys” with a single solid‐solution phase) hold great promise in electrocatalysis because of their nearly unlimited number of different active sites exposed at the surface. It has been shown by theoretical studies that multiple arrangements of different elements directly neighboring a binding site create millions of differently active catalytic sites. We report a zooming‐in approach using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) to distinguish between the averaged electrochemical response of multiple active sites and active site‐specific electrochemical response. Using a thin film complex solid solution electrocatalyst and a range of SECCM single barrel capillaries with diameters from 1.2 µm to 50 nm, we observed an averaged electrochemical response for the oxygen reduction reaction with minor statistical variations for the larger capillary diameters. In contrast, significant statistical heterogeneity among the measured spots is observed for small capillary diameters. This statistical heterogeneity is attributed to the ability of the smaller probe size to address a comparatively smaller number of active sites with high or low activity dominating the measured electrocatalytic currents.

Mandibular reconstruction using a new design for a patient-specific plate to support a fibular free flap and avoid double-barrel technique.

SUMMARYMandibular reconstruction is a primary concern for head and neck reconstructive surgeons because of the aesthetic restoration needs after ablative surgery, as well as for functional reasons: the mandible has a central functional role in speaking, swallowing and mastication. It is generally agreed that the gold standard for mandibular reconstruction is a bone free flap supported by a reconstructive titanium plate. The fibular flap represents the first choice for multi-segment mandibular reconstruction. The fibula, harvested as a single barrel graft, does not exhibit sufficient thickness to reach the original height of the native mandible; therefore, the positioning of dental implants is often deeper than that of the native alveolar crest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the positioning of the fibular free flap as it pertains to the restoration of vertical mandible height, by modifying the design of a 3D-printed titanium patient-specific implant (PSI). In this novel reconstructive workflow, the customised plate was projected to support the fibular flap at an alveolar bone position above the typical inferior mandibular border, and carried out on four patients. All patients were treated for benign neoplasms involving mandibular bone. Clinical outcomes and accuracy of the procedure are described. Our reconstructive proposal appears to be a valid alternative to the double-barrel technique in order to restore the vertical height of the reconstructed mandible.

Nanoscale Electrochemistry Study Using SECCM Option of Park Systems

Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is a nanoelectrochemical scanning probe technique that creates a confined electrochemical cell (droplet) via meniscus contacting the surface by employing an electrolyte filled micropipette containing quasi-reference counter electrode(QRCE).[1] It is particularly useful to investigate the heterogeneity, or local electrochemical properties of the electrode surfaces by direct mapping the electroactivity with nanoscale resolution.In this study, the electrochemically reversible [Ru (NH3)6]3+/2+ electron transfer process at a highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface was recorded using Park NX12 AFM system. A single barrel glass nanopipette with Ag/AgCl inserted as QRCE was utilized. Using previous successful experience in commercializing pipette-based electrochemical microscopy,[2] Park Systems’ hardware and software enables localized nanoscopic cyclic voltammetry measurements conducted at each pixel each time the meniscus contacts the surface. Thus, a spatially resolved surface electroactivity mapping of HOPG at various scan rates were created with high-throughput at the micro-/nanoscale. The difference in electrochemical activity measured at the edge plane relative to the basal plane surface was shown.This work demonstrates that Park Systems’ commercial SECCM option is promising for quantitative electroanalysis at the nanoscale, with potential applications in energy storage (battery) studies and corrosion research. [1] Gao, R., Edwards, M. A., Qiu, Y., Barman, K., & White, H. S. (2020). Visualization of Hydrogen Evolution at Individual Platinum Nanoparticles at a Buried Interface. Journal of the American Chemical Society. [2] Shi, W., Goo, D., Jung, G., Pascual, G., Kim, B., & Lee, K. Simultaneous Topographical and Electrochemical Mapping using Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy–Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SICM-SECM). Figure 1

Internal Carotid Artery Injury in Transsphenoidal Surgery: Tenets for Its Avoidance and Refit-A Clinical Study.

One of the most serious/potentially fatal complications of transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) is internal carotid artery (ICA) injury. Of 6230 patients who underwent TSS, ICA injury occurred in 8 (0.12%). The etiology, possible treatment options, and avoidance of ICA injury were analyzed. ICA injury occurred at two different stages: (1) during the exposure of the sella floor and dural incision over the sella and cavernous sinus and (2) during the resection of the cavernous sinus extension of the tumor. The angiographic collateral blood supply was categorized as good, sufficient, and nonsufficient to help with the decision making for repairing the injury. ICA occlusion with a balloon was performed at the injury site in two cases, microcoils in two patients, microcoils plus a single barrel extra-intracranial high-flow bypass in one case, stent grafting in one case, and no intervention in two cases. The risk of ICA injury diminishes with better preoperative preparation, intraoperative navigation, and ultrasound dopplerography. Reconstructive surgery for closing the defect and restoring the blood flow to the artery should be assessed depending on the site of the injury and the anatomical features of the ICA.

Analysis of Barrel-Aged Kentucky Bourbon Whiskey by Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry

In an effort to characterize differently aged bourbons and to determine whether bourbons could be “fingerprinted” by their chemical compositions, we used Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to characterize 2 distinct sets of bourbon samples. The first set of bourbons were prepared using the same mash bill but were aged differently (unaged (0 years), 2 years, 4 years, and 6 years) in oak barrels. The results showed an increase in the number of chemical compounds present as the bourbon ages. Most of the large changes in chemical composition occur in the first 2 years of aging. We also analyzed single barrel bourbons, which were produced identically but maturated in different, adjacent barrels, and the results suggested that significant differences exist among these samples. These results suggest that “fingerprinting” of different bourbons for authentication purposes may be complicated and that careful analyses, coupled with more comprehensive identification of chemical compounds in bourbons, are needed.

Effects of Cortical Cooling on Activity Across Layers of the Rat Barrel Cortex.

Moderate cortical cooling is known to suppress slow oscillations and to evoke persistent cortical activity. However, the cooling-induced changes in electrical activity across cortical layers remain largely unknown. Here, we performed multi-channel local field potential (LFP) and multi-unit activity (MUA) recordings with linear silicone probes through the layers of single cortical barrel columns in urethane-anesthetized rats under normothermia (38°C) and during local cortical surface cooling (30°C). During cortically generated slow oscillations, moderate cortical cooling decreased delta wave amplitude, delta-wave occurrence, the duration of silent states, and delta wave-locked MUA synchronization. Moderate cortical cooling increased total time spent in the active state and decreased total time spent in the silent state. Cooling-evoked changes in the MUA firing rate in cortical layer 5 (L5) varied from increase to decrease across animals, and the polarity of changes in L5 MUA correlated with changes in total time spent in the active state. The decrease in temperature reduced MUA firing rates in all other cortical layers. Sensory-evoked MUA responses also decreased during cooling through all cortical layers. The cooling-dependent slowdown was detected at the fast time-scale with a decreased frequency of sensory-evoked high-frequency oscillations (HFO). Thus, moderate cortical cooling suppresses slow oscillations and desynchronizes neuronal activity through all cortical layers, and is associated with reduced firing across all cortical layers except L5, where cooling induces variable and non-consistent changes in neuronal firing, which are common features of the transition from slow-wave synchronization to desynchronized activity in the barrel cortex.

An Unconventional Challenge Can Casing Failures During Hydraulic Fracturing Be Stopped?

Shale producers around the world have learned in recent years that they cannot take wellbore integrity for granted. During pressure-pumping treatments, the interplay of hydraulic fracturing and formation geomechanics is deforming and even shearing steel casing. In the worst of cases, this means that some operators have lost access to long sections of a wellbore before it produces a single barrel of oil. This is largely not viewed as an inter-well challenge similar to frac hits. Rather, it is considered to be intrawell phenomena. The problem can take several forms and has no universal driver. George King, an independent consultant and leading technical voice on hydraulic fracturing, points out that not every unconventional asset is affected—indicating that geology and understanding of the rock fabric matter. However, information he has collected from client operators shows that in certain US shale and tight oil fields, between 20%–30% of horizontal wells are impacted to some degree. “Sometimes it is with the cement support, and sometimes it is with the casing itself,” said King, listing two of the problem’s general root causes. He added that the casing deformation is “an artifact of some damage that we are seeing right now in the realm of fracturing, and [during] the time period of fracturing.” A commonly reported version of the problem emerges after just a few stages at the toe-end of a horizontal well have been fractured. As another plug is pumped downhole to continue the completion, it suddenly stops 1,000 ft to 5,000 ft short of its target. This could happen in the bend, or it could be somewhere deep in the lateral. Often the deformation is described as ovalling. If a restriction consumes much more than a tenth of an inch of the pipe’s original internal diameter, there is the potential that unstimulated stages beyond the stopping point are lost to conventional plug-and-perf methods. This fate can sometimes be avoided by running slim-profile perforating guns, but then other isolation technologies are still needed to replace conventional plugs. Unconventional operators in China, Argentina, Canada, and the US have all faced the issue. In response, the technical community has recently stepped up collaboration efforts at industry conferences to find answers. In China, the issue appears to be more widespread on a per-well basis. National oil companies working the Sichuan Basin, the country’s most active unconventional area, have reported that more than 40% of gas wells have experienced casing deformation or failures. Like their US counterparts, Chinese operators typically realize the problem during a post-fracturing tool run. Argentina’s Vaca Muerta is not immune either. A 2015 technical paper coauthored by researchers at Chevron and YPF (URTeC 178620) casts casing shear and restrictions as common and “extremely detrimental to the performance of the well.” When explaining why the issue is cropping up today, more than a decade into the shale revolution, experts are quick to point out that a lot has changed since the first horizontally drilled and hydraulically fractured wells.

Design and Fabrication of Cassava Grating Machine

The Cassava grating machine that was designed has two modes of operation, it can be powered either electrically or manually. It takes care of power failure problems. The Cassava is fed with the Machine through the hopper made of metal sheet to the granting drum, which rotates at a constant speed. This process grates the cassava into cassava pulp. The chute made up of metal sheet accepts the pulp and sends it out because of its inclination which is operated manually. The efficiency of the machine was found to be 82.7%, which the efficiency of the electrically powered machine was found to be 79.5%. The need for the hygienic processing of cassava, is very important as well as the prevalent conditions in the commercial grating areas of this staple food as it is likely to be affected by food contamination. A home-scale cassava grating machine was designed and fabricated, with machine efficiency, safety factors, and portability all taken into consideration. The grating hopper and drum are modified with the drum having a stainless-steel sheet wrapped around a galvanized mild steel core. The machine runs on a single phase 6.5HP (horse power), electric motor, multiple customers with increased through-put when compared to other available grating machines. The performance efficiency of the grater for fresh cassava samples depends on the results showing significant variation for combination of process parameters. This study carried out the performance and optimization evaluation of single barrel cassava grating machine on selected fresh and stored cassava species. The species were used at different levels of moisture content, 70.4% db. and 58.4% db. depicting the average moisture contents obtained for fresh and stored cassava respectively.