Singida Region Research Articles

Incidental intra-abdominal pregnancy diagnosed at Singida regional referral Hospital, Central zone, Tanzania: Case report

Background: Intra abdominal pregnancy is one of the rare and life-threatening types of ectopic pregnancy which has been implanted in the peritoneal cavity outside of the uterus, fallopian tube and ovary. An embryo that implants and starts to grow on the viscera or abdominal peritoneum is described as a primary abdominal pregnancy. This article will create awareness of capturing all ectopic pregnancies from the lower level to the higher level health facilities in the country so as to know the magnitude of this problem. Case Description/ Presentations: A 22 years pregnant woman, from mpambaa, kaselya, singida region, the central zone of Tanzania, G2P1L1 with Gestational Age (GA) of 41 weeks and 2 days (by LNMP) was referred from the lower level facility to Singida Regional Referral Hospital for further management, with the referral diagnosis of Intrauterine fetal demise/death(IUFD) diagnosed based on patient history (mother reported absence of fetal kicks) and physical examination(FHR not heard on fetoscope). Diagnosis of intra-abdominal pregnancy based on incidentally intra-operatively findings . The intra-operatively findings concluded the diagnosis of intra-abdominal pregnancy. The patients didn’t do obstetric ultrasound throughout the antenatal visits because the facility she was used to attending Antenatal clinic had no ultrasound. Conclusion and Recommendation: Capacity building to health practitioners in identifying and diagnosing intra-abdominal pregnancy based on clinical manifestations and radiological diagnostic features should be done to all health facilities levels.

Land use and land cover changes and their driving forces in selected forest reserves in Central Tanzania

Miombo woodlands benefit humans in a variety of ways, including by providing food and ecosystem services. However, Tanzania's Miombo woodlands are declining due to ever-increasing unsustainable human activities. This study used landsat images for the years 1996, 2006, and 2021 to quantify the extent of land use and cover change in the Mgori and Minyughe forest reserves of the Singida region in Central Tanzania. We conducted interviews with 154 villagers living near the forest reserves to determine the drivers of land use and cover change. The findings showed that increased cultivation, illegal settlements, forest harvesting for timber, charcoal production, and livestock grazing are the primary drivers of land use and cover changes. Over the study period, cultivated land in the Mgori forest reserve increased by 33.56%, settlements by 32.67%, and bushland by 0.52%, while woodlands and grassland decreased by −0.60% and −0.22%, respectively. In the Minyughe forest reserve, cultivated land has grown by 23.81%, scattered cultivation by 16.79%, settlements by 6.58%, and water by 1.02%. During the same time period, significant loss occurred in woodland with a dynamic index of (−3.50%), bushland (−0.75%), grassland (−0.40%), and seasonally inundated grassland (−1.86%). User accuracy was highly reliable in cultivated land, bushland, woodland, and grassland cover. The overall Kappa coefficient values provided substantial accuracy for a specific land cover category. In order to combat deforestation and forest cover loss, the study recommends that the Tanzanian government strengthen conservation in both forest reserves.

Institutional Factors Influencing Sunflower Productivity in Mkalama District

Sunflower is a globally significant crop, driven by the increasing demand for edible oil. Tanzania possesses the potential for sunflower production; however, current yields fall short of projected levels. This study conducted in the Mkalama District, Singida Region, Tanzania, aimed to identify the institutional factors influencing sunflower productivity. A cross-sectional research design was used and a sample of 147 respondents was selected for this study. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS software. The study findings highlight several influential factors, including access to land for production, availability of storage facilities, and marketing availability that affect sunflower production. To bolster sunflower production, government and non-governmental organizations should prioritize efforts to ensure timely availability of quality inputs, sufficient land availability, invest in storage facilities, provide comprehensive extension services, and develop effective marketing strategies. This will improve sunflower production and ensure oil availability in Tanzania.

The Role of Economic and Social Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Small-Scale Sunflower Oil Production Companies in Tanzania

Most developing nations, including Tanzania, consider agro-processing a key to industrialization. Despite an attractive sunflower seed yield, Tanzania's sunflower oil processing and production have been staggering over the years. Sunflower oil production is inefficient, which leads to low output. So, this research studied sunflower oil production technical efficiency in the Singida region. The study examined the social and economic factors that affect technical efficiency in small-scale sunflower oil producers. It applied cross-sectional design and secondary data for the years 2016–2017, which were collected from the Central Zone Sunflower Oil Processors Association and Small Industrial Development Organization based on Singida sunflower oil producers. It also used stochastic frontier analysis and multiple linear regressions to find the empirical economic relationship between the variables. Sunflower oil producers averaged 30.1% less technical efficiency, as the average was 69.9%. It also revealed that labor, seed, capital, and electricity affect production, while age, experience, education, and locality also matter. Finally, processing techniques, socio-economic, and demographic differences affect sunflower oil production. So, producers must increase capital inputs to be technically efficient. Consider boosting producer capacity and abilities and observing a minimum number of productive staff.

Farmers’ Awareness of and Attitude towards Diversified Legumes Production in Singida Region, Tanzania

For an extended period, legumes have served as nutritional sources in the diets of both humans and animals. Efforts have been made to increase the yield of the legume crops in Tanzania, but there is still low awareness of and unfavourable attitudes towards legume crop diversification among farmers. The study, on which this paper is based, aimed at investigating farmers’ awareness of and attitude towards diversified legumes, specifically to analyze socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, assess awareness of and attitude towards diversified legumes production, and determine effects of awareness of and attitude towards diversified legumes production on management practices of diversified legumes production. A cross-sectional survey was employed whereby primary data were collected from 204 legume farmers using a semi-structured questionnaire. Content analysis was conducted using Nvivo software to analyze qualitative data. For quantitative data, Likert scale analysis was employed as a method for descriptive statistics, and Principal Component Analysis was used as a method for inferential analysis. These analyses were performed using Smart PLS software. The findings of the study revealed that several factors significantly influenced smallholder farmers' awareness and perception of diversified legumes. These factors included ease of cultivation, fair distribution of seeds, food availability, increase in income level, high legume harvest, and higher profitability of legumes (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the statement "enough of information" did not show statistical significance (p > 0.05). However, it exhibited a positive association. Conclusively, criteria like "easy cultivation" and "fair seed distribution" had a big impact on how smallholder farmers perceived and knew about diverse legumes. However, "enough information" did not appear to have a major significance. In addition, it was found that major influences on farmers' attitudes and understanding of diversified legumes included the availability of food, rising income levels, high yields of legumes, and perceived profitability. The paper recommends for the improvement of farmers' awareness and perception of diversified legumes, fair seed distribution methods must be established that provide equal access to high-quality seeds with the help of government organizations, non-profit organizations, and seed businesses.

A decision supporting algorithm for improving sunflower production amidst changing weather in the Singida Region, Tanzania

A decision supporting algorithm for improving sunflower production amidst changing weather in the Singida Region, Tanzania

Performance of Jazia Prime Vendor System in ensuring availability of health commodities in Singida Region, Tanzania: a pre- and post-evaluation study

BackgroundAvailability of the health commodities in public health facilities in Tanzania remains a challenge, and has been reported to be below 70%. Moreover, Medical Stores Department’s capacity to supply health commodities has been only 40%. Therefore, Jazia Prime Vendor System (Jazia PVS) was outsourced to complement the Medical Stores Department. In 2017 Jazia PVS was introduced in Singida Region after being piloted in three other Regions. This study therefore, was conducted to assess the performance of Jazia PVS in enhancing the availability of the health commodities in the public health facilities between 2017 and 2019 in Singida Region, Tanzania.MethodsA mixed method pre- and post-evaluation analytical study design was used in all the selected public health facilities in the Municipal and District Councils of Singida Region, Tanzania. These included 138 public health facilities: One Regional Referral Hospital, four District Hospitals, 19 Health Centres and 114 Dispensaries. Percent availability of health commodities was abstracted from electronic logistics management information system. Documentary review involved quarterly orders, Jazia PVS delivery notes, and payment vouchers; while all the 138 pharmacists incharge were interviewed.ResultsThe mean availability of health commodities was modestly higher after adoption of Jazia PVS (mean = 59.17%, SD = 6.12%) than before Jazia PVS (mean = 54.39%, SD = 5.36%); and the difference between means was 4.78% (t = -9.49, df = 136, p < 0.001). Furthermore, 20.3% (109/421) of orders were fulfilled, while 58% (312/421) were not, (χ2 = 10.46, df = 6, p = 0.1067). About 73.7% of orders (320/434) were delivered on time, while 26.3% (114/434) delayed, (χ2 = 121, df = 6, p < 0,001). Prompt payment to Jazia PVS was 43.0% (164/381) deliveries, while 57.0% (217/382) were not punctual, (χ2 = 26, df = 6, p < 0.001). Satisfaction level of the pharmacists incharge for Jazia PVS was 11.8%, (χ2 = 78.04, df = 3, p < 0.001).ConclusionWith Jazia PVS, availability of health commodities improved by 4.78% in 2 years. Prompt payment of Jazia PVS will enhance performance of the vendor.

Wind Speed Forecasting Using Wavelet Analysis and Recurrent Artificial Neural Networks Based on Local Measurements in Singida Region, Tanzania

High accuracy wind speed forecasting is essential for wind energy harvest and plays a significant role in wind farm management and grid integration. Wind speed is intermittent in nature, which makes the forecasting to be a big challenge. In the present study, three hybrid single-step wind speed forecasting techniques are proposed and tested by local measurement data in Singida region, Tanzania. The three techniques are based on Wavelet Analysis (WA), Back Propagation (BP) optimization algorithm, and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). They are referred to as WA-RNN, BP-RNN, and WA-BP-RNN. The model results showed that WA-BP-RNN outperforms the other two proposed techniques, with minimum statistical errors of 0.56 m/s (BIAS), 6.89% (MAPE) and 0.53 m/s (RMSE). Furthermore, the WA-BP-RNN technique has shown highest correlation value of 0.95, which indicates that, the strength of a linear association between the observed and forecasted dataset of the wind speed. In addition, the deployment of the BP optimization algorithm in the proposed technique showed improvements of the model results.

Community Awareness and Restitution of Isanzu Ancestors’ Human Remains from the University of Göttingen Collections to Mkalama District, Tanzania

This paper investigates the restitution of Tanzanian human remains from colonial contexts in the Anthropological Collection at the University of Göttingen, Germany. This collection contains 66 human remains from Tanzania whereby 22 of them are from the Isanzu ethnic group. This paper focuses on the Isanzu human remains from Mkalama District in Singida Region and examines the circumstances of acquisition and their historical background. This interdisciplinary research combines methodological approaches from critical historical provenance research and cultural anthropology to study the Isanzu remains. We include investigation of the Isanzu ethnic group's awareness, emotions, opinions, and concerns over the restitution of their Ancestors’ remains back to the community. This paper proposes a plan for best practices in restitution and urges that wisdom, agreement, and negotiation results of Isanzu stakeholders should be taken into account to bring the restitution process of Isanzu's Ancestors to fruition.

Effect of IMPACT team approach implementation processes on health supply chain management data use in Singida region: A quantitative study

The Government of Tanzania (GoT), in collaboration with development partners, has made significant improvements in the health supply chain since 2013 through developing of an electronic Logistics Management Information System (e-LMIS) and strengthening of the Logistics Management Services (LMS) component. Nevertheless, the use of reported data in the e-LMIS remained very low. In efforts to respond to low data use at all supply chain levels, the GoT introduced the Information Mobilized for Performance Analysis and Continuous Transformation (IMPACT) approach to reinforce data use culture for decision-making to improve the supply chain. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of IMPACT team approach implementation processes on health supply chain data use in Singida region. This was a pre- and post-cross-section study whereby the quantitative data were obtained from e-LMIS stock imbalance reports. This data was processed using Microsoft Excel power query and analysed using Microsoft Excel 2019 pivot tables to get indicator results on availability, not-in-demand and overstocked health commodities. The overall pre (2018) and post (2020) intervention results for both Iramba district council (DC) and Singida municipal council (MC) were 66% and 81% for the availability of essential health commodities, 17.2% and 21% for not-in-demand health commodities and 17% and 20.7% for overstocked health commodities respectively. Iramba DC demonstrated a significant statistical increase in both indicators compared to Singida MC, as the P-value was less than 0.05 at a 95% confidence level (df=35). Conclusively, the IMPACT team approach positively influenced data use and availability of health commodities. However, it was not the case for overstocked and not-in-demand indicator results. Apart from the possible low quality of logistics data, further studies should explore other contributing factors behind the increasing trends of overstocks and not-in-demand health commodities in the region.

English

In Tanzania, a small-scale salt enterprise supplies salt which is mainly consumed within the country. However, the producers often lack appropriate production knowledge. The purpose of this study was to assess salt processing and handling practices at Nkonkilangi village in Singida region, Tanzania. A cross-sectional study design was used to collect data. Scheduled interviews with 63 out of 100 producers were conducted using semi-structured questions. The producers were exclusively women (100%) with primary school education (98%) and aged from 20 to 60 years (90.5%). Although 33.3% of the producers attended food processing and hygiene training, none used improved methods. The traditional method used involved mixing three soil types locally known as Nkuluse, Mbuga and Sepa, or Nkoko in the ratio of 1:1:1 (v/v/v). Brine is obtained by leaching the soil with water in perforated clay pots. Majority (63.5%) of the producers boil brine for 1 - 2 h for salt recovery, up to 5 batches per day. Three buckets of brine yield 1 bucket of salt. Two-thirds of the producers clean equipment and containers without detergents. More than 84% of the salt producers identified sand as major contaminant, whereas 47.6% of the processers use pieces of plastics and broken guards to stir salt during cooking. The salt is conditioned and packed for delivery. Despite the fact that salt fortification is mandatory in the country, none of the processers fortified the salt with iodine. Majority were neither aware of the nutritional benefits of fortification (90.5%) nor of the legal implications of selling non-iodized salt (79.4%). Therefore, proper control and monitoring of small-scale mining in Tanzania is essential for assuring quality and safety of salt. &nbsp; Key words: Salt, salt quality, iodized, salt mining, contaminants, soil, plastic, Nkonkilangi.

Knowledge and Health Seeking Behavioural Patterns of Caregivers on Managing Childhood Febrile Conditions in Singida Region – Tanzania

Although the trend of under five mortality revealed to decline worldwide but still a global burden, since the under five children continue to die every day especially those from poor setting. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of childhood febrile conditions are essential for reducing the progression of the illness to severe disease and, therefore, decrease mortality among under five children. This study aimed to assess knowledge and health seeking behavioral patterns of caregivers on managing childhood febrile conditions in Singida region. A community-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at Iramba, Itigi and Mkalama District Council from April to May 2019. A sample size of 751 care givers were involved meanwhile 7 destroyed byrain. Participants were selected using simple random sampling. Interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Multiple logistic regression analysis was done to determine the strength of association on factors influencing knowledge and health seeking behavioral patterns and controlling the confounders. Among 744 caregivers participated, 57% (425) had high knowledge on managing childhood febrile conditions. Influencing factors were education level (P<0.05) and Marital status (P<0.05). Only 41.5% of caregivers seek health care to the health facility, 38% went to community doctors, 10% went to neighbours, 6.8% went to religious leaders and 3% went to traditional healers. Knowledge and health-seeking behavioural patterns have an influence on self-medication practices among caregivers.

Identification of the Common Type of Pesticides Used by Bee Farmers from Selected Honey-Producing Areas in Tanzania: A Case of Kijiji Cha Nyuki Co. Ltd, Singida Region

Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to identify the common type of pesticides used by bee farmers. Specifically, the study presents preliminary findings of an inquiry that examined pesticides used by bee farmers and evaluates the awareness among farmers on the negative effects of pesticides in bee products from Kijiji cha Nyuki located in Tanzania.&#x0D; Methodology: A mixed methods approach was adopted for this study and collected data both primary and secondary data were collected using physical observation and survey, interviews, and questionnaires, purposive and random sampling techniques were used in this study to select a total of 104 participants who was taken as a sample from universal populations. Qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Computer Programme version 25, where the statistics aspect was determined from the results obtained from both questionnaires and laboratory experiments. A preliminary investigation from Africa’s most renewed bee village in Tanzania; collected samples were analyzed at TBS &amp; SGS laboratories.&#x0D; Findings: Based on the findings from informants comprises of two forest officers and two district agricultural officers showed despite a variety of pesticides that can contaminate bee and honey products, the widely observed are Insecticides (cynahalotrine, chlorpyrifos, clothianid), Fungicides (boscalid), and Herbicide (pendimethohele, and cyfluthrin). To mitigate the challenge posed by these pesticides, farmers always work hard to comply with pesticide regulations NBPIS, NBP, 1998, Beekeeping Act No. 15/2002; Beekeeping Regulations, 2005; NBP 2001-2010 and GCBP 2007.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to the Theory and Policy: the study suggests that participants should be guided to produce the expected outcome, and it has to start with the issue of power. In terms of the policy implementation process, the way policy regulating pesticides and policies activities are communicated should set the right tone that will encourage collaboration to ensure all participants will fully contribute. So, by paying attention to the effect of power, the fundamental principles of openness and inclusiveness can be upheld during the policy design and implementation process. It also recommends further study that will examine the perceptions of decision-makers, consumers, beekeepers, and academicians about the extended use of pesticides in Tanzania, bearing in mind the health implication of the unauthorized use of pesticides.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF SUNFLOWER SEED PRODUCTION IN SINGIDA REGION, TANZANIA

Sunflower seed production has been a response of rising demand for sunflower oil in the local and export market of Tanzania. The use of certified sunflower seeds has increased production of sunflower oil among the producers for local and export market. This work aimed at investigating the socio-economic determinants affecting sunflower seed production in Singida region of Tanzania. The cross-section research design with a sample size of 140 respondents was used to obtain information regarding determinants of sunflower seed production in the study area. The findings of the study shows that, the level of technology used by seed producers and suppliers, the use of skilled labor in the factories , the market deman, disasters and diseases were the key factors having a direct effect on sunflower seed production. The extent of seed production was measured based on tons of seeds produced in the years 2016 to 2020, and the study also found that sunflower seed production was low compared to the market demand at the same period. The study concluded that the rate of sunflower seed production and supply in the market can be increased by upgrading the technology used in sunflower seed value chain in Tanzania.

Soil geochemistry and multivariate statistical assessment of Copper–Gold-PGEs mineralization in parts of Singida Region of the Tanzania Craton, Tanzania, East Africa

Soil geochemistry and multivariate statistical assessment of Copper–Gold-PGEs mineralization in parts of Singida Region of the Tanzania Craton, Tanzania, East Africa

Antimicrobial activity and brine shrimp toxicity of propolis collected from various regions of Tanzania

Background: Propolis has been traditionally used in many countries for management of various health conditions and many previous studies have shown that it has many biological activities, including antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. However, not much has been studied with regard to Tanzanian propolis; hence this study reports biological activity of propolis collected from 8 regions of Tanzania. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and potential cytotoxicity of propolis samples collected from various regions of Tanzania. Metet hods: Ethanolic extracts of 28 propolis samples collected from 8 regions in Tanzania were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Gram +ve bacteria, Gram -ve bacteria and fungi, using the broth microdilution method, through which minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined. Brine shrimp lethality test was done using Artemia salina nauplii, as a preliminary indication of potential anticancer activity. Results: Out of 28 tested propolis samples, 21 exhibited antimicrobial activity on one or more microorganisms at the tested concentrations, with MICs of 1.25 – 5.0 mg/ml. Fourteen out of 28 samples were found to be toxic on brine shrimps, with a sample from Singida region being the most toxic. Conclusion: Propolis samples from various regions of Tanzania demonstrated antimicrobial activity on some microorganisms, indicating that they are a potential source of antimicrobial agents. Some samples also exhibited brine shrimp toxicity; implying that they may also be toxic on cancer cells and thus, may be a potential source of anticancer agents. They may also be a source of compounds with other biological activities.

Determinants of Land Ownership among Women: A Case of Ilongero Ward in Singida Region, Tanzania

This study was carried at Ilongero ward in Singida District council to assess the determinants of land ownership among women. This study used both qualitative and quantitative data from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected from women. Data were collected using interview method which was administered by questionnaire tool and checklist. A sample of 150 respondents was drawn through simple random sampling. Statistical Package for Services Solution (IBM SPSS) was used to analyze the data where the study used descriptive statistics and Chi-Square test. The study results revealed that, many of women in Ilongero ward not owned land 61.3%. The Chi square test results indicated that the associated factors of land ownership among women at Ilongero ward were source of information, listing to radio, watching TV, reading newspapers, age of a woman, marital status and education of a woman. The study recommends that the government and human rights stakeholders should continue providing education to women and men about the right to own the land among women via Radio, TV and newspapers.

Does women’s engagement in sunflower commercialization empower them? Experience from Singida region, Tanzania

Empowering women within sunflower value chains can create significant development opportunities for them and generate benefits for their families. This paper asks whether women’s engagement in sunflower commercialization influences their levels of empowerment. The paper uses data from a 2018 study conducted by Agricultural Policy Research in Africa. A cross-sectional research design was used, and data were collected using mixed methods involving primary, qualitative, and quantitative methods as well as secondary data from the literature. A total of 600 farm household heads and 205 focus group participants (7–15) from 15 villages were selected for the study. Qualitative and quantitative data were subjected to content and econometric analysis respectively, with the help of Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences programs. The findings revealed that female household heads tend to benefit less than men from sunflower commercialization. Sunflower commercialization had a positive but insignificant influence on women’s empowerment: the study found that low levels of access to and control over productive resources resulted in low agricultural productivity, which affects empowerment levels. However, household commercialization involving all crops did have a positive and significant impact on the empowerment of women because non-cash crops were more likely to be retained by women, even when commercialized. This calls for policies that support and promote a diversified portfolio of livelihood options for women farmers in Singida region.

Livestock, Crop Commercialization and Poverty Reduction in Crop-Livestock Farming Systems in Singida Region, Tanzania

Livestock is an important component of crop-livestock farming systems in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This paper examined the effect of livestock on crop commercialization and poverty reduction among smallholder farmers in crop-livestock farming systems in Singida Region, Tanzania. It was hypothesized that livestock enhances crop commercialization and reduce poverty among smallholder farmers in the Region. Data for the analysis were extracted from the Agricultural Policy Research for Africa (APRA) data set of 600 households selected randomly from random samples of eight and seven villages in Iramba and Mkalama districts respectively. Descriptive statistics were used to compare ownership of livestock, use of ox-plough and livestock manure, crop productivity, crop commercialization and poverty levels across different categories of farmers. Econometric analyses were used to determine if livestock had a significant effect on crop commercialization and poverty levels, controlling for other variables that might have an effect. The results of descriptive analyses show differences in ownership of livestock, use of ox-plough and livestock manure, crop productivity, crop commercialization and poverty levels across different categories of farmers while the results of econometric analysis show that livestock enhanced crop commercialization. Apart from livestock, a range of other factors have worked together with livestock to drive the crop commercialization process. Regarding the impact of commercialization, the findings show that farmers have gained higher productivity (yield), signifying the potential of crop commercialization to reduce poverty. In general, evidence from the results show decline in poverty as crop commercialization increases from zero to medium level. Although crop commercialization has positively impacted on crop productivity (yields) and poverty, the results show existence of socio-economic disparities. Male-headed households (MHH) and households headed by medium-scale farmers (MSF), young farmers and livestock keepers were less poor than their counterpart female-headed households (FHH) and households headed by small-scale farmers (SSFs), older farmers and non-livestock keepers. These social differences are consequences of differences in the use of ox-plough, livestock manure and other productivity enhancing inputs. Exploiting the synergy between crop and livestock in crop-livestock farming systems needs to be recognized and exploited in efforts geared towards enhancing crop commercialization and reducing poverty among smallholder farmers in crop-livestock farming systems in Tanzania and elsewhere in SSA. Keywords: Livestock, Singida Region, smallholder farmers, crop commercialization, poverty reduction DOI: 10.7176/DCS/12-4-02 Publication date: April 30 th 2022

Rock Art Recording and Documentation in Ikungi, Singida (Tanzania)

Although several research projects on rock art have been conducted in northern Tanzania, the Lake region and central Tanzania in the past, none of them has discovered cupule and gong features. Also, these early research undertakings did not document and interpret the rock engravings, cupules, hollows and gongs from the local people’s perspectives. This study sought to fill that gap through a fresh look at the rock art. It investigated and recorded ten sites in Singida region, and collected oral accounts from the local people. The fieldwork entailed systematic reconnaissance surveys which helped to discover and document more rock art sites that were not known by the scientific community as well as by the locals. Ethnographic inquiries were conducted to explore the varied meanings of the noted artistic features within the culture of the communities associated with them. Although the neighbouring Kondoa rock art sites are on the UNESCO World Heritage List, no single study has hitherto reported cupules and gongs rock engravings. Thus, this research is the first to report and discuss in detail the occurrence, types, and spread of rock paintings together with the engravings of the Singida region.