Simultaneous Removal Of Water Research Articles

Enhancing dehydration/desalting efficiency of crude oil emulsions through experimental and computational insights

The formation of unwanted oil emulsions during producing, transporting, and processing crude oils is a major challenging issue, which causes serious technical problems, and subsequently huge financial losses. The present work delves into an optimization study focused on water separation from crude oil emulsions. The separation performance was initially assessed in static conditions through bottle tests, followed by a thorough investigation in dynamic conditions on an electrostatic desalting pilot plant under various conditions of the main operating parameters: temperature, oil space velocity, wash water ratio, and demulsifier concentration. The design of experiments and optimization of the process were performed by Central-Composite-Design of Response-Surface-Methodology (CCD-RSM). The effectiveness of the separation process has been analyzed by evaluating the Water-Removal-Efficiency (WRE) and Salt-Removal-Efficiency (SRE). The obtained results demonstrated that the used demulsifier was found to be extremely efficient and to have the greatest impact on the dehydration efficiency (F-value = 434.56). In addition, the sensitivity analysis indicated that the dehydration/desalting process is also very sensitive to the oil space velocity and wash water ratio while having less sensitivity to changes in the temperature. Furthermore, the process optimization indicated that the highest efficiency of simultaneous removal of water and salt from crude oil (WRE = 94.54 % and SRE = 97.23 %) was observed at optimal conditions of 19.5 ppm demulsifier concentration, 125 °C temperature, 1 1/h oil space velocity, and 6 vol% wash water ratio.

Molecular sieves hybrid metal–organic framework for efficient simultaneously capturing carbon dioxide and collecting water from air

Water scarcity and climate change associated with global warming are two common challenges facing humankind. The simultaneous removal of water and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air has become a popular candidate strategy to address these challenges. In this paper, molecular sieve@MOF composites were synthesized in-situ for the first time by adding ZSM-5 and HZSM-5 during the preparation of Mg/DOBDC. A comprehensive review of the air capture CO2 and water harvesting properties of the novel composites was also presented. Primarily, the effects of molecular sieve category and ratio on the composite were systematically investigated. Subsequently, the crystal structure, morphological composition and textural properties of the composites were characterized. Finally, CO2/H2O co-adsorption performance, adsorption and desorption cycle stability and adsorption mechanism were investigated. The results demonstrated that the metal nodes of Mg/DOBDC interacted with the molecular sieve surface functional groups to increase the metal active sites and porosity. The obtained 0.5HZSM-5@Mg/DOBDC MOF showed the maximum CO2 uptake of 15.90 mmol/g (0.1 MPa, 25 °C), which was 3.66 times the amount of Mg/DOBDC.

Physicochemical transformation of graphene oxide during heat treatment at 110–200 °C

Graphene oxide (GO) was subjected to different heating pathways to investigate water removal at 110°C (GO-110), water removal followed by removal of surface groups at 140°C or 200°C (GO-110-140 or GO-110-200), and simultaneous removal of water and surface groups at 140°C or 200°C (GO-140 or GO-200). Physicochemical characteristics of GO samples at each stage were determined to quantify and understand the impact of each treatment pathway on porosity development, physical structure, or surface chemistry of GO. Surface elemental composition showed the following order for C/O ratio: GO-140-200 > GO-110-200 > GO-200, suggesting that a two-step heat treatment results in more oxygen removal from the surface, and FTIR profiles confirmed the lowest intensities of all functionalities for GO-140-200. Proton NMR spectra of as-received and heat-treated GO samples confirmed near complete removal of water and hydroxyl groups for samples treated at 200°C. XRD results showed that the interlayer spacing of GO reduced from 0.792 nm to the lowest values of 0.371 nm for GO-200 and 0.367 nm for GO-110-200. Porosity characterization revealed that only two pathways, GO-200 and GO-110-200, created a porous structure. Further analysis of data suggested that exfoliation is primarily triggered by decomposition of surface functionalities and release of a substantial volume of CO2/CO, but water vapor release helps to enhance the exfoliation. These results demonstrate that direct and rapid heat treatment of GO at 200°C (or higher temperatures) is the most effective option for developing a porous structure.

Green synthesis of biodiesel from microalgae cultivated in industrial wastewater via microbubble induced esterification using bio-MOF-based heterogeneous catalyst

Conventional homogeneous catalysts are non-biodegradable, requiring complicated downstream separation, further diminishing the overall economics. In this paper, a new heterogeneous catalyst, a metal-organic framework modified by biomaterials (Bio-MOF), complexed with an ionic liquid ([HMIM][HSO4]/Bio-MOF), has been synthesized and integrated with microbubble mediated mass transfer technology to overcome the challenges of low conversion. The ionic liquid 1-methylimidazole hydrogen sulfate provides enhanced reactivity, while the Bio-MOF provides more active sites for the reaction. Detailed kinetic analysis suggests the biodiesel production reaction occurs on the vapor/liquid (microalgae oil) interface. The results revealed a higher conversion of (molar ratio of oil: methanol =1: 15, catalyst loading = 0.5 wt% of MO, temperature = 70 ºC) 92 ± 4% was achieved in 30 min relative to acid-catalyzed biodiesel production. Along with higher reactivity and larger surface area provided by the catalysts, the unprecedented higher conversion and rate of reaction is attributed to the “local” excess of alcohol present at the interface and simultaneous removal of water from the reactor. The results of activation energy (7.9 kJ mol−1), enthalpy (4.92 kJ mol−1), entropy (−287 J mol−1), and Gibbs free energy (103.58 kJ mol−1) show that current process required less energy is required for biodiesel production. The catalyst was recycled seven times and showed high stability with little reduction in its activity over these seven runs. The study demonstrates that this newly developed catalyst provides a high reaction rate and conversion of biodiesel production from microalgae oil using a heterogeneous catalyst by integrating it with microbubble-mediated mass transfer.

Conversion of poultry-fat waste to a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production via microbubble injection of reagent vapor

Sustainability and the price of feedstock are the key parameters governing the economics of biodiesel production. Higher price of biodiesel is the major obstacle in its commercialization. Chicken fats, otherwise a waste and environmental nuisance, are an attractive feedstock for cleaner biodiesel production because of low cost and worldwide availability. Moreover, Establishment of thermodynamic equilibrium in esterification reaction limits the overall conversion and reduces the rate of reaction. A new vapor (methanol bubble)-liquid contacting method has been proposed to analyze the hypothesis that bubble reactor can “push” the biodiesel production near completion. Simultaneous removal of water from the system would “pull” the equilibrium in the forward direction. Kinetic investigation shows that the reaction occurs, indeed, at the vapor-liquid interface and consequently yielding a higher conversion of 89.90% in 30 min -- significantly higher than any previously reported studies for chicken fat based biodiesel. Furthermore, the use of, an economical and already used at commercial grade catalyst, p-Toluene sulfonic acid eliminates the need to produce a catalyst at commercial scale before it could be used in an industrial process. These factors make microbubble mediated biodiesel production from chicken fat oil using p-Toluene sulfonic acid a lucrative option.

Silica‐supported morpholine alkaline ionic liquid catalysts for preparation of biodiesel

AbstractBiodiesel was synthesized by transesterification of soybean oil and methanol over a silica‐supported morpholine alkaline ionic liquid catalyst (SILC). Characterization of SILC was performed using 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), x‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (XRD), and nitrogen adsorption‐desorption isotherms. Transesterification proceeded satisfactorily over SILC at ambient pressure and without simultaneous water removal. Under optimal reaction conditions, including 60°C, 4 hours, reactant/catalyst molar ratio of 14/1, and 3‐wt% catalyst, a high yield of biodiesel (94.5%) was obtained. SILC's reusability was more than six times, with no obvious decrease in catalytic activity observed.

Optimization of Energy Consumption in Acetic Acid and N-Butanol Esterification Reaction with Simultaneous Water Removal Using Novel Microcontroller Based Automated Reactor

This paper focuses on the optimization of energy consumption in esterification of acetic acid wherein the water removal is achieved by using silica gel desiccant in a microcontroller based automated reactor. Esterification reactions are endothermic hence, one can get more product, by increasing the temperature, thus disturbing the equilibrium. Heat of reaction (Hr) was estimated by using the heat capacity data and constants (C). Energy analysis and modelling was developed for the enhancement of process which is the key component of the systems. The mathematical model is validated by experimental results. In this paper, effect of parameters like desiccant weight, regeneration temperature and molar ratio on energy consumption are studied. Trends of energy effectiveness of several parameters are presented in the various regeneration temperatures and molar ratio and desiccant weight which confirmed the linear relationship with hot air flowrate. Decrease of 33% in power consumption was observed by decreasing the hot air flowrate by 10%.This is the conformity of validation of affinity law. The newly invented model was optimized for variables, hot air temperature, molar ratio and silica gel weight. The minimum energy consumption at 1 desirability was reported by software in the given range of parameters. When the hot air temperature, molar ratio and silica gel weight were 67.670C, 3 and 34.32 gm, then the minimum value of energy consumption was 29.59 Watt.
 Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 46-57

Osmotic Processing of Meat: Mathematical Modeling and Quality Parameters

Osmotic processing is a mild treatment which promotes the simultaneous water removal and solute impregnation of meat, maintains the organoleptic and functional properties of the products, and extends meat product shelf life. This review has given emphasis on the mechanism of osmotic processing and on recent developments regarding the factors affecting the osmotic treatment of meat. These factors are related to the food product, the nature and properties of the osmotic agents, and the process parameters, such as temperature, concentration of solution, duration time, and agitation. Moreover, the mathematical models used to describe mass transfer phenomena during osmotic processing of meat are discussed. Specifically, the diffusion model and some of the more important empirical models (Peleg, Azuara, Hawkes and Fink, Zugarramurdi and Lupin) are discussed, and a comparison among the different models is presented. Additionally, the quality characteristics and shelf life of the resulting products are also discussed. Despite the fact that there are several studies on osmotic processing of meat, reports on the effects of treatment on final product quality are still limited.

Synthesis of New Polyheterocyclic Compounds Based on Chalcones

The reaction of methyl N-{4-[2-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-ylidene)acetyl]phenyl}carbamate with tosylmethyl isocyanide in tetrahydrofuran in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide led to the formation of methyl N-{4-[(4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]quinolin-1-yl)carbonyl]phenyl}carbamate. Three-component condensation of methyl N-{4-[(E)-3-R-prop-2-enoyl]phenyl}carbamates and methyl N-{4-[2-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-ylidene)acetyl]phenyl}carbamate with sarcosine and paraformaldehyde in boiling toluene with simultaneous removal of water by azeotropic distillation afforded methyl N-(4-{4-[4-R-1-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbonyl}phenyl)carbamates and methyl N-[4-(1′-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrospiro[indole-3,3′-pyrrolidin]-4′-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]carbamate, respectively.

Liquid-phase synthesis of butyl levulinate with simultaneous water removal catalyzed by acid ion exchange resins

The liquid-phase synthesis of butyl levulinate by esterification of levulinic with an excess of 1-butanol (initial molar ratio 1:3) and simultaneous water removal has been studied at atmospheric pressure and at the boiling point of the reacting medium. The catalytic performance of ten commercial sulfonic resins has been compared: four gel-type and six macroreticular. For both type of resins the levulinic acid conversion was complete after 4–6h and no byproducts derived from the acid were detected. Selectivity of 1-butanol towards the ester was about 95%, di-butyl ether and butenes being the detected 1-butanol-derived byproducts. Among the tested catalysts, gel-type resins with low crosslinking degree showed the highest activity, what could be attributed to a higher accessibility to active centers in polar medium. In additional experiments where initial reactants content was at stoichiometric relation, the levulinic acid conversion was lower (82–85%), while selectivity of 1-butanol towards the ester was slightly higher, because of the lower 1-butanol concentration.

Effect of alcohol type and amount on the total energy consumption and yield of the free fatty acids esterification reaction with simultaneous adsorptive water removal

ABSTRACTThe present work investigates the energy consumption and yield of the esterification reaction of free fatty acids (waste oil pretreatment) under a simultaneous water removal by adsorption. The reaction was performed under methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol at the optimum reaction temperature of 100°C. The higher boiling point temperature of 1-propanol reduced the energy requirement of the reaction by 36.3 and 34.4% compared to methanol and ethanol, respectively. Moreover, despite the higher reactivity associated with alcohols having lower carbon chains, the reaction yield was approximately 16.4% higher under 1-propanol than the other two alcohols. This can be ascribed to the ability to use higher amounts of 1-propanol while maintaining lower energy consumption. The results also indicated that the reaction at 100°C under methanol and ethanol had a similar energy consumption and yield, favoring the use of the renewable ethanol over the widely used nonrenewable methanol. Finally, these findings highlight the importance of investigating the energy consumption of novel oil pretreatment processes and not solely focus on their ability to convert free fatty acids to biofuel.

Co-bioevaporation treatment of concentrated landfill leachate with addition of food waste

In this study, concentrated landfill leachate (CLL) from two-stage DTRO (Disk-Tube Reverse Osmosis) process was treated by co-bioevaporation process with addition of food waste (FW) as the supplementary carbon source. A series of experiments were conducted to explore the feasibility and critical factors of the co-bioevaporation treatment of CLL and FW. The results indicated that the simultaneous removal of water and organic matters contained in CLL and FW mixture was effectively achieved in the co-bioevaporation process, and when the CLL and FW mixing ratio was 1:1.10 (mCLL:mFW), 85.67% of the added water can be evaporated by complete consumption of the organics. Initial moisture content (MC) of 33.9%, dosage of 90%, and air-flow rate (AFR) of 0.035m3 kg-1TS h-1 were found to be the optimal operating conditions. Water evaporation of 96.7% and volatile solids (VS) consumption of 96.5% were obtained under those optimal conditions during five cycles of co-bioevaporation process.

Dehydration of 1-octanol to di-n-octyl ether in liquid phase with simultaneous water removal over ion exchange resins: Effect of working-state morphologies

The influence of the concentration of polar reactants and products on the working-state morphology of ion exchange catalysts has been investigated over different acidic ion-exchange resins for di-n-octyl ether (DNOE) synthesis from 1-octanol dehydration at 423–448K and atmospheric pressure in a batch reactor equipped with a Dean & Stark device. By removing water formed 1-octanol conversion was practically complete; the olefin formation being the main secondary reaction. When 1-octanol is completely consumed the working-state morphology of ion exchange resins changes, which influences the selectivities towards products. At this point, for microporous resins all reactions stop while with macroreticular ones DNOE decomposes and significant amounts of olefin dimers appears. The best selectivity to DNOE was found in gel-type and macroreticular resins with low crosslinking degree. Macroreticular resins with medium or high crosslinking give good results in olefin formation.

Removal of acetic acid from wastewater by esterification in the membrane reactor

Acetic acid can be removed from wastewater by esterification in a membrane reactor. Pervaporation membrane reactor (PVMR) is an alternative process to conventional separation processes. It is an environmentally friendly process. The main advantages of the PVMR are simultaneous water removal and production of an ester economically. In this study, the synthetic wastewater has been used. Esterification reaction of acetic acid with isopropanol has been studied in the presence of tungstosilicic acid hydrate as a catalyst in a batch reactor and in a PVMR. The effects of important operating parameters such as reaction temperature, initial molar ratio of isopropanol to acetic acid and catalyst concentration has been examined. Removal of acetic acid (conversion of acetic acid) was obtained as 85% using a PVMR by removal of water from the reaction mixture.

Esterification of Oleic Acid with Glycerol in the Presence of Supported Zinc Oxide as Catalyst

The work deals with development of a new catalyst ZnO/zeolite and its performance evaluation for the industrially important reaction of esterification of oleic acid with glycerol. It is a reaction that takes place in liquid–liquid mode due to partial miscibility of glycerol and oleic acid. The reaction kinetics and product distribution over the developed catalyst are investigated under different conditions. The effects of different parameters such as catalyst loading, mole ratio, and temperature are studied. Higher temperatures and simultaneous water removal increase the reaction rate significantly. It is interesting to note that the selectivity toward monoglyceride for a given conversion remains unaffected with respect to temperature and mole ratio. A simplified kinetic model, that considers mono- and diesterification as a combination of series and parallel irreversible reactions, is proposed to explain the kinetic data.

Acid-promoted double ring-opening reaction of bicyclobis (γ-butyrolactone) with alcohol and its application to polyester synthesis

Bicyclobis(γ-butyrolactone) (BBL) bearing methyl group 1a reacted with benzyl alcohol (BnOH) in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) through the double ring-opening of the bislactone structure to afford the corresponding adduct 2a bearing carboxyl group. The resulting carboxyl group underwent condensation with BnOH to afford the corresponding diester 3a. The second step was quite slow at ambient temperature; however, it was efficiently accelerated by elevating temperature to 120 °C or performing under reduced pressure at 80 °C to afford 3a in an excellent yield. Based on these results, the reaction of 1a with xylene-α,α-diol (XyD) was carried out in chlorobenzene at 120 °C to obtain the corresponding polyester bearing ketone group in the side chain. The condensation reaction in the second step was effectively promoted by simultaneous removal of water under reduced pressure. BBLs 1b and 1c bearing reactive groups, isopropenyl and chloromethyl, respectively, were also employed as monomers efficiently. Their reactions with XyD gave the corresponding reactive polyesters bearing methacryloyl and chloroacetyl moieties, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011

Synthesis of Trimethylolpropane Esters of Oleic Acid Using a Multi‐SO3H‐Functionalized Ionic Liquid as an Efficient Catalyst

AbstractBiodegradable trimethylolpropane triesters of oleic acid were synthesized by esterification of trimethylolpropane and oleic acid over a multi‐SO3H‐functionalized strong Brønsted acidic ionic liquid as the catalyst. The results showed that the esterification can proceed satisfactorily over the catalyst at an ambient pressure even without simultaneous removal of water. Under the optimal reaction conditions (temperature: 100 °C, reaction time: 3 h, reactant molar ratio: 3.6:1, and catalyst amount, high conversion rate of trimethylolpropane (99.0%) and selectivity of trimethylolpropane triester (92.1%) were obtained. The ionic liquid was reused six times after the removal of water and no obvious change in catalytic activity was detected. Operational simplicity, high yields along with good reusability makes the multi‐SO3H‐functionalized ionic liquid a promising catalyst for the esterification of trimethylolpropane with oleic acid.

Dehydration of 1-pentanol to di- n-pentyl ether catalyzed by a microporous ion-exchange resin with simultaneous water removal

A good selectivity, more than 90%, and an excellent yield can be achieved in the DNPE synthesis by 1-pentanol dehydration at 130–155 °C using a gel-type acidic resin. It is the result of shifting the equilibrium point to DNPE formation through the removal of the formed water during the chemical reaction by distillation and reflux of the organic phase. Alkenes have been obtained as byproducts with selectivities ranging from 5 to 10% in the final product. A kinetic model in terms of compound activities describes satisfactorily the kinetic data. It is based on a mechanism in which the rate-determining step is the surface reaction between two adjacent adsorbed 1-pentanol molecules. The activation energy obtained for the dehydration reaction is 115 kJ mol −1. From the operation point of view, it has been proved that 1-pentanol dehydration can be successfully tracked by a calorimetric reactor equipped with a Fourier transform mid-infrared (FTIR) probe.

Synthesis of methyl isobutyl ketone from acetone over metal-doped ion exchange resin catalyst

The kinetics of one-step synthesis of methyl isobutyl ketone from acetone was studied in the presence of the bifunctional commercial ion exchange resin, Amberlyst CH28 over a wide range of temperature, total pressure and catalyst loading in a batch reactor. An activity-based kinetic model is proposed to predict the observed results, with the non-idealities of the liquid phase being described using the UNIQUAC method. Formation of mesityl oxide was found to govern the overall rate of reaction. Low reaction rates were observed at higher conversion, possibly due to a pseudo-equilibrium caused by reversible deactivation of the catalyst as a result of formation of water in the reaction system. Simultaneous removal of water during the course of the reaction may result in an enhanced conversion.

Reactions of glyoxylic acid with aliphatic alcohols using cationic exchange resins as catalysts

The reactions of glyoxylic acid with different aliphatic alcohols were studied in the presence of both gelular and macroporous ion exchange resins as catalysts. The alcohol reacts with both acid and aldehyde group of glyoxylic acid to form ester and the acetal of the ester, respectively. The simultaneous removal of water during the course of the reaction, helps in increasing the conversion level. An increase in temperature leads to better selectivity towards the acetal of the ester. The kinetics of the extractive reactions (solid–liquid–liquid mode) of aqueous solution of glyoxylic acid with 2-ethyl hexanol was studied and a significant level of conversion was obtained even with dilute (5% w/w) solution. A pseudohomogeneous kinetic model explains the data successfully.