Simultaneous Multiparameter Research Articles

Quantum Parameter Estimation With Graph States In SU(N) Dynamics

AbstractIn quantum metrology, achieving optimal simultaneous multiparameter estimation is of great significance but remains highly challenging. The research approach involving evolution on dynamics provides a framework to investigate simultaneous multiparameter estimation within graph states. For single‐parameter estimation, it is observed that the precision limit exceeds the Heisenberg limit in higher‐dimensional spin systems. For multiparameter estimation, two scenarios are considered: one with commutative Hamiltonian operators and another with non‐commutative Hamiltonian operators. The results demonstrate that the global estimation precision exceeds the local estimation precision. Under the conditions of parameter limit, the precision of parameter estimation for simultaneously estimating each parameter is equal to that of single‐parameter estimation. Furthermore, a precision‐enhancement scheme has been identified that depends on the dynamics of . The smaller the value of in the dynamic evolution, the higher the precision of the parameter estimation. Finally, it is demonstrated that graph states serve as optimal states in quantum metrology. A set of optimal measurement bases is also identified, and it is illustrated that the precision limit of multiparameter estimation can attain the quantum Cramér‐Rao bound.

Simultaneous Determination of Young's Modulus and Density of Ultrathin Low‐k Films Using Surface Acoustic Waves

The nondestructive testing (NDT) of mechanical properties in ultrathin low dielectric constant (low‐k) films is a major challenge in integrated circuit manufacturing. Young's modulus and density are closely related parameters for low‐k films. This study presents a method for NDT of Young's modulus and density of porous low‐k black diamond (SiOC:H, BD) films. A linear frequency modulation (LFM) surface acoustic wave (SAW) interdigital transducer (IDT) with a frequency range of 20–250 MHz is designed to generate SAW signals on the samples. The series of SAW waveforms obtained on the samples are processed to obtain experimental SAW dispersion curves across a broad frequency range. By comparing these experimental curves with theoretical dispersion curves, as well as their first‐order derivatives, Young's modulus and density of porous low‐k BD films with thicknesses of 100, 300, 500, and 1000 nm are characterized. To verify Young's modulus measurements from the SAW method, a control experiment using nanoindentation is conducted. The results demonstrate that the SAW method can reduce the impact of the substrate and is independent of the film thickness. This study presents a highly accurate measuring method for simultaneous multiparameter evaluation of ultra‐thin low‐k films.

An Intelligent Wristband for Simultaneous Multiparameter Measurement during Fumigation and Washing Therapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine

An Intelligent Wristband for Simultaneous Multiparameter Measurement during Fumigation and Washing Therapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine

An Intelligent Wristband for Simultaneous Multiparameter Measurement during Fumigation and Washing Therapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is one of the oldest healing systems, which plays an essential role in daily health management. However, TCM is frequently controversial due to its subjectivity and lack of scientific quantification. Modern sensing technologies, enabling the detection of various physiological signals, have the remarkable performance of multifunctionality, superintegration, and ultraminiaturization. Combining with modern sensing technology is a good opportunity for the modernization, objectification, and scientization of TCM. This article proposes an intelligent wristband for simultaneous multiparameter measurement of pulse, skin temperature, and perspiration, essential physiological signals in TCM. As a significant functional material, a carbon nanotube/poly(dimethylsiloxane) nanocomposite with 3D interpenetrating network structures exhibits great electrical conductivity, stress effect, and thermoresistive effect, ensuring intelligent wristband's high accuracy, high sensitivity, and good stability for pulse and temperature measurements. Furthermore, the perspiration sensing unit is also integrated. The as‐prepared intelligent wristband is applied during fumigation and washing therapy, and artificial intelligence is introduced to judge whether the user is during fumigation and washing therapy or in the resting state by classifying the user's physiological state, with an accuracy of up to 100%. This work offers a unique strategy for TCM and wearable sensing technology with an important practical significance.

Estimating phase parameters of a three-level system interacting with two classical monochromatic fields in simultaneous and individual metrological strategies

Recently, the Hilbert–Schmidt speed, as a special class of quantum statistical speed, has been reported to improve interferometric phase in a single-parameter quantum estimation. Here, we test this concept in the multiparameter scenario where two laser phases are estimated in a theoretical model consisting of a three-level atom interacting with two classical monochromatic fields. When the atom is initially prepared in the lower bare state, taking into account the detuning parameters, we extract an exact analytical solution of the atomic density matrix in the case of a two-photon resonant transition. Further, we compare the performance of laser phase parameter estimation in individual and simultaneous metrological strategies and explore the role of quantum coherence in improving the efficiency of unknown multiphase shift estimation protocols. The obtained results show that the Hilbert–Schmidt speed detects the lower bound on the statistical estimation error as well as the optimal estimation regions, where its maximal corresponds to the maximal quantum Fisher information; further, the performance of simultaneous multiparameter estimation with individual estimation inevitably depends on the detuning parameters of the three-level atom. Aside from the quantum entanglement, the quantum coherence is also a crucial resource to improve the accuracy of a metrological protocol.

Clinical Evaluation of the ButterfLife Device for Simultaneous Multiparameter Telemonitoring in Hospital and Home Settings.

We conducted a two-phase study to test the reliability and usability of an all-in-one artificial intelligence-based device (ButterfLife), which allows simultaneous monitoring of five vital signs. The first phase of the study aimed to test the agreement between measurements performed with ButterfLife vs. standard of care (SoC) in 42 hospitalized patients affected by acute respiratory failure. In this setting, the greatest discordance between ButterfLife and SoC was in respiratory rate (mean difference -4.69 bpm). Significantly close correlations were observed for all parameters except diastolic blood pressure and oxygen saturation (Spearman's Rho -0.18 mmHg; p = 0.33 and 0.20%; p = 0.24, respectively). The second phase of the study was conducted on eight poly-comorbid patients using ButterfLife at home, to evaluate the number of clinical conditions detected, as well as the patients' compliance and satisfaction. The average proportion of performed tests compared with the scheduled number was 67.4%, and no patients reported difficulties with use. Seven conditions requiring medical attention were identified, with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 88.9%. The median patient satisfaction was 9.5/10. In conclusion, ButterfLife proved to be a reliable and easy-to-use device, capable of simultaneously assessing five vital signs in both hospital and home settings.

Age-Dependent Changes in Knee Cartilage T1 , T2 , and T1p Simultaneously Measured Using MRI Fingerprinting.

Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) techniques have been recently described for simultaneous multiparameter cartilage mapping of the knee although investigation of their ability to detect early cartilage degeneration remains limited. To investigate age-dependent changes in knee cartilage T1 , T2 , and T1p relaxation times measured using a three-dimensional (3D) MRF sequence in healthy volunteers. Prospective. The study group consisted of 24 healthy asymptomatic human volunteers (15 males with mean age 34.9 ± 14.4 years and 9 females with mean age 44.5 ± 13.1 years). A 3.0 T gradient-echo-based 3D-MRF sequence was used to simultaneously create proton density-weighted images and T1 , T2 , and T1p maps of knee cartilage. Mean global cartilage and regional cartilage (lateral femur, lateral tibia, medial femur, medial tibia, and patella) T1 , T2 , and T1ρ relaxation times of the knee were measured. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compared cartilage T1 , T2 , and T1ρ relaxation times between different age groups, while Spearman correlation coefficients was used to determine the association between age and cartilage T1 , T2 , and T1ρ relaxation times. The value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Higher age groups showed higher global and regional cartilage T1 , T2 , and T1ρ . There was a significant difference between age groups in global cartilage T2 and T1ρ but no significant difference (P=0.13) in global cartilage T1. Significant difference was also present between age groups in cartilage T2 and T1ρ for medial femur cartilage and medial tibia cartilage. There were significant moderate correlations between age and T2 and T1ρ for global cartilage (R2 =0.63-0.64), medial femur cartilage (R2 =0.50-0.56), and medial tibia cartilage (R2 =0.54-0.66). Cartilage T2 and T1p relaxation times simultaneously measured using a 3D-MRF sequence in healthy volunteers showed age-dependent changes in knee cartilage, primarily within the medial compartment.

Design and Theoretical Analysis of a Dual-Polarized Quasi D-Shaped Plasmonic PCF Microsensor for Back-to-Back Measurement of Refractive Index and Temperature

We present a new quasi D-shaped plasmonic photonic crystal fiber (PCF) microsensor with dual polarization for back-to-back measurement of refractive index (RI) and temperature. The PCF structure of the microsensor is form birefringent and supports two orthogonal polarizations for independent probing of both RI and temperature variations. Thin layers of tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) and gold (Au) are applied to the side-polished plane to form the RI sensing section. Furthermore, four micro air holes in the lower part of its outer cladding ring are gold-coated and selectively infiltrated with a temperature-sensitive liquid. A detailed investigation and numerical analyses of the coupling characteristics and sensing responses are presented using the finite element method (FEM) with a circular perfectly matched layer (PML). The RI metrics show a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 5000 nm/RIU and a maximum amplitude sensitivity of 266.54 RIU−1 from 1.35 to 1.46 RI range in the specified operating wavelength range of 1.25- $1.65~\mu \text{m}$ . The corresponding RI resolution is $2.0\times 10^{-5}$ RIU. For the temperature sensing metrics, a maximum amplitude sensitivity of $4.8\times 10^{-2}\,\,^\circ \text{C}^{-1}$ , a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 3.0 nm/°C, and a maximum resolution of $3.33\times 10^{-2}\,\,^{\circ }\text{C}$ from −50°C to 50°C is achieved. With appropriate instrumentation incorporating a polarization selector, the microsensor can double as a real-time simultaneous multiparameter sensor. Applications for the proposed microsensor can be found in molecular science, medical measurement and analysis, terrestrial environmental engineering and data assessment, aquatic ecosystem investigations, pharmaceutical and alimentary process control and validation, cryogenic studies, and several others.

Energy-, time-, and labor-saving synthesis of α-ketiminophosphonates: machine-learning-assisted simultaneous multiparameter screening for electrochemical oxidation

A highly efficient synthesis of α-ketiminophosphonates has been established for the electrochemical oxidation of α-amino phosphonates with the utilization of machine-learning-assisted simultaneous multiparameter screening.

Single Cell Detection of the p53 Protein by Mass Cytometry.

Simple SummaryInvestigation of protein expression in cancer cells is an important part of the diagnostic process. Increasing knowledge about expression of different proteins has been exploited for prognostic assessments and in some cases also for selection of treatment. The p53 protein has proven important in development of various cancers, and the expression of this protein and its signaling pathway is therefore of interest when examining cancer patient samples. Here, we present mass cytometry as a tool for detection of p53 expression. Mass cytometry allows for measurement of up to 50 parameters per sample with single cell resolution, and we aim to demonstrate its potential for p53-focused research.Purpose: The p53 protein and its post-translational modifications are distinctly expressed in various normal cell types and malignant cells and are usually detected by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry in contemporary diagnostics. Here, we describe an approach for simultaneous multiparameter detection of p53, its post-translational modifications and p53 pathway-related signaling proteins in single cells using mass cytometry. Method: We conjugated p53-specific antibodies to metal tags for detection by mass cytometry, allowing the detection of proteins and their post-translational modifications in single cells. We provide an overview of the antibody validation process using relevant biological controls, including cell lines treated in vitro with a stimulus (irradiation) known to induce changes in the expression level of p53. Finally, we present the potential of the method through investigation of primary samples from leukemia patients with distinct TP53 mutational status. Results: The p53 protein can be detected in cell lines and in primary samples by mass cytometry. By combining antibodies for p53-related signaling proteins with a surface marker panel, we show that mass cytometry can be used to decipher the single cell p53 signaling pathway in heterogeneous patient samples. Conclusion: Single cell profiling by mass cytometry allows the investigation of the p53 functionality through examination of relevant downstream signaling proteins in normal and malignant cells. Our work illustrates a novel approach for single cell profiling of p53.

Tomographic spectrometer for the temporally-resolved 2D reconstruction of gas phase parameters within a generic SCR test rig

We present a tomographic spectrometer for the measurement of gas phase species parameter distributions within the cross section of a generic exhaust gas test rig built for the investigation of the physico-chemical processes during exhaust gas aftertreatment with selective catalytic reduction (SCR). A urea-water solution (UWS) is injected into the hot gas flow to supply ammonia (NH3) through thermolysis and hydrolysis processes as the reducing agent of nitrous oxides (NOx) within the SCR catalyst. To achieve a full NOx conversion, the pre-catalyst distribution of the major exhaust gas species is of great importance. The injection leads to several desirable and undesired highly complex processes including spray breakup and film formation on the opposing wall. To further optimize the pre-catalyst distribution while maximizing the efficiency of the overall process, the knowledge of mole fraction and temperature distributions are crucial.The developed biaxial tomographic spectrometer utilizes a combined measurement method - laser absorption tomography by employing tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) data with the linear hyperspectral absorption tomography (LHAT) approach to achieve simultaneous multiparameter reconstructions. An image frame rate of 49 Hz was achieved following a phase averaging, and a tomographic signal-to-noise ratio limit was applied. Virtual experiments and measurements in homogeneous samples were performed to ensure the spectromter’s ability for qualitative and quantitative reconstructions. Measurements during water injection cycles into the hot gas flow have shown two main features within the distribution that can be linked to the presence of a vapor boundary layer at the channel bottom and an evaporated spray-induced cone feature. Temperature measurements of a thermocouple downstream of the measurement plane agree well with the reconstructed temperatures.The spectrometer is intended to further improve the understanding of the pre-catalyst flow in SCR systems and the results can be taken as reference for corresponding numerical calculations.

High diffraction order cladding modes of helical long-period gratings inscribed by CO2 laser.

The helical long-period gratings (HLPGs) with resonance at high diffraction order are fabricated in single-mode fiber using a CO2 laser. A series of HLPGs with different pitches are fabricated, and the phase-matching curves of the HLPGs with first and second diffraction orders are presented based on the experimental results. The temperature, surrounding refractive index (SRI), and torsion-sensing characteristics of the HLPGs with different diffraction orders have been investigated experimentally. The maximum torsion sensitivity of resonance at the second diffraction order is about 0.228 nm/(rad/m), which is twice as high as that of the first diffraction order cladding mode. The HLPG offers great potential to perform simultaneous multiparameter measurement due to the resonance dips at different diffraction orders having quite different sensitivities to temperature, SRI, and torsion.

Implementation of Simultaneous Multi-Parameter Monitoring Based in LC-Type Passive Wireless Sensing with Partial Overlapping and Decoupling Coils.

Inductor–capacitor (LC) passive wireless sensors are widely used for remote sensing. These devices are limited in applications where multiparameter sensing is required, because of the mutual coupling between neighboring sensors. This article presents two effective decoupling techniques for multiparameter sensing, based on partially overlapped sensors and decoupling coils, which, when combined, reduce the mutual coupling between sensors to near zero. A multiparameter LC sensor prototype with these two decoupling mechanisms has been designed, simulated, and measured. This prototype is capable of simultaneously measuring four parameters. The measurements demonstrate that the changes in capacitance in one individual sensor do not affect the measurements of the other sensors. This principle has been applied to simultaneous wear sensing using four identical wear sensors.

3D-Printing Techniques on the Development of Multiparameter Sensors Using One FBG.

We report the development of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor for multiparameter sensing using only one FBG. The FBG was half-embedded in a 3D-printed structure, which resulted in a division of the grating spectrum creating two peaks with different sensitivities with respect to different physical parameters. A numerical analysis of the proposed technique was performed using the coupled-mode theory with modified transfer matrix formulation. Then, experimental analyses were performed as function of temperature, strain and force, where the peaks showed different sensitivities in all analyzed cases. Such results enable the application of a technique for simultaneous measurement of multiple physical parameters using both peaks and the full width half maximum of the FBG embedded in a 3D structure. In the simultaneous multiparameter assessment, the proposed sensor system was able to estimate the three tested parameters (strain, temperature and force) with relative errors as low as 4%.

A Highly Integrated BOTDA/XFG Sensor on a Single Fiber for Simultaneous Multi-Parameter Monitoring of Slopes.

A highly integrated sensing technology, combining a stimulated Brillouin scattering-based distributed sensor with XFG (fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and long-period fiber grating (LPFG)) sensors on a single fiber, is proposed for the simultaneous measurement of fully distributed and multiple discrete dynamic strains/temperatures. A multiparameter monitoring scheme for slope safety is developed using this integrated sensing technology. An indoor simulation test is carried out to verify its ability to simultaneously monitor a slope’s surface displacement, an anchor reinforcement’s axial force, and rockfall vibration. The experimental results show that distributed static strain and discrete dynamic strain can be well-measured simultaneously with little interference. The results also demonstrate the XFG sensors’ capability for multi-type and multipoint multiplexing. In addition, the proposed hybrid sensor system has potential for the monitoring of multiple slope parameters simultaneously.

A Comparative Study of Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithm Method in Bayesian Framework to the 2D-Gravity Data Inversion

The use of modern optimization method in geophysical inversion has effectively given a robust global solution in its application to solve a complex non-linearity problem. Here, we tested two artificial intelligent-based methods, the simulated annealing and the genetic algorithm to the gravity data. Using predicted anomalies geometries, these methods are addressed to invert a synthetical gravity data extracted from grav2d open source. Differences between these methods are observed in both single parameter inversion and simultaneous multi parameter inversion to evaluate the speed of computing and the use of Space in memory. The result give us an idea that the genetic algorithm are slower than the simulated annealing in solving a simple inversion problem (small data set and less parameter to be inverse) but efficient in a large data set. meanwhile, the simulated annealing faced some problem in locating a global minima of the misfit function for the large data. in the latter case, we simulated the methods in the Bayesian framework to see the distribution of posterior probability of the parameters.

An Application of Inversion Technique to 1-Dimensional Gravity Data in Bayesian Framework using Monte Carlo, Metropolis, and Simulated Annealing Algorithm

The purpose of this paper is to present a simulation to the inversion methods applied to geophysical exploration. Anapplication of Monte-Carlo, Metropolis, and Simulated Annealing techniques to 1-Dimensional gravity inversion inBayesian framework has been studied. Differences between these methods are observed in both single parameterinversion and simultaneous multi parameter inversion. After selecting the best inversion strategy from the three methods,a further investigation was investigated. Multi parameter inversion for two anomalies is simultaneously carried out andresults are observed. The synthetical data of GRAV2DC free source were used instead of observed data.

Breast Hormone Concentrations in Random Fine-Needle Aspirates of Healthy Women Associate with Cytological Atypia and Gene Methylation.

Sex steroid hormones contribute to breast cancer development, but data on concentrations of these within breast tissue are limited. We performed simultaneous multiparameter measurement of breast sex steroids, breast epithelial cytology, and DNA methylation in 119 healthy women (54 pre- and 65 postmenopausal) without a history of breast cancer. Random fine-needle aspiration (rFNA) of the breast was performed simultaneously with blood collection. Breast samples were analyzed by LC/MS-MS for estrone, estradiol, progesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone. Blood samples were assayed for estradiol and progesterone by immunoassay. Cytomorphology was classified using the Masood Score, and DNA methylation of eight genes was analyzed using quantitative multiplexed methylation-specific PCR, and expressed as the cumulative methylation index (CMI). Serum and breast concentrations of estradiol and progesterone showed significant correlation (Spearman r = 0.34, Padj = 0.001 and r = 0.69, Padj < 0.0006, respectively). Progesterone concentration was significantly higher in the premenopausal breast (Padj < 0.0008), and showed a luteal surge. Breast estrone and estradiol concentrations did not differ significantly by menopause, but androstenedione concentration was higher in the breasts of postmenopausal women (P = 0.026 and Padj = 0.208). Breast androgens were significantly correlated with breast density (Spearman r = 0.27, Padj = 0.02 for testosterone) and CMI (Spearman r = 0.3, Padj = 0.038 for androstenedione). Our data indicate that future larger studies of breast steroid hormones along with other parameters are feasible. Significant associations of breast androgen concentrations with breast density and gene methylation warrant future study. Cancer Prev Res; 11(9); 557-68. ©2018 AACR.

Continuous monitoring of cyanobacterial blooms: benefits and conditions for using fluorescence probes

In situ fluorescence probes have attracted growing interest for the on-line monitoring of cyanobacteria in drinking water treatment plants. The probes rely on the fluorescence of pigments such as phycocyanin and chlorophyll-a to detect respectively cyanobacteria and green algae. They offer direct and simultaneous multiparameter measurements and opportunity for online monitoring which can enable water operators to improve cyanobacteria management during the drinking water process. However, fluorescence probes can be influenced by interference sources which may results in biased measurements. The impact of these factors on probe readings can make the calibration and validation process difficult for operators. Hence, the aim of the study was to calibrate and validate fluorescence probe performance (here YSI EXO2 probe) for varying laboratory grown phytoplankton species. Although good linear correlation between raw probe fluorescence readings and cyanobacteria cell concentrations was found, measurement bias was observed using this probe in water samples with high turbidity (62 NFU) or Dissolved Organic Carbon concentration (10 mg∙L-1). These data showed the potential of fluorescence probes deployment in cyanobacteria monitoring with a deeper understanding of the potential interference sources that is required to interpret data correctly.

Simultaneous Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy in Living Cells.

In living cells, there are always a plethora of processes taking place at the same time. Their precise regulation is the basis of cellular functions, since small failures can lead to severe dysfunctions. For a comprehensive understanding of intracellular homeostasis, simultaneous multiparameter detection is a versatile tool for revealing the spatial and temporal interactions of intracellular parameters. Here, a recently developed time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) board was evaluated for simultaneous fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM/PLIM). Therefore, the metabolic activity in insect salivary glands was investigated by recording ns-decaying intrinsic cellular fluorescence, mainly related to oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and the μs-decaying phosphorescence of the oxygen-sensitive ruthenium-complex Kr341. Due to dopamine stimulation, the metabolic activity of salivary glands increased, causing a higher pericellular oxygen consumption and a resulting increase in Kr341 phosphorescence decay time. Furthermore, FAD fluorescence decay time decreased, presumably due to protein binding, thus inducing a quenching of FAD fluorescence decay time. Through application of the metabolic drugs antimycin and FCCP, the recorded signals could be assigned to a mitochondrial origin. The dopamine-induced changes could be observed in sequential FLIM and PLIM recordings, as well as in simultaneous FLIM/PLIM recordings using an intermediate TCSPC timing resolution.