Simultaneous Enforcement Research Articles

On the adaptation of local impact laws for multiple impact problems

The classical local impact laws of Newton and Poisson are able to capture the behaviour observed in single-impact collisions in many situations. However, in the case of collisions with multiple impacts, the simultaneous enforcement of local impact laws does not reproduce essential features of the physical process, such as propagation effects. The aim of this work is to broaden the applicability of the classical Newton impact law to problems involving multiple impacts by assuming instantaneous local impact times and a rigid behaviour of the bodies in contact. The proposed method is implemented as an extension of the nonsmooth generalized- $$\alpha $$ method. In order to model events involving multiple impacts, a sequence of impact problems is defined on a vanishing time interval and the active set of each velocity-level sub-problem is redefined in such a way that closed contacts with zero pre-impact velocity are considered inactive. This simple redefinition allows us to deal successfully with many situations involving multiple impacts, by generating a sequence of impact problems which is amenable to be modelled by the simultaneous enforcement of classical impact laws. Additionally, the methodology fits well under the algorithmic structure of the nonsmooth generalized- $$\alpha $$ scheme or any scheme dealing with linear complementary problems at velocity level. Several examples are analyzed in order to assess the performance of the method and to discuss its main features.

EU Corporate Fines Hit the Wrong and Fail their Purpose: Empirical Considerations and their Consequences from the Perspective of Shareholders‘ Fundamental Rights

Corporate fines are imposed on companies and geared to, and meant to hit, the company, not the acting managers. While corporate fines leave the simultaneous enforcement against individual managers by fines (or other sanctions) unaffected, their size tends to move them in the foreground of law enforcement: Law enforcers, public treasurers and media are attracted by large figures. In addition, under EU law the Commission can impose fines, notably fines for EU competition law infringements, on companies only, not on individual managers. Over the last years, the amounts of national and EU corporate fines have increased steadily and indeed come to reach orders of magnitude relevant to the public treasuries to which these monies flow. However, economically speaking, corporate fines are borne by the shareholders. They are also meant to be borne by the shareholders. This is underscored where, as in most EU countries, domestic law denies companies to seek recourse against the managers for fines even where managers can be demonstrated to have been responsible for the illicit conduct, and even where the managers have circumvented the company’s compliance barriers. Yet, the purpose of EU corporate fines is to act as deterrent and thus to influence the conduct of companies. However, conduct can be influenced in human individuals only. A company, in contrast, is a legal person and, physically speaking, a mere pile of paper filed with the company register. A pile of paper cannot be “deterred”. This entails the question whether such fines unduly encroach upon the fundamental rights of those who are effectively hit by corporate fines, that is, the shareholders. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights protects their property (including property in shares) and their econonomic freedoms. According to the ECJ, restrictions of fundamental rights must be proportionate: They must not be “manifestly unsuitable” to reach their purpose and they must “strike the right balance”. The author has submitted elsewhere that corporate fines, analyzed in the framework of corporate, D&O and insurance law, fail to meet these standards and thus, for legal reasons, violate the fundamental rights of shareholders: Shareholders are usually not responsible for the illicit conduct, and under corporate law they are typically unable to prevent recidivism. Against that background, this article analyzes the findings of recent empirical studies on the causes for law infringements committed in a corporate context. These findings show that managers engaging in illicit conduct are driven by factors detached from corporate fines. Hence, the studies, from an empirical perspective, support the view that corporate fines are a disproportionate restriction of shareholders’ rights and thus unlawful. The article thus submits that major revisions in today’s corporate fine practice are called for. This holds particularly true about the EU’s mushrooming fines.

THE INFLUENCE OF NAVAL BASES ON LAW ENFORCEMENT AT SEA

Sea security operation is one duties the navy in enforce laws against criminal offences specified the sea. The Navy base is one part of the Integrated Fleet Weapons System which has the capability of sea security operations by optimizing and empowering the existing patrol elements including naval vessel and security Sea patrol in implementing law enforcement at sea. Limited ability and number of facilities patrol and control personnel who are not adequate compared to the extent of the working area of Naval Base causes the unoptimal implementation of law enforcement in the sea. Data collection is obtained from the survey results from the respondents of the operator who is a patrol element of the Naval Base and supported by interviews from the informant who is the Commander and Officer of operations in the Naval Base. The Data obtained next is processed using mixed methods Concurent Embeded where the quantitative method is processed with SPSS 25 Statistic and qualitative method is processed with NVivo 12 Plus implemented simultaneously. This research hypothesis is the sea security operation capability of Naval Base can be improved in implementing more optimal law enforcement, which is proven through data processing with SPSS 25 Statistic and the results of triangulation of data interviews with NVivo 12 Plus. The research is getting the end result that sea security operations have two factors, which are elements of patrol and personnel that influence the simultaneous enforcement of marine law by 89.5%, so that it deserves a priority increase in capability and amount and its patrol personnel in order to implement law enforcement in the upcoming seas.
 Keywords: Naval Force Base, Sea Security Operations, Law Enforcement at Sea, the Integrated Fleet Weapons System

OA196] First experimental validation of phase-attenuation hybrid X-ray imaging

Purpose We propose a technique for the characterization of tissues, based on a hybrid phase contrast-attenuation imaging. The technique, first introduced in [1] , makes use of a method for material basis decomposition proposed by Alvarez and Macovski [2] . We present a semi-analytical simulation of the imaging process, as well as a preliminary implementation on a set of radiographic images of a dedicated phantom. Methods The phantom consists in a thin plastic plate composed of two “soft” materials, arranged in such a way to create a faint pattern of decreasing radiographic contrasts. The imaging was performed using synchrotron radiation (i.e. a quasi-parallel, monochromatic and coherent X-ray beam) and placing the phantom at different distances from the detector, so as to enhance the contribution of phase contrast. The images were acquired at the SYRMEP beamline of the Elettra synchrotron facility (Trieste, Italy). Results The reconstructed composition of the phantom was compared to the results of the semi-analytical simulation, showing a good agreement with the theoretical expectations. In particular, the technique proved able to enhance the visibility of faint contrasts with respect to the standard attenuation-based imaging. Moreover, it provided a precise quantitative estimate of the local composition of the imaged phantom. Conclusions The application of the basis decomposition method to the context of phase contrast imaging allows an effective rendering of a broad spectrum of radiographic patterns, from low frequency textures (which are captured by the attenuation effects) to high frequency details (highlighted by the phase shift effects). In addition, thanks to the simultaneous enforcement of two separate imaging channels, it also allows a two-component reconstruction of the imaged object.

Interactive thin elastic materials

AbstractDespite great strides in past years are being made to generate motions of elastic materials such as cloth and biological skin in virtual world, unfortunately, the computational cost of realistic high‐resolution simulations currently precludes their use in interactive applications. Thin elastic materials such as cloth and biological skin often exhibit complex nonlinear elastic behaviors. However, modeling elastic nonlinearity can be computationally expensive and numerically unstable, imposing significant challenges for their use in interactive applications. This paper presents a novel simulation framework for simulating realistic material behaviors with interactive frame rate. Central to the framework is the use of a constraint‐based multi‐resolution solver for efficient and robust modeling of the material nonlinearity. We extend a strain‐limiting method to work on deformation gradients of triangulated surface models in three‐dimensional space with a novel data structure. The simulation framework utilizes an iterative nonlinear Gauss–Seidel procedure and a multilevel hierarchy structure to achieve computational speedups. As material nonlinearity are generated by enforcing strain‐limiting constraints at a multilevel hierarchy, our simulation system can rapidly accelerate the convergence of the large constraint system with simultaneous enforcement of boundary conditions. The simplicity and efficiency of the framework makes simulations of highly realistic thin elastic materials substantially fast and is applicable of simulations for interactive applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Simultaneous enforcement of constraints at position and velocity levels in the nonsmooth generalized-[formula omitted] scheme

This paper presents a formalism for the transient simulation of nonsmooth dynamic mechanical systems composed of rigid and flexible bodies, kinematic joints and frictionless contact conditions. The proposed algorithm guarantees the exact satisfaction of the bilateral and unilateral constraints both at position and velocity levels. Thus, it significantly differs from penalty techniques since no penetration is allowed. The numerical scheme is obtained in two main steps. Firstly, a splitting method is used to isolate the contributions of impacts, which shall be integrated with only first-order accuracy, from smooth contributions which can be integrated using a higher order scheme. Secondly, following the idea of Gear, Gupta and Leimkuhler, the equation of motion is reformulated so that the bilateral and unilateral constraints appear both at position and velocity levels. After time discretization, the equation of motion involves two complementarity conditions and it can be solved at each time step using a monolithic semi-smooth Newton method. The numerical behavior of the proposed method is studied and compared to other approaches for a number of numerical examples. It is shown that the formulation offers a unified and valid approach for the description of contact conditions between rigid bodies as well as between flexible bodies.

The functionality-based application confinement model

This paper presents the functionality-based application confinement (FBAC) access control model. FBAC is an application-oriented access control model, intended to restrict processes to the behaviour that is authorised by end users, administrators, and processes, in order to limit the damage that can be caused by malicious code, due to software vulnerabilities or malware. FBAC is unique in its ability to limit applications to finely grained access control rules based on high-level easy-to-understand reusable policy abstractions, its ability to simultaneously enforce application-oriented security goals of administrators, programs, and end users, its ability to perform dynamic activation and deactivation of logically grouped portions of a process's authority, its approach to process invocation history and intersection-based privilege propagation, its suitability to policy automation techniques, and in the resulting usability benefits. Central to the model are `functionalities', hierarchical and parameterised policy abstractions, which can represent features that applications provide; `confinements', which can model simultaneous enforcement of multiple sets of policies to enforce a diverse range of types of application restrictions; and `applications', which represent the processes to be confined. The paper defines the model in terms of structure (which is described in five components) and function, and serves as a culmination of our work thus far, reviewing the evaluation of the model that has been conducted to date.

Medien der Herrschaftskonstitution und -repräsentation und ihre Funktionen beim Aufbau des frühneuzeitlichen Fürstenstaates in Gotha

This paper focuses on selected media that were specifically used, in the early years of the reign of Ernest the Pious, for communication and interaction between the duke and the court, or between the local elite and the common people, as well as in the self-presentation of the court to the outside world. Firstly, official edicts are discussed, as an influential means of communication by the court and the [functional] elite, for the simultaneous enforcement and enactment of sovereignty; secondly the precisely calculated architectural program of Friedenstein castle is examined, as this relates different media to one another. The paper ends with a short overview of occasional poetry, which is directed at the court (and often written on its behalf), and not only strengthens, but also legitimizes and often even conceptualizes power. It is emphasized that in the case of courtly communication one should not only consider individual media, but also their development and function in context with other media, and therefore as media networks.

土地区画整理事業と市街地再開発事業の合併施行による市街地更新手法に関する研究

We have aimed to clarify the effect and the problem of mix enforcement of the land readjustment project and the urban redevelopment project as a technique of an urban update in local city. On the simultaneous enforcement, it is difficult to obtain right holder's consent because of ambiguity registration of right Conversion and mismatch with the principle of correspondence. On United Enforcement, the intensive replotting is stipulated in a law clearly on an exemption. However, out-migrant and the development method have not defined well. The municipality enforces the project by an original technique because of complex of legal system.

Variational Bayesian Image Restoration Based on a Product of $t$-Distributions Image Prior

Image priors based on products have been recognized to offer many advantages because they allow simultaneous enforcement of multiple constraints. However, they are inconvenient for Bayesian inference because it is hard to find their normalization constant in closed form. In this paper, a new Bayesian algorithm is proposed for the image restoration problem that bypasses this difficulty. An image prior is defined by imposing Student-t densities on the outputs of local convolutional filters. A variational methodology, with a constrained expectation step, is used to infer the restored image. Numerical experiments are shown that compare this methodology to previous ones and demonstrate its advantages.

Dual modulation of glucose 6-phosphate metabolism to increase NADPH-dependent xylitol production in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae

To increase the metabolic flux toward the NADPH-generating pentose phosphate pathway in a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that harbors the xylose reductase gene from Pichia stipitis, expression of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) encoded by the PGI1 gene was modulated by a promoter replacement using the ADH1 promoter. Although the ADH1 promoter down-regulated PGI expression in glucose-limited condition, the decline of PGI activity did not exert a profound influence on xylitol production in a series of glucose-limited fed-batch cultivations. However, simultaneous enforcement of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity and attenuation of phosphoglucose isomerase activity worked in a cooperative manner to increase xylitol production and to reduce utilization of cosubstrate required for xylitol production in a glucose-limited fed-batch cultivation of the PGI mutant strain with an enhanced G6PDH activity. An 1.9-fold increase in specific xylitol productivity of 0.34 ± 0.03 g/g cells h was achieved compared with the control strain containing xylose reductase only.

Match propagation for image-based modeling and rendering

This paper presents a quasi-dense matching algorithm between images based on the match propagation principle. The algorithm starts from a set of sparse seed matches, then propagates to the neighboring pixels by the best-first strategy, and produces a quasi-dense disparity map. The quasi-dense matching aims at broad modeling and visualization applications which rely heavily on matching information. Our algorithm is robust to initial sparse match outliers due to the best-first strategy. It is efficient in time and space as it is only output sensitive. It handles half-occluded areas because of the simultaneous enforcement of newly introduced discrete 2D gradient disparity limit and the uniqueness constraint. The properties of the algorithm are discussed and empirically demonstrated. The quality of quasi-dense matching are validated through intensive real examples.

Behaviour of isoparametric quadrilateral family of Lagrangian fluid finite elements

AbstractThis paper presents the formulation of both the consistent and inconsistent four‐, eight‐ and nine‐noded isoparametric quadrilateral fluid finite elements that are based on Lagrangian frame of reference. The mesh locking phenomenon due to simultaneous enforcement of twin constraints, namely the incompressibility and irrotationality constraints, is studied in detail. The study shows that the characteristic of the locked fluid elements is that it always generates numerous spurious acoustic (volume change) modes upon the enforcement of rotational constraints. That is, the rotational constraints change the character of certain volume change modes. The study further reinforces the necessity of rotational constraints in not only identifying the spurious pressure modes, but also in reducing the computational effort for determining the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. It is found that all fully integrated inconsistent models exhibit locking behaviour. However, the inconsistent eight‐ and nine‐noded elements, integrated with full integration of volumetric stiffness and one point integration of the rotational stiffness matrices, gives excellent performance, although they do not pass the inf–sup test. The four‐ and nine‐noded consistent models are found to give locking free performance while their eight‐noded counterpart exhibited locking behaviour. The study shows that only consistent nine‐noded element models pass the inf–sup test. The utility of these elements in the coupled fluid–structure interaction problem is also demonstrated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A LAGRANGIAN QUADRATIC TRIANGULAR FLUID FINITE ELEMENT FOR FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION PROBLEMS

A quadratic triangular fluid element based on Lagrangian frame of reference is formulated for solving coupled fluid-structure interaction problems. The mesh-locking behavior due to simultaneous enforcement of the incompressibility and the irrotational constraints are studied in detail. In addition, their relationship to the number of active degrees of freedom and the number of integration points used to evaluate the stiffness matrix is established. It is found that the order of numerical integration used in the evaluation of stiffness matrix has pronounced effect on the element behavior. It is found that for a given mesh the formulated element does not lock in the absence of irrotationality constraints when the stiffness matrix is fully integrated. The same mesh locks when the stiffness matrix is fully integrated and both the constraints are enforced simultaneously. However, when the volumetric stiffness matrix is fully integrated and the rotational stiffness matrix is reduced integrated, the twin constraints are satisfied giving superior performance. The utility of the derived element to solve some coupled fluid-structure interaction problems is demonstrated and the solutions are compared with the available results.