Simultaneous Production Of Electricity Research Articles

VFCW-MFC for simultaneous decontamination and electricity production under sulfadiazine stress: Effects of substrates and analysis of bacterial community structure

VFCW-MFC for simultaneous decontamination and electricity production under sulfadiazine stress: Effects of substrates and analysis of bacterial community structure

Evaluation of a novel continuous baffled photo-reactor for tetracycline degradation and simultaneous electricity production in photocatalytic fuel cell

Photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) systems can be a new generation of energy production by simultaneously producing electricity and removing organic pollutants from aqueous solutions. A baffling photoreactor is developed for application in a PFC, and the continuous system consists of a light-responsive photoanode (ZnO/Bi2MoO6/MIL-101; ZnO/Bi2MoO6; ZnO) and a photocathode (Cu/CuO/Cu2O). A response surface method (RSM) is presented to characterize the process factors (pH, immobilized catalyst dosage (mg/cm2), and tetracycline concentration (ppm)) on the performance of a reactor designed to optimize degradation efficiency and maximum power generation. The optimal conditions are determined at pH = 7, Catalyst dosage = 0.87 mg/cm2, and tetracycline concentration = 80 ppm. In optimal conditions, other parameters for degradation efficiency (88.8%), open circuit voltage (1.03 V), short circuit current (2.5 mA/cm2), and maximum power generation (0.87 mW/cm2) are obtained. The performance of different photoanodes by linear sweep voltammetry shows a current density of 2.5 mA/cm2 for ZnO/Bi2MoO6/MIL-101, which is 7.8 and 1.8 times higher than ZnO and ZnO/Bi2MoO6 photoanodes, respectively. The flow regime is determined by residence time distribution (RTD) in the novel reactor with the experimental data of 6 tanks-in-series.

Dynamic performance analysis of a photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector with an extruded absorber using python optimization modeling object (Pyomo)

Solar photovoltaic thermal (PVT) integrates photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors in one system for simultaneous electricity and heat production in a reduced area. The absorber type used for heat extraction significantly affects PVT performance. This work examines the performance of an extruded absorber PVT under varying solar irradiance, ambient temperature, and wind speed. A detailed dynamic mathematical model is developed from energy balance equations and heat transfer correlations for each layer of the PVT collector. Using orthogonal collocation on the finite difference method, the system of differential equations is discretized and solved numerically with Pyomo, a Python optimization modeling tool. Following validation against literature data, the model is used to predict the temperature of each layer and the thermal and electrical output of the PVT collector. The effect of cooling fluid mass flow rate, solar irradiance intensity, ambient temperature, and wind speed on PVT performance is analyzed. This design provides a maximum electrical efficiency of 15.47 % at a wind velocity of 3 m/s, regardless of the cooling fluid flow rate. Peak electrical power of 212.26 W is achieved at the highest flow rate (14.14 kg/hr) and with the highest wind velocity (3 m/s), while the peak thermal power of 348.03 W occurs at a wind velocity of 1 m/s and a flow rate of 11.31 kg/hr. Compared to the conventional sheet-and-tube design at 1 m/s wind speed and 5.65 kg/hr cooling fluid flow rate, the extruded absorber PVT delivers 203.18 W electrical and 189.27 W thermal power, outperforming the 207.46 W electrical and 128.9 W thermal power of the conventional design, demonstrating the potential of the extruded absorber design for enhancing heat generation.

Simultaneous production of electricity and potable water underwater by integrating concentrating photovoltaic with air gap membrane distillation

This paper combines underwater concentrating photovoltaic and air gap membrane distillation, enabling the simultaneous production of electricity and potable water in underwater environments. Given its submerged nature and absence of land occupation, it proves particularly advantageous for land-deficient regions with limited access to electricity and potable water, such as islands and Coastal cities. It primarily comprises innovatively designed underwater solar concentrators featuring extensive light interception angles, photovoltaic modules, and membrane distillation units. It utilizes exhausted heat from photovoltaic modules to separate clean water from seawater via membrane distillation process. Furthermore, it is engineered to prevent any contact between metal materials and seawater, thereby mitigating the risk of corrosion. An experimental setup with photovoltaic cells’ areas of 0.006 m2 is developed and tested in the laboratory and under real weather conditions to assess its performance. The steady-state experimental findings indicate that as solar irradiation increases from 500 W/m2 to 900 W/m2, its electricity generation efficiency ranges from 9.0% to 9.7%, while the water yield efficiency ranges from 32.8% to 35.1%. Besides, outdoor experiments demonstrate that its power output during normal incidence ranges from 38.89 W/m2-85.56 W/m2, with an average electrical efficiency of 10.5%. Its average potable water yield reaches 0.537 kg/m2/h and average water production efficiency reaches 48.3%.

An overview of agro-industrial wastewater treatment using microbial fuel cells: Recent advancements

Discharge of agro-industrial wastewater causes severe damage to the environment due to the various hazardous components it contains. Progressive circular agriculture and industry involve closed cycles and zero-waste principles; therefore, waste treatment for subsequent reuse is of great interest. The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a promising sustainable technology capable of treating wastewater at low cost without greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while simultaneously producing electricity. The principle behind MFCs is based on the conversion of chemical energy into electricity using electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) as a biocatalyst. This article presents an overview of the progress and recent advancements in MFCs as a pivotal technology for agro-industrial wastewater treatment with production of sustainable electricity, compared to conventional treatment processes. Furthermore, the fundamental aspects of the design, configuration, operation, and application of MFCs in wastewater treatment (i.e., removal of inorganic nutrients, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, sulfide, ammonium, organics, dyes, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and petroleum) are comprehensively discussed. Despite the viability and potential of MFCs in treating agro-industrial wastewater and producing electricity, they face various limitations and significant challenges, which are highlighted in this review. Future opportunities and perspectives on MFC applications are also discussed. Further research is required to address MFC limitations, which could make them feasible and practicable for real-world applications. However, MFC technology is clearly an excellent option for simultaneous wastewater treatment and electricity production without the need for external energy sources.

Graphene-based biomimetic array film for simultaneous fog water harvesting and wind power generation

Due to geographical restrictions, water and electricity shortages have always been crucial problems in remote areas. Among the numerous potential solutions, the fog harvesting technique using a film has been recognized as one of the effective methods for water collection in dry regions. In this study, researchers drew inspiration from desert beetles in nature to fabricate a biomimetic chitosan hydrophilic array coated on a hydrophobic PVDF/graphene (PG) film that is capable of efficient fog water harvesting, reaching an efficiency of up to 0.63 LMH. Graphene and an ionic liquid (IL) were used to synergistically induce the self-assembly of PVDF crystalline phases into a piezoelectric β-phase, and the resulting optimized PG/IL1.5 wt% film could have a voltage output of up to 13 V (±6.5 V). Upon conducting an integrated assessment of water and electricity extraction from the film, and the results indicated a water collection efficiency of 0.74 LMH and a power generation of 99.2 mW/m2 at a fog wind speed of 4 m/s. Based on the aforementioned research findings, we have demonstrated that a single film utilizing fog and wind as driving forces can achieve simultaneous water and electricity production, providing new research directions for the development of next-generation functional films in the future.

Photo/electrocatalytic microbial fuel cell for simultaneous pollutant degradation and electricity production using g-C3N4 anchored on Ag-mIm

The development of photo/electrocatalysts is an idea to simultaneously enhance power generation and pollutant degradation in a microbial fuel cell (MFC), which may improve its efficiency. Herein, a unique approach was taken to enhance the degradation efficiency of methylene blue (MB) by using a photo-assisted MFC technology with an Ag-2-methyl imidazole (mIm)/g-C3N4 photocathode. Various physicochemical analyses were implemented to confirm the successful synthesis of the prepared samples. From the electrochemical analysis, the high current density (0.1 mA cm2) and the low charge transfer resistance were recorded for Ag-mIm/0.01 g-C3N4 under light irradiation, which is more favorable for pollutants removal. Further investigation of the photo-assisted MFC with Ag-mIm/0.01 g-C3N4 modified cathode revealed the maximum power density of 45.37 mW m2 under the light irradiation, which was 1.8 times higher compared with the dark state. The study demonstrated that the degradation efficiency of MB under light can achieve up to 69%, with an initial concentration of 30 mg L−1, after 72 h. This research suggested a promising process for further usage of MFCs in wastewater treatment.

Simultaneous microbial electrochemical degradation of methyl orange and bioelectricity generation using coculture as anode inoculum in a microbial fuel cell

Methyl Orange, an azo dye, is a widely used colouring agent in the textile industry. The study aimed to investigate the efficiency of bioremediating bacteria in degrading methyl orange. Escherichia coli (E. coli), a Methyl Orange-degrading bacterium, was isolated from cow dung and its biochemical properties were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing, and MALDI-TOF MS. A pre-cultured strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was co-cultured with E. coli in 1:1 ration in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) for simultaneous electricity production and methyl orange degradation. The degradation was combined with biological wastewater treatment at varying Methyl Orange concentrations, and the electrochemical characteristics were analysed through polarisation study, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The impact of parameters such as anolyte pH, dye concentration, incubation time, and substrate concentrations were also studied. This study confirmed E. coli as an effective methyl orange degrading bacteria with a maximum % degradation efficiency of 98% after 48 h incubation at pH 7.0. The co-culture of isolated microorganisms at 250 mg/L of methyl orange concentration showed a maximum power density 6.5 W/m3. Further, anode modification with Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the anode surface enhanced power production to 11.2 W/m3, an increase of 4.7 W/m3.

Central de Cogeneración Makariza - Estudio de Viabilidad Ambiental

This article studies the possibility of electrical energy generation using distributed generator in Makariza Company. According to the demand of heat in this company, the generators used in this study are simultaneous production of electricity and heat. According to the demand of electric, thermal load consumed by the company and the climate of Colombia province and according to the technical specifications of electricity and heat generation technologies in the world, the best technology is selected. Finally, energy saving and environmental pollution will be analyzed. The analysis shows that the use of the system of simultaneous production of electricity and heat in the company helps to save energy and also to reduce environmental pollution.

Outline of microbial fuel cells technology and their significant developments, challenges, and prospects of oxygen reduction electrocatalysts

The microbial fuel cells (MFCs) which demonstrates simultaneous production of electricity and wastewater treatment have been considered as one of the potential and greener energy production technology among the available bioelectrochemical systems. The air-cathode MFCs have gained additional benefits due to using air and avoiding any chemical substances as catholyte in the cathode chamber. The sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics at the cathode is one of the main obstacles to achieve high microbial fuel cell (MFC) performances. Platinum (Pt) is one of the most widely used efficient ORR electrocatalysts due to its high efficient and more stable in acidic media. Because of the high cost and easily poisoned nature of Pt, several attempts, such as a combination of Pt with other materials, and using non-precious metals and non-metals based electrocatalysts has been demonstrated. However, the efficient practical application of the MFC technology is not yet achieved mainly due to the slow ORR. Therefore, the review which draws attention to develop and choosing the suitable cathode materials should be urgent for the practical applications of the MFCs. In this review article, we present an overview of the present MFC technology, then some significant advancements of ORR electrocatalysts such as precious metals-based catalysts (very briefly), non-precious metals-based, non-metals and carbon-based, and biocatalysts with some significant remarks on the corresponding results for the MFC applications. Lastly, we also discussed the challenges and prospects of ORR electrocatalysts for the practical application of MFCs.

Scaling up 3D-printed urine microbial fuel cells with the membrane electrode assembly

Urine microbial fuel cells (MFCs) show potential for urine treatment to achieve simultaneous organic matter removal and electricity production. However, factors affecting the performance of urine MFCs during scaling up remain unclear. This study develops a 3D-printed air-cathode urine MFC with the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). After scale-up in parallel, unstable anode potential is responsible for the open circuit voltage (OCV) difference among various units, which leads to the energy loss in the system. For systems connected in series, unstable cathode potential mainly contributes to the voltage reversal, resulting in large power loss. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis indicates dramatically increased ohmic and polarization resistance in both serial and parallel systems. Bode plot further demonstrates after parallel connection, an obvious capacitance effect is observed, which provides evidence to illustrate the phenomenon of non-Faradaic current. Compared to serially connected systems, the capacitor of power management system can harvest more energy from systems connected in parallel. The microbial community analysis demonstrates Geobacter is the most dominant anodic electroactive bacteria both before and after scale-up. Overall, these results show the different strategic improvement should be executed while utilizing parallel connection (focusing on anode) or serial connection (focusing on cathode) to scale up urine MFCs.

Simultaneous naphthalene degradation and electricity production in a biowaste-powered microbial fuel cell

Naphthalene is a very common and hazardous environmental pollutant, and its biodegradation has received serious attention. As demonstrated in this study, naphthalene-contaminated wastewater can be biodegraded using a microbial fuel cell (MFC). Furthermore, the potential of MFC for electricity generation appears to be a promising technology to meet energy demands other than those produced from fossil fuels. Nowadays, efforts are being made to improve the overall performance of MFC by integrating biowaste materials for anode fabrication. In this study, palm kernel shell waste was used to produce palm kernel shell-derived graphene oxide (PKS-GO) and palm kernel shell-derived reduced graphene oxide (PKS-rGO), which were then fabricated into anode electrodes to improve the system's electron mobilization and transport. The MFC configuration with the PKS-rGO anode demonstrated greater energy production potential, with a maximum power density of 35.11 mW/m2 and a current density of 101.76 mA/m2, compared to the PKS-GO anode, which achieved a maximum power density of 17.85 mW/m2 and a current density of 72.56 mA/m2. Furthermore, there is simultaneous naphthalene biodegradation with energy production, where the biodegradation efficiency of naphthalene with PKS-rGO and PKS-GO is 85.5%, and 79.7%, respectively. In addition, the specific capacitance determined from the cyclic voltammetry curve revealed a value for PKS-rGO of 2.23 × 10−4 F/g, which is also higher than the value for PKS-GO (1.57 × 10−4 F/g) on the last day of operation. Anodic microbial analysis shows that electrogens thrive in the MFC process. Finally, a comparison with previous literature and the future prospects of the study are also presented.

Multi-objective study and optimization of a solar-boosted geothermal flash cycle integrated into an innovative combined power and desalinated water production process: Application of a case study

Zero-emission hybrid renewable energy resources have been introduced as a viable solution for international programs aimed at eliminating greenhouse gases. Consequently, this research is motivated to propose a novel solar-boosted integrated geothermal flash cycle-driven combined system for the simultaneous production of electricity, heating load, and desalinated water. The system comprises the integration of a geothermal flash cycle, a solar power tower, a dual-loop organic flash cycle, a humidification-dehumidification desalination cycle, and a multi-effect desalination unit. The proposed model is evaluated from three perspectives: energetic, exergetic, and economic. A seasonal case study is conducted for Jiangsu, China. The results demonstrate a generated desalinated water rate of 28.46 kg/s, a total exergy destruction of 4517 kW, an exergetic efficiency of 21.9%, and a payback period of 4.74 years. Furthermore, a combined MOPSO and LINMAP method is employed to optimize the proposed model in three scenarios. In the first scenario, the objectives are defined as the exergetic efficiency and the exergy destruction rate of the system, which yield optimal values of 22.39% and 4310.21 kW, respectively. The second scenario focuses on the rate of generated desalinated water and the rate of exergy destruction of the system, resulting in objective function values of 27.94 kg/s and 4451.34 kW, respectively. In the third scenario, NPV and exergy destruction rate are the objective values with obtained values of 1.983 $M and 4420 kW, respectively.

Waste-to-Energy Pipeline through Consolidated Fermentation–Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) System

The rise in population, urbanization, and industrial developments have led to a substantial increase in waste generation and energy demand, posing significant challenges for waste management as well as energy conservation and production. Bioenergy conversions have been merged as advanced, sustainable, and integrated solutions for these issues, encompassing energy generation and waste upcycling of different types of organic waste. Municipal solid waste (MSW) and agricultural residues (AR) are two main resources for bioenergy conversions. Bioenergy production involves feedstock deconstruction and the conversion of platform chemicals to energy products. This review provides a detailed overview of waste sources, biofuel, and bioelectricity production from fermentation and microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology, and their economic and environmental perspectives. Fermentation plays a critical role in liquid biofuel production, while MFCs demonstrate promising potential for simultaneous production of electricity and hydrogen. Fermentation and MFCs hold a significant potential to be integrated into a single pipeline, enabling the conversion of organic matter, including a variety of waste material and effluent, into diverse forms of bioenergy via microbial cultures under mild conditions. Furthermore, MFCs are deemed a promising technology for pollutant remediation, reducing COD levels while producing bioenergy. Importantly, the consolidated fermentation–MFC system is projected to produce approximately 7.17 trillion L of bioethanol and 6.12 × 104 MW/m2 of bioelectricity from MSW and AR annually, contributing over USD 465 billion to the global energy market. Such an integrated system has the potential to initiate a circular economy, foster waste reduction, and improve waste management practices. This advancement could play a crucial role in promoting sustainability across the environmental and energy sectors.

A novel process for the simultaneous production of methanol, oxygen, and electricity using a PEM electrolyzer and agricultural-based landfill gas-fed oxyfuel combustion power plant

This paper presents a novel process for the simultaneous production of methanol, oxygen, and electricity through oxyfuel-combustion of landfill gas (LFG) produced from the agricultural residues and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer. Among the most important advantages of the proposed process, one can mention high thermodynamic efficiency and negative CO2 emission. The proposed process includes a PEM electrolyzer, oxyfuel combustion power plant (OFCPP), and methanol synthesis unit (MSU). According to the analyses, this process has energy and exergy efficiency of 75.58% and 86.1%, respectively. In addition, based on the conducted analyses, the total exergy destruction of the process equals 54.21 MW, in which the OFCPP unit with a 76% share has the highest exergy destruction and lowest exergy efficiency. In addition, it is demonstrated that the proposed process converts liquefied natural gas to natural gas. Using oxygen for LFG combustion reduces energy consumption in gas compressors and raises energy efficiency. According to the environmental analysis, it is deduced that the CO2 emission of this process is negative and equals −0.97 kgCO2/kgMeOH, to which the contribution of indirect emission is zero. In addition, economic analysis illustrated that the total annual cost of the process and total methanol cost are 21.6 M$ and 0.62 $/ kgMeOH respectively.

Performance evaluation of three constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell systems: wastewater treatment efficiency and electricity generation potential.

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have proven to be effective and environmentally friendly for removing pollutants, while microbial fuel cells (MFCs) offer the potential for electricity generation. Thus, this study evaluated the performance of three CW-MFC systems (zigzag, single-column, and triple-column continuous) for domestic wastewater treatment and electricity generation. Results showed that parallel connection of CW-MFCs significantly improved power generation compared to series connection. Additionally, using three copper wires to connect carbon fiber felt electrodes demonstrated superior pollutant capture capabilities compared to a single copper wire. During the 14-day testing period, the single-column system achieved the highest power density of 5.55 mW m-2, followed closely by the triple-column continuous system at 4.77 mW m-2. In contrast, the zigzag system exhibited a lower power density of 2.49 mW m-2. Interestingly, the implementation of facultative anaerobic conditions in the anode, along with the application of a plastic bag cover, facilitated the maintenance of anaerobic conditions in both the single-column and triple-column continuous systems. This resulted in increased power density and reduced internal resistance. In contrast, the zigzag system, with its larger surface area, aeration, and circulation, exhibited higher internal resistance and lower current dissipation. Despite its inferior electricity generation performance, the zigzag system demonstrated higher efficiency removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate (NO3-), and phosphate (PO43-) than the single-column system. This can be attributed to the extended contact time, resulting in enhanced pollutant removal. Overall, the multi-column continuous system shows promise as a viable approach for simultaneous domestic wastewater treatment and electricity production, offering potential benefits for sustainable wastewater management.

Experimental and Numerical Study on the Integrated Solar Chimney System with Solar Still for Water Desalination

The integrated solar chimney and solar still system offers a promising approach for simultaneous water and electricity production. However, there have been only few experimental studies conducted on this combined design. In this regard, a solar chimney with 12 m height and 3.4 m collector diameter is constructed and accompanied with solar stills, installed inside the collector. The maximum velocity at the chimney's inlet for the combined system reaches near 2 m s−1, while it is 0.3 m s−1 smaller than the conventional arrangement. The maximum water production is 861 g h−1 which is attained in the evening hours. In the normal solar chimney without solar stills, air temperature inside the collector reaches its peak at 64 °C when solar radiation is maximum. While in the integrated system, this value is 59 °C which reaches with 2 h delay due to water heat storage. In addition, it is found that the effect of height of vapor space inside the basin can be negligible while the lower water depth in the basin provides higher water production.

Photocatalytic fuel cell based on integrated silicon nanowire arrays/zinc oxide heterojunction anode for simultaneous wastewater treatment and electricity production

Photocatalytic fuel cells (PFCs) convert organic waste into electricity, thereby providing a potential solution for remediating environmental pollution and solving energy crises. Most PFCs for energy generation applications use powder photocatalysts, which have poor mechanical stability, high internal resistance, and may detach from the substrate during reactions, leading to unstable performance. Integrated photoelectrodes can overcome the drawbacks of powder catalysts. In this study, an integrated photoanode was prepared based on a silicon nanowire arrays/zinc oxide (Si NWs/ZnO) heterojunction by combining metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) and hydrothermal methods. The resulting photoanode was used to assemble a PFC for simultaneous electricity generation and Rhodamine (RhB) dye wastewater degradation. This PFC showed excellent cell performance under irradiation, with a short-circuit current density of 0.183 Am−2, an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.72 V, and a maximum power density of 0.87 W m−2. It could also be used continuously 20 times while degrading > 90% of RhB. This performance was ascribed to the three-dimensional (3D) structure and large surface area of Si NWs, as well as the matched band structure of ZnO, which facilitated the efficient separation and transport of photogenerated carriers in Si NWs/ZnO. The integrated structure also shortened the carrier transport pathways and suppressed carrier recombination. This research provides a foundation for the development of efficient, stable, low-cost, small-scale PFCs.

Multi-objective optimization and 4E analyses to simultaneous production of electricity, freshwater, H2 and cooling based on biogas-steam reforming

In the current study, a state-of-art biogas-driven poly-generation power plant is presented, evaluated and optimized. For assessing the multi-aspects feasibility of the proposed plant, exergy, energy, exergoeconomic, and environmental evaluations are applied as the robust tolls to the assessment of the plant. Also, to enhance the hydrogen production by the system, the steam reforming technology and proton exchange membrane are incorporated into the plant. Based on the obtained results, the designed plant can generate 86.04 kW, 0.9662 kg/s, 958.2 kW, and 704.573 kg/h of electricity, fresh water, cooling, and hydrogen, respectively. In this plant, the energy efficiency is approximately 33.5%, while the exergy efficiency is about 31.2%. Also, some unit cost of the product and environmental penalty cost rate are calculated at about 23.7 $/GJ and 141.7 $/h. Analyzing sensitivity helps identify which parameters affect the system's performance and determine the most effective optimization mode. The multi-objective optimization mode result improves the exergy and energy efficiencies of the plant by 19.9% and 24.5%, respectively.

Asymmetric solar evaporator with salt-resistance capability for freshwater and energy generation

Solar-driven steam generation is a promising solution for addressing the pressing challenges of freshwater and energy scarcity, but the accumulation of salt on the evaporator surface hinders performance by reducing sunlight absorption and blocking water transport. To overcome this limitation, we developed an innovative Janus solar evaporator with asymmetric surface wettability that simultaneously generates energy and clean water. The solar evaporator-based niobium nitride (Nb4N5) nanosheets with broadband absorption and high light-to-thermal conversion capability displayed an excellent high evaporation rate of 2.30 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 kW m−2 irradiation, which was 4.8-fold higher than that of melamine foam evaporator. Notably, the Janus evaporators displayed an excellent evaporation rate of up to 2.10 kg m−2 h−1 in 20wt.% NaCl solution. Furthermore, during steam generation, the hybrid evaporator with a thermo-electricity module produced an open-circuit voltage of 135 mV and a short-circuit current of 14.6 mA under two sun irradiation. Our findings demonstrated that the Janus evaporator with salt-resistance property has significant potential for simultaneous steam and electricity production, offering a promising solution to simultaneously address the water and energy crisis.