Simultaneous Determination Of Tin Research Articles

Anodic stripping voltammetry: sn and pb analysis in archaeometallurgical samples

In most electrolytes the peak potentials of tin and lead are so close together that a voltammetric determination is impossible. Difficulties occur especially if one of the metals is present in excess. The simultaneous anodic stripping voltammetric analyses of lead and tin in ancient archaeometallurgical samples have been studied. Two different electrolytes were used; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in a mixture of citrate and oxalate buffer, and methylene blue in oxalate buffer. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was found to be unsuitable for the determination of tin; the tin peak was asymmetric and often split. Methylene blue was studied at pH values of 1.35, 1.60, 1.80, 2.00, 2.68, 3.00 and 3.15. Differential pulse voltammograms were obtained between −800 mV and −250 mV. It was concluded that as pH was increased the corresponding half-wave potentials, E 1/2, for tin and lead were shifted to more negative values and the sensitivity of the simultaneous determination of tin and lead was decreased. However, tin and lead concentrations could be determined simultaneously in oxalate buffer and in the presence of methylene blue at about pH 1.6.

Simultaneous Determination of Tin, Nickel, Lead, Cadmium and Mercury in Tobacco and Tobacco Additives by Microwave Digestion and RP‐HPLC Followed by On‐Line Column Enrichment

AbstractA new method for the simultaneous determination of five heavy metal ions, tin, nickel, lead, cadmium and mercury ions as metal‐tetra‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐porphyrin (T2APP) chelates was developed using reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) equipped with a photodiode array detector and combined with an on‐line enrichment technique. The tin, nickel, lead, cadmium and mercury ions were pre‐column derivatized with T2APP to form color chelates. The Sn‐T2APP, Ni‐T2APP, Hg‐T2APP, Cd‐T2‐APP and Pb‐T2APP chelates can be absorbed onto the front of the enrichment column when they are injected into the injector and sent to the enrichment column [Waters Xterra™ RP18(5μ, 3.9 × 20 mm)] with a buffer solution of 0.05 mol/L pyrrolidine‐acetic acid (pH = 10.0) as mobile phase. After the enrichment had finished, by switching the six‐port switching valves, the retained chelates were back‐flushed by mobile phase and traveling towards the analytical column. These chelates separation on the analytical column [Waters Xterra™ RP18 (5μ, 3.9 × 150 mm)] was satisfactory by gradient elution with methanol (containing 0.05 mol/L pyrrolidine‐acetic acid buffer salt, pH = 10.0) and acetone (containing 0.05 mol/L pyrrolidine‐acetic acid buffer salt, pH = 10.0) as mobile phase. The linearity range is 0.01˜120 μg/L for each metal ion. The detection limits (S/N = 3) of tin, nickel, lead, cadmium and mercury are 4.0 ng/L, 3.5 ng/L, 2.5 ng/L, 3.0 ng/L and 3.0 ng/L, respectively. This method was applied to the determination of tin, nickel, lead, cadmium and mercury ions in tobacco and tobacco additives with good results.

Simultaneous determination of tin, germanium and molybdenum by diode array detection–flow injection analysis with partial least squares calibration model

Simultaneous determination of tin, germanium and molybdenum in food samples has been established by flow injection-charge coupled detector (CCD) diode array detection spectrophotometry with partial least squares (PLS) algorithm. The method was based on the chromogenic reaction of metal ions and salicylflurone in the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. The overlapping spectra of these complexes are collected by CCD diode array detector and the multi-wavelength absorbance data are processed using partial least squares algorithm. The reaction conditions and analytical parameters of flow injection analysis have been investigated. The method was applied to directly determine Ge, Mo and Sn in several food samples after digestion with satisfactory results. The recoveries of spiked samples were 80.0–102.0% for tin, 86.3–92.0% for germanium and 83.2–95.2% for molybdenum, and the relative standard deviations for samples were 4.4–7.8%. Molybdenum in certified reference material of cattle liver was determined by the proposed method ( n=8). The differential values between determined and guarantee values were within the given uncertain value ranges ( t=1.687, P>0.05 for t-test). The samples of mung bean, kelp and pork liver were analyzed by the proposed method and inductively couple plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) method. The determination results of the two methods are in good agreement. The sampling rate is 30 samples h −1.

Simultaneous Determination of Tin, Nickel, Lead, Cadmium and Mercury in Cigarette Material by Solid Phase Extraction and HPLC

A new method for the simultaneous determination of heavy metal ions in cigarette material by microwave digestion and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) has been developed. The cigarette material was digested by microwave digestion. Lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel and tin ions in the digested samples were pre-column derivatized with tetra-(2-chlorophenyl)-porphyrin (<TEX>$T_2$</TEX>-CPP) to form color chelates, which were then enriched by solid phase extraction with a <TEX>$C_{18}$</TEX> cartridge. The chelates were separated on a Waters Xterra<TEX>$^{TM}RP_{18}$</TEX> column by gradient elution with methanol (containing 0.05 mol/L pyrrolidine-aceticacid buffer salt, pH = 10.0) and acetone (containin0.05 mol/L pyrrolidine-acetic acid buffer salt, pH = 10.0)as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5mL/min and analyzed with a photodiode array detector from 350-600 nm. The detection limits of lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel and tin were 4,3,3,8 and 5 ng/L, respectively, in the original samples. This method was afforded good results.

Fast and simultaneous determination of tin and mercury species using SPME, multicapillary gas chromatography and MIP-AES detection

A procedure for the simultaneous and fast determination of methylmercury (MeHg+), inorganic mercury (Hg2+) and mono-, di- and tributyltin species (MBT, DBT, TBT) in water samples, as ethylated derivatives using a multicapillary GC column and MIP-AES detection, has been developed. The influences of the auxiliary gas pressure and the helium cavity vent flow in the MIP-AES response to mercury and tin species were evaluated and adjusted to obtain optimal detection conditions for both groups of organometallic compounds in the same chromatographic run. The proposed method was applied to the fast and simultaneous determination of mercury and tin species in water samples after a concentration step using solid-phase microextraction fibres.

Application of orthogonal functions to differential pulse voltammetric analysis: Simultaneous determination of tin and lead in soft drinks

The application of two-component analysis methods, differentiation of signals and orthogonal function, to the resolution of partially overlapping differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) peaks is demonstrated. The study was extended to differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry (DPCSV). A binary system of tin(II) and lead(II), having 72 mV of DPV peaks separation in 0.04 M acetic/ o-phosphoric/boric acids’ mixture, was used as a model throughout the work. The stripping voltammetric analysis data processed by orthogonal functions and the first-derivative ( 1D) methods, were successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of both metals in canned soft drinks. Moreover, the applicability of the methods were demonstrated by the recovery of lead in a drinking water sample.

Simultaneous determination of tin, lead and molybdenum by differential-pulse polarography

The optimum conditions for the pulse-polarographic determination of tin, lead and molybdenum were investigated. The determination of these elements by means of a single polarogram was achieved. In ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid–sodium acetate solution at pH 3.5 there were three separate peaks and at pH 5.0 the peak for lead disappeared. Total tin in shipyard waters was determined at pH 5. The same method was also applied to the determination of tin in canned food.

An internal standard method for the determination of tin and tungstein in cassiterite by photon activation analysis

A method is described for the simultaneous determination of tin and tungsten in cassiterite ores by photon activation analysis using both elements and zirconium and zinc as internal standards. By using a 15-MeV photon beam, some interfering reactions with higher threshold energies can be eliminated. Thus the data processing becomes simpler and more accurate. The proposed procedure can be used for the routine analysis of tin and tungsten in cassiterite samples.

Simultaneous determination of tin and lead by anodic stripping voltammetry with addition of surfactant

The influence of various surfactants on the simultaneous determination of tin(IV)and lead(II) by differential-pulse stripping voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode in an acidic medium is reported. With addition of Pluronic-F68 or Brij-78, the tin wave disappears, while the lead wave is not affected. With a deposition time of 1 min at −0.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl, 10 −7 M concentrations of each ion can be determined if the Sn/Pb ratio is ⩽ 3.

Determination of metals by second-harmonic alternating-current voltammetry with a semi-stationary mercury electrode

The simultaneous determination of tin(II) and lead(II) as well as of indium(III) and cadmium(II) by second-harmonic a.c. voltanunetry using a semi-stationary mercury electrode with a drop-time of 240–300 sec (the long-lasting sessile-drop mercury electrode) has been investigated. Under the best experimental conditions, concentration ratios in the ranges l:12 ⩽ c Sn: c Pb ⩽ 15:1 and 1:15 ⩽ c In: c Cd ⩽ 15:1 can be determined.

Simultaneous determination of tin and lead by a.c. anodic stripping voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode sensitized by cetyltrimethylammoniu

The influence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on the simultaneous determination of tin(IV) and lead(II) by anodic stripping voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) in a 0.1 M hydrochloric acid—0.1 M oxalic acid medium was studied using d.c. and a.c. stripping. In the presence of CTAB, tin and lead show voltammetric peaks separated by 100 mV, the sensitivity depending on the concentration of CTAB. The best conditions for the simultaneous determination of both elements (2 × 10 -3 M) were found. A method is proposed for the determination of tin in the presence of lead and three procedures are given for the determination of lead in the presence of tin.

Simultaneous determination of tin and lead by anodic stripping voltammetry in aqueous-alcoholic medium. Application to the direct determination of these elements in canned foods

Tin and lead may be determined in mixture in a solution of 50% methanol-50% isopropanol containing l M hydrochloric acid. The solvent-electrolyte composition affects both the relative a.s.v. peak heights and peak resolution. Iron(III) in large quantities does not interfere, and mixtures of copper, lead, tin, and cadmium may be analyzed. Juice samples can be analyzed without digestion, by simple 1:5000 dilution (5 μl to 25 ml) with the above solvent electrolyte. It was demonstrated that tin gradually dissolves from cans containing the juice.

Simultaneous determination of tin and lead at the parts-per-billion level by coupling differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry with a matrix exchange method

Simultaneous determination of tin and lead at the parts-per-billion level by coupling differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry with a matrix exchange method

Simultaneous Determination of Tin, Lead and Copper

Abstract The authors have investigated a commercially available digesting solvent LUMATOM (a trade chemical containing a quaternary ammonium hydroxide in iso-propanol) because of its convenience to digest biological samples. Sn, Cu and Pb can be determined in a 1 II HC1 methanol media using AC polarogra-phic techniques. It was found that LUMATOMR can be used directly in the same solvent media in which AC polarography is performed, and it enhances the sensitivity of the Sn and Cu signals. The increase in the intensities of the Sn and Cu waves depends on the amount of LUMATOMR in the solvent media. The intensity of the Pb signal is affected to a minor extent. The calibration curves were found to be linear in the range 10−8M to 10−6M for Sn, Pb and Cu. 1 ppb can easily be detected using 1 min preelectrolysis time. The me thod was applied to the determination of Sn in several canned juices.

Simultaneous determination of tin(IV), lead(II), and cadmium(II) by a polarographic method

Simultaneous determination of tin(IV), lead(II), and cadmium(II) by a polarographic method

A transistorised radiofrequency polarograph: its use for the determination of tin and lead

A method is described for the simultaneous determination of tin and lead by subtractive radiofrequency polarography.

Simultaneous determination of tin and lead using cyclic stationary electrode polarography

Simultaneous determination of tin and lead using cyclic stationary electrode polarography

An oscillopolarographic method for the rapid simultaneous determination of tin and indium in their alloys

A simple polarographic method is drescribed for the simultaneous determination of Sn and In in their alloys. A solution of 4N NH4Cl and 0. 2 N HCl was chosen as base electrolyte. The coefficient of variation of the analysis is smaller than 1% for In and smaller than 2% for Sn. Sn is determined by reduction, In by stripping.

Simultaneous Determination of Tin and Indium Using Anodic Stripping Voltammetry.

Simultaneous Determination of Tin and Indium Using Anodic Stripping Voltammetry.

Simultaneous Determination of Tin (IV) and Lead (II) by Polarographic Method Using EDTA-NaBr Mixture as Supporting Electrolyte

Simultaneous Determination of Tin (IV) and Lead (II) by Polarographic Method Using EDTA-NaBr Mixture as Supporting Electrolyte