Simultaneous Determination Of Cyanide Research Articles

Modified congener analysis: Quantification of cyanide in whole blood, other body fluids, and diverse beverages

The congener analysis is routinely used for the determination of volatile compounds in body fluids and beverages for forensic investigations. Although intoxications with cyanide via smoke inhalation or ingestion of cyanide salts are frequently encountered in forensic medicine, the inclusion of hydrogen cyanide in this analysis was never studied in detail. In this work, a very simple, fast, and sensitive quantification method with headspace gas chromatography and flame ionization detection for the analysis of cyanide in whole blood-was developed and validated. In contrast to the standard sample preparation of the congener analysis, an acidification step with tartaric acid was added. A limit of detection of 50 ng/ml, good linearity (coefficient of correlation > 0.9997), high accuracy (101.5%-106.4%), and precision (relative standard deviation 1.8%-3.7%) were achieved. Authentic blood samples of 10 forensic cases were investigated with the new method. Furthermore, the method was used for the quantification of cyanide in other body fluids (serum and urine) and diverse beverages. Interferences were investigated, and the addition of aldehydes produced a clear concentration-dependent decrease of the cyanide signal. Besides, the method offers an economical use of limited sample material by the simultaneous determination of cyanide, ethanol, and congener alcohols.

Simultaneous determination of cyanide and thiocyanate in swine plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection based on a novel D–π–A carbazole-based turn-on fluorescence labeling reagent

The goal of the current work was to develop a simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with the fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method for the fluorescence turn-on determination of cyanide and thiocyanate in swine plasma.

Headspace sorptive solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with a spectrophotometry system: A simple glass devise for extraction and simultaneous determination of cyanide and thiocyanate in environmental and biological samples

A simple, low cost and efficient headspace sorptive solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method for determination of cyanide has been developed. The system comprises of a glass tube with two valves and a moveable glass slide fixed at its centre. It includes an acceptor phase polyurethane foam treated mercury (II) dithizonate [Hg(HDz)2–PUF] complex fixed inside by a septum cap in a cylindrical configuration (5.0cm length and 1.0cm diameter). The extraction is based upon the contact of the acceptor phase to the headspace and subsequently measuring the absorbance of the recovered mercury (II) dithizonate from PUFs sorbent. Unlike other HSSE, extraction and back – extractions was carried out in a closed system, thereby improving the analytical performance by preventing the analyte loss. Under the optimized conditions, a linear calibration plot in the range of 1.0–50.0µmolL−1 was achieved with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 0.34, 1.2µmolL−1 CN−, respectively. Simultaneous analysis of cyanide and thiocyanate in saliva was also performed with satisfactory recoveries.

Determination of cyanide, thiocyanate, cyanate, hexavalent chromium, and metal cyanide complexes in various mixtures by ion chromatography with conductivity detection

ABSTRACTThe first aim of this study was to develop a selective, sensitive, and reliable method for direct simultaneous determination of cyanate, thiocyanate, and hexavalent chromium by ion chromatography (IC) with conductivity detection. The other target was to successfully determine cyanides by utilizing same chromatographic system. Yet, since cyanides can not be detected by the direct method, free cyanide ions were converted into cyanate with chloramine-T at alkaline pH. In addition, strongly complexed metal cyanides were converted into cyanate by using photo-oxidation following chloramine-T. Total cyanate ion obtained from developed methods were analyzed with IC. The chromatographic separations on anion exchange column were accomplished by optimized multistep gradient eluent program using NaOH as the eluent. Proposed method was applied for the simultaneous determination of cyanide and hexavalent chromium in electroplating bath solutions and in industrial wastewater. Cyanide and hexavalent chromium could be measured in the linear dynamic ranges of 0.6–961.5 and 0.9–118.5 µmol L−1, respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of cyanide were 0.18 and 0.61 µmol L−1, and these values for chromium(VI) were 0.26 and 0.86 µmol L−1, respectively.

Determination of cyanide and volatile alkylnitriles in whole blood by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection

Simultaneous determination of cyanide and volatile alkylnitriles such as acetonitrile, cis- and trans-crotononitrile, allylnitrile and butyronitrile at low ppb concentration on whole blood (rat and mice) by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen phosphorus detection has been achieved for the first time. SPME extraction time and temperature were optimized using a star experimental design. Optimum conditions for cyanide extraction were chosen to analyze unspiked blood samples containing alkylnitriles as that analyte occurs at the lowest concentrations. For all analytes, the developed methodology yielded good quality parameters. In all cases, good reproducibility (relative standard deviation ≤12%), detection limits (<3 ng mL −1) and quantification limits (<4 ng mL −1) were recorded.

Simultaneous determination of cyanide and carbonyls in cyanogenic plants by gas chromatography-electron capture/photoionization detection.

A new method to simultaneously detect cyanide and carbonyl compounds arising from cyanogenic glycosides in plants is described. A portable gas chromatograph.housing two detectors using a single carrier gas is employed to measure the carbonyl compounds (photoionization detector) and cyanide as its cyanogen chloride derivative (electron capture detector) from the headspace of a plant sample. This method affords in-field, rapid screening of plants to determine cyanogenicity. Good agreement was seen between this method for cyanide determination and two traditional field cyanide test kits. Detection of both the cyanide and the carbonyl compound(s) allows for confirmation of the presence of cyanogenic glycosides and eliminates the problem of false positives often seen in traditional cyanide test kits. Gas phase limits of detection for cyanide, acetone, butanone, and benzaldehyde were 69, 41, 105, and 0.39 parts per billion by volume (ppbv), respectively, allowing sensitive detection of cyanogenic glycoside breakdown products. The method's utility for screening cyanogenic plants is demonstrated, and it should be useful for screening cyanogenic foodstuffs to determine suitability for consumption.

Simultaneous determination of cyanide, chloride, bromide, and iodide in environmental samples using ion chromatography with amperometric detection

Ion chromatography is a well-established analytical technique for the simultaneous determination of ions. This paper focuses on the analytical determination of cyanide (CN −), chloride (Cl −), bromide (Br −), and iodide (I −) using amperometric detection via a silver working electrode at 0.15 V. A low capacity silica-based column was used for the separation with 5m M potassium hydrogen phthalate (pH 4.3) as the mobile phase. Detection of these ions was not subject to interference by NO 3 −, PO 4 3−, SO 4 2−, NO 2 −, SO 3 2−, SCN −, or S 2 O 3 2−. The detection limits ( S N = 3 ) of CN −, Cl −, Br −, and I − are 2.0, 0.2, 12, and 10 μg liter −1, respectively. Recovery of CN −, Br −, and I − in spiked samples ranged from 95 to 105% with the time of analysis being less than 10 min. The proposed method was used for the determination of CN −, Cl −, Br −, and I − in water and soil samples at trace levels.

Simultaneous determination of cyanide and sulfide with rapid direct current polarography

Simultaneous determination of cyanide and sulfide with rapid direct current polarography