Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Simulation Research Articles

Analysis of the Dynamic Source Routing Protocol on the Performance of File Transfer Protocol and Video Conference Services in the Mobile AdHoc Network Simulation

Current technological advancements make it easier for users to do their work effectively and efficiently, including the use of wireless networks to exchange data via File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and video conferencing services (VCS). A Mobile AdHoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network technology that applies a dynamic set of nodes. Data transmission on the MANET does not require the use of devices such as base stations. Because each node on the MANET can act as a router in determining the direction of the data sent, the number of nodes in the MANET will influence the quality of the data sent. Using the OPNET Modeler simulator, this paper shows how to assess the quality of FTP and VCS based on delay, jitter, and packet loss parameters. The simulation scenario employs five, fifteen, and thirty nodes with low, medium, and high traffic loads, using the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol. According to the measurement results, the FTP service with the bad category is the packet loss parameter in high traffic loads, which has the highest packet loss value of 56.6 percent with 15 nodes. In contrast, good results for VCS are only produced on the delay parameter. The jitter increases with the number of nodes, and it is 5 in this case. In all scenarios, the packet loss parameter yields poor results, with the highest packet loss value approaching 100%.

Performance and statistical analysis of ant colony route in mobile ad-hoc networks

<div class="WordSection1"><p>Research on mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is increasing in popularity due to its rapid, budget-friendly, and easily altered implementation, and relevance to emergencies such as forest firefighting and health care provisioning. The main concerns that ad-hoc networks face is dynamic topology, energy usage, packet drop rate, and throughput. Routing protocol selection is a critical point to surmount alterations in topology and maintain quality in MANET networks. The effectiveness of any network can be vastly enhanced with a well-designed routing protocol. In recent decades, standard MANET protocols have not been able to keep pace with growing demands for MANET applications. The current study investigates and contrasts ant colony optimization (ACO) with various routing protocols. This paper compares ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV), dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV), and AntHocNet protocols regarding the quality of service (QoS) and statistical analysis. The current research aims to study the behavior of the state-of-the-art MANET protocols with the ACO technique. The ACO technique is a hybrid technique, integrating a reactive route maintaining technique with a proactive method. The reason and motivation for including the ACO algorithm in the current study is to improve by using optimization algorithms proved in other domains. The ACO algorithm appears to have substantial use in large-scale MANET simulation.</p></div>

IMPLEMENTATION BASED ON 0.18 µM CMOS TECHNIQUES FOR DIGITAL PLL SYNTHESIZER IN LOW LOCKING TIME .

Currently, Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET) are consider as an important portion of the wireless networks and for the communication in MANET, routing mechanism is also play a vital role. MANET routing protocol generates a different performance when it is implemented in a different network scenario. It is a challenge to find the suitable characteristic of MANET routing protocol which conforms to a certain network condition scenario. In the last ten years, many research have been done by the research to analyze the performance of MANET routing protocol but still lots of problems are faces. However, those research are related to the scope of routing protocol based MANET scenario. Basically, there two types of routing mechanism that is known as the Proactive and the Reactive routing protocol. Alternatively, there is a routing protocol which is a combination of both proactive as well as reactive, namely the Hybrid routing protocol. Hybrid routing protocols especially capable to solve the MANET energy consumption by constructing a zone routing protocol (ZRP) and it is superior to over proactive and reactive routing protocols. So, in this research, we proposed an optimized Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based Improved Energy Efficient ZRP (IEE-ZRP) mechanism for MANET with the help of the Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA). The total MANET simulation area is divided into different zones or clusters or regions to create a secure and energy efficient routing mechanism. The IEE-ZRP mechanism perform better as compare to others routing protocols that clearly mentioned in the results analysis section based on the Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such as Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Packet Drop Ratio, Delay, Energy Consumption and Control Overhead.

Bat Optimized Link State Routing Protocol for Energy-Aware Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) can be described as a group of wireless mobile nodes that form a temporary dynamic and independent infrastructure network or a central administration facility. High energy consumption is one of the main problems associated with the MANET technology. The wireless mobile nodes used in this process rely on batteries because the network does not have a steady power supply. Thus, the rapid battery drain reduces the lifespan of the network. In this paper, a new Bat Optimized Link State Routing (BOLSR) protocol is proposed to improve the energy usage of the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol in the MANET. The symmetry between OLSR of MANET and Bat Algorithm (BA) is that both of them use the same mechanism for finding the path via sending and receiving specific signals. This symmetry resulted in the BOLSR protocol that determines the optimized path from a source node to a destination node according to the energy dynamics of the nodes. The BOLSR protocol is implemented in a MANET simulation by using MATLAB toolbox. Different scenarios are tested to compare the BOLSR protocol with the Cellular Automata African Buffalo Optimization (CAABO), Energy-Based OLSR (EBOLSR), and the standard OLSR. The performance metric consists of routing overhead ratios, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay which is applied to evaluate the performance of the routing protocols. The results of the tests reveal that the BOLSR protocol reduces the energy consumption and increases the lifespan of the network, compared with the CAABO, EBOLSR, and OLSR.

A realistic mobility model with irregular obstacle constraints for mobile ad hoc networks

The nature of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) makes simulation research provide invaluable support for investigating mobile networking protocols, services and applications. Mobility is one of the main factors in simulation of MANETs, due to the fact that it has a strong impact on the design and performance of the networks. Mobility modeling has been an active field for the past decade, mostly focusing on matching a specific mobility or encounter metric with little focus on matching irregular obstacle constraints in realistic scenarios. Consequently, the existing mobility models (MMs) are almost unrealistic. On the other hand, the lack of systemic evaluation framework for MMs makes the mobility characteristics of MANETs be not properly evaluated. In this paper, a realistic mobility model based on Bezier curves (RMBC) is presented. The model operates in an irregular obstacle environment which restricts node movement and wireless transmission. In the RMBC model, a mobile node can calculate smooth pathways between the obstacles using the Bezier curve characterized by control points. Moreover, the flexible movement manners and the realistic application characteristics determined by RMBC are derived and analyzed, respectively. In order to effectively compare the proposed MM with several classical MMs, an integrated and systemic evaluation framework with a multi-dimensional mobility metric space is achieved. The simulation using NS2 tool is conducted. The results show that the proposed MM performs significantly better than the existing MMs in terms of mobility characteristics of MANETs in realistic scenarios.

Performance Analysis of the Neighbor Weight Trust Determination Algorithm in MANETs

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are susceptible to attacks by malicious nodes that could easily bring down the whole network. Therefore, it is important to have a reliable mechanism for detecting and isolating malicious nodes before they can do any harm to the network. One of the possible mechanisms is by using trust-based routing protocols. One of the main requirements of such protocols is to have a cost-effective trust determination algorithm. This paper presents the performance analysis of a recently developed trust determination algorithm, namely, the neighbor-weight trust determination (NWTD) algorithm. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated through simulation using the MANET simulator (MANSim). The simulation results demonstrated the reliability and effectiveness of the algorithm in identifying and isolating any maliciously behaving node(s) in a timely manner.

Analysis of Current Routing Attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) has no fixed infrastructure and depends on nodes to perform routing of data packets. MANET nodes are highly self organized even with a collection of few mobile nodes. Security is an important issue for mobile ad hoc networks. Even though mobile ad hoc networks have many advantages over the traditional wired network, when it comes to security it poses an immense set of threats. The scope of this project is to study about Misbehavior Node attack, Byzantine attack and Pulse Jammer attack on Reactive Routing Protocol i.e. Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) on MANET simulation environment. To perform the simulations we used OPNET modeller 14.5 as the network simulator for our proposed work. The results showed that MANET posed a high security risk attack either from internal or from external attack.

패킷취합전송이 있는 MANET에서 IDS 성능

Blackhole attacks having a unauthorized change of routing data will cause critical effects for transmission performance. The transmission performance will be improved to the a certain level by using or having IDS(Intrusion Detection System)/IPS(Intrusion Prevention System) as countermeasures to blackhole attacks. In this papar, the effects of IDS to ene-to-end performance of packet aggregation transmission are analyzed on MANET(Mobile Ad-hoc Network) with IDS under blackhole attacks. MANET simulator based on NS-2 is used to analyze performance parameters as MOS, connection ratio, delay and packet loss rate as standard performance parameters, an another performance factor which is suggested in this paper. VoIP(Voice over Internet Protocol) traffics, one of voice services, is used for performance analysis. A suggestion for IDS implementation on MANET with packet aggregations under blackhole is shown as one of results.

Enabling richer statistical MANET simulations through cluster computing

The wide-scale adoption of modern smart phones and other multi-radio mobile devices, has begun to provide pragmatic deployment environments for non-cellular mobile ad hoc network (MANET) services (i.e., for disaster recovery scenarios, peered mobile games, social networking applications, etc.). User perceptions of the quality of such MANET services will be driven, in part, by standard network-level quality of service (QoS) metrics such as delay, jitter, throughput, etc. Much of the existing MANET literature has explored these issues, as well as MANET routing protocol design, through single computer Monte Carlo simulations (e.g., via ns-2, ns-3, OMNeT++, or OpNet). Results are then reported as the averages of these Monte Carlo runs. As is well known from probability and statistics, such averaging is only meaningful when applied across statistically ergodic data (i.e., data drawn from the same underlying distribution). But, assessing the validity of this underlying ergodic assumption requires transitioning to more rigorous cluster-based MANET simulation frameworks. This work highlights the theoretical rationale for such ergodicity testing, the developments of a cluster-based framework, the STARs framework, to support such testing, and the results and insights obtained by using this framework to evaluate the popular DYMO and OLSR MANET routing protocols. This work also discusses why the insights ergodic testing provides are of interest to potential real-world MANET deployments.

Investigating the Effect of Noise-Level on Probabilistic Broadcast in Noisy MANETs

Wireless communication channels in mobile ad hoc network (MANETs) suffer from high packet-loss due to presence of noise. This paper presents a detail description of a simulation model that can be used to evaluate the performance of probabilistic broadcast for flooding in noisy environment. In this model, the noise-level is represented by a generic name, probability of reception (p c) (0 � pc �1), where p c=1 for noiseless and p c<1 for noisy. The effect of noise is determined randomly by generating a random number ξ (0�ξ<1); if ξ�pc means the packet is successfully delivered to the receiving node, otherwise, unsuccessful delivery occurs. The proposed model is implemented on a MANET simulator, namely, MANSim. In order to investigate the effect of noise on the performance of probabilistic broadcast in noisy MANETs, four scenarios were simulated. The main conclusions of these scenarios are: The performance of probabilistic broadcast decreases with decreasing p c. The percentage relative change in performance decreases with increasing nodes retransmission probability, number of nodes, and nodes radio transmission range. The various nodes speed has insignificant effect on the performance.

A survey and comparative study of simulators for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs)

AbstractWireless communication technologies have now greatly impact our daily lives. From indoor wireless LANs to outdoor cellular mobile networks, wireless technologies have benefited billions of users around the globe. The era of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is now evolving, gaining attention and momentum. Researchers and developers have built VANET simulation software to allow the study and evaluation of various media access, routing, and emergency warning protocols. VANET simulation is fundamentally different from MANETs (mobile ad hoc networks) simulation because in VANETs, vehicular environment imposes new issues and requirements, such as constrained road topology, multi‐path fading and roadside obstacles, traffic flow models, trip models, varying vehicular speed and mobility, traffic lights, traffic congestion, drivers' behavior, etc. Currently, there are VANET mobility generators, network simulators, and VANET simulators. This paper presents a comprehensive study and comparisons of the various publicly available VANET simulation software and their components. In particular, we contrast their software characteristics, graphical user interface (GUI), popularity, ease of use, input requirements, output visualization capability, accuracy of simulation, etc. Finally, while each of the studied simulators provides a good simulation environment for VANETs, refinements and further contributions are needed before they can be widely used by the research community. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

A Novel Dynamic Noise-Dependent Probabilistic Algorithm for Route Discovery in MANETs

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), broadcasting is widely used in route discovery and other network services. The most widely used broadcasting algorithm is simple flooding, which aggravates a high number of redundant packet retransmissions, causing contention and collisions. Proper use of dynamic probabilistic algorithm significantly reduces the number of retransmissions, which reduces the chance of contention and collisions. In current dynamic probabilistic algorithm, the retransmission probability (pt) is formulated as a linear/non-linear function of a single variable, the number of first-hop neighbors (k). However, such algorithm is suffers in the presence of noise due to increasing packet-loss. In this paper, the authors propose a new dynamic probabilistic algorithm in which pt is determined locally by the retransmitting nodes considering both k and the noise-level. This algorithm is referred to as the dynamic noise-dependent probabilistic (DNDP) algorithm. The performance of the DNDP algorithm is evaluated through simulations using the MANET simulator (MANSim). The simulation results show that the DNDP algorithm presents higher network reachability than the dynamic probabilistic algorithm at a reasonable increase in the number of retransmissions for a wide range of noise-level. The effects of nodes densities and nodes speeds on the performance of the DNDP algorithm are also investigated.

Simulation of Packet Telephony in Mobile Adhoc Networks Using Network Simulator

Packet Telephony has been regarded as an alternative to existing circuit switched fixed telephony. To propagate new idea regarding Packet Telephony researchers need to test their ideas in real or simulated environment. Most of the research in mobile ad-hoc networks is based on simulation. Among all available simulation tools, Network Simulator (ns2) has been most widely used for simulation of mobile ad-hoc networks. Network Simulator does not directly support Packet Telephony. The authors are proposing a technique to simulate packet telephony over mobile ad-hoc network using network simulator, ns2.

Parametric Analysis of Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Environment

ABSTRACT A mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless nodes that communicate with each other without any infrastructure. Present day mobile ad hoc networks grow in size and the associated complexity warrant the need to explore the suitability of the various simulation parameters during scenario.their execution. This paper presents a study on the timing Analysis for common MANET (mobile ad hoc network) parameters. Index terms: AODV, DSR, MANET, Random waypoint mobility model, Mobile Node, Transmission Range and scalability I. INTRODUCTION Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is a self-configuring network of mobile routers (and associated hosts) connected by wireless links. Communication must be set up and maintained on the fly over mostly by wireless links. Each node of a network can both route and forward data [1]. The exploding demand for computing and communication on the move has led to reliance for ad hoc networks. Although substantial attempts have been made on research towards design and development of ad hoc network parameters, there is relatively little understanding of their behaviour in terms of the performance by comparing execution times as the system is scaled up [2] & [8]. Figure 1 First, it is unclear whether any existing ad hoc application traffics can be used to successfully perform within the given terrain dimensions which will be necessary in large scale wireless networks. Second, it is also ambiguous that which of the preceding traffics is likely to perform better as the size of the network grows [3]. In this paper represents the execution time analysis by varying different MANET simulation parameters. Because execution time is a main parameter for analyzing the performance of mobile ad-hoc network. Here we are using the simulation tool GloMoSim for large scale scenarios to obtain execution time analysis by varying different simulation parameters. Because it is giving more accuracy while constructing large scale scenarios.

Analyzing the Performance of Probabilistic Algorithm in Noisy MANETs

Probabilistic broadcast has been widely used as a flooding optimization mechanism to alleviate the effect of broadcast storm problem (BSP) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Many research studies have been carried-out to develop and evaluate the performance of this mechanism in an error-free (noiseless) environment. In reality, wireless communication channels in MANETs are an error-prone and suffer from high packet-loss due to presence of noise, i.e., noisy environment. In this paper, we propose a simulation model that can be used to evaluate the performance of probabilistic broadcast for flooding in noisy environment. In the proposed model, the noise-level is represented by a generic name, probability of reception (p c) (0 �pc�1), where p c=1 for noiseless and <1 for noisy environment. The effect of noise is determined randomly by generating a random number ξ (0�ξ<1); if ξ�pc means the packet is successfully delivered to the receiving node, otherwise, unsuccessful delivery occurs. The proposed model is implemented on a MANET simulator, namely, MANSim. The effect of noise on the performance of probabilistic algorithm was investigated in four scenarios. The main conclusions of these scenarios are: the performance of probabilistic algorithm suffers in presence of noise. However, this suffering is less in high density networks, or if the nodes characterized by high retransmission probability or large radio transmission range. The nodes’ speed has no or insignificant effect on the performance.

Error analysis in accelerated session-level MANET simulations

Simulation investigations form a vital part of networking research, and have long been used by the research community interested in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) to design protocols and to evaluate quality of service mechanisms. Many MANET simulators developed so far model the network with high granularity in order to ensure the accuracy of the simulation results. But those tools are often too computationally expensive to simulate large-scale MANETs. This paper reports a new session-level MANET simulator and develops an error analysis approach which uniquely allows for optimal parameterization of the time-stepping simulation methods. The novelty lies in broadening the simulation acceleration method, model abstraction, to MANET simulation. At the same time the methodological challenges of validation are addressed through both analytical and experimental approaches. The proposed techniques were implemented in SSIM, a session-level simulator for MANETs. The experimental results show that the proposed accelerated simulation solution achieves significant acceleration by reducing the number of events, and the wall-clock simulation time, while retaining excellent accuracy.

A cellular multi-objective genetic algorithm for optimal broadcasting strategy in metropolitan MANETs

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are composed of a set of communicating devices which are able to spontaneously interconnect without any pre-existing infrastructure. In such kind of networks, broadcasting becomes an operation of capital importance for the own existence and operation of the network. Optimizing a broadcasting strategy in MANETs is a multi-objective problem targeting three goals: reaching as many devices as possible, minimizing the network utilization, and reducing the duration time of the broadcasting process. In this paper, we study the fine-tuning of broadcasting strategies by using a cellular multi-objective genetic algorithm (cMOGA) which computes a Pareto front of solutions to empower a human designer with the ability of choosing the preferred configuration for the network. We define two formulations of the problem, one with three objectives and another one with two objectives plus a constraint. For our tests, a benchmark of three realistic environments for metropolitan MANETs has been defined. Our experiments using a complex and realistic MANET simulator reveal that cMOGA is a promising approach to solve the optimum broadcasting problem.

An Overview of MANETs Simulation

Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) are dynamic networks populated by mobile stations. Stations in MANETs are usually laptops, PDAs or mobile phones. These devices feature Bluetooth and/or IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) network interfaces and communicate in a decentralized manner. Mobility is a key feature of MANETs. Because of their high cost and their lack of flexibility of such networks, experimentation is mostly achievable through simulation. Numerous tools exist for MANETs simulation, including ns-2 and GloMoSim which are the two most popular ones. This paper provides a State of the Art of MANETs simulators and associated simulation techniques. First it gives an overview of the domain. Then it provides a map of the main characteristics that MANETs simulation tools should feature and the current support of these. Finally, a description for each simulator is provided, including an explanation of what make them appealing solutions.

MANET simulation studies

Simulation is the research tool of choice for a majority of the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) community. However, while the use of simulation has increased, the credibility of the simulation results has decreased. To determine the state of MANET simulation studies, we surveyed the 2000-2005 proceedings of the ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc). From our survey, we found significant shortfalls. We present the results of our survey in this paper. We then summarize common simulation study pitfalls found in our survey. Finally, we discuss the tools available that aid the development of rigorous simulation studies. We offer these results to the community with the hope of improving the credibility of MANET simulation-based studies.