Simulator Version Research Articles

Analysis of the Impact of Turn Signal Usage at Roundabouts on CO Emissions and Traffic Flows

In contemporary times, one of the challenges in road traffic is the failure of drivers to adhere to traffic regulations. While the use of turn signals may seem trivial, the studies presented in this article demonstrate the significant impact that this practice can have on road traffic, both in terms of urban network capacity and fuel consumption, which consequently affects the emission of exhaust gases into the natural environment. A common example of the failure to use turn signals is when drivers navigate roundabouts. The example presented here analyzes an existing road network configuration consisting of two roundabouts and an intersection between them. The method of microsimulation was employed using the PTV Vissim 25 software. This study examined a scenario where the percentage of drivers adhering to the use of turn signals increased by 10% in each successive simulation version. The results clearly indicate that the capacity of the network, as well as the emissions of road pollutants, depend not only on traffic volume but also, most importantly, on traffic flow efficiency.

Efficient design of a reversible 2-to-4 decoder in quantum-dot cellular automata using Toffoli gates

This research presents an optimized design of a 2-to-4 decoder in Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) using a new formula developed from the Reversible. The proposed QCA decoder architecture employs 112 cells and occupies an area of 0.13μm², achieving a significant reduction in size compared to previous designs. The circuit is designed using a single-layer approach, enhancing its efficiency and minimizing power dissipation. Simulation results using the QCA Designer simulator version 2.0.3 demonstrate the enhanced functionality of the suggested decoder in regard to functionality and also efficiency, making it a promising candidate for future nanoscale integrated circuit applications.

Numerical Simulation of an Isolated N-Heptane Pool Fire

Refineries are industrial complexes of great economic importance which are located close to major cities. A pool fire accident that can occur from an oil leak combined with wind can result in disastrous consequences for such an industry. This study investigates the characteristics of an isolated n-heptane square pool fire of 36 m2 under the influence of a cross wind. The pool fire characteristics are numerically studied using open-source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, such as FireFoam (v4.1) and Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) (version 6.9.0). The turbulent flow field and the fire characteristics were simulated with the LES Method. The crucial parameters of the pool fire, such as (a) the temperature and velocity fields, (b) the flame length and height, (c) the surface emissive power, and (d) the flame tilt angles, were computed. Comparisons against experimental data for both small and large-area pool fires from the literature were made successfully. The flame tilt angle is shown to correlate very well with the reciprocal of the Richardson number, which was approximated within a multiplication constant to the Froude number. Thus, both the reciprocal Richardson number and Froude number can be used for correlating the flame tilt angle. It is shown that both of these numbers are used to correlate the tilt angle of experimental pool fires with effective diameters from a fraction of a meter to approximately 16 m, and wind speeds up to 7 m/s. The goodness of a linear fit based on the sum of the residual squares is 0.91.

Modeling and Simulation of Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation: Insights into Fuel Savings and Emissions Reduction

Most motor vehicles have historically utilized Internal Combustion Engines powered by a fossil fuel. Despite the technological advancements in fuel-efficient engines, further improvements are required to reduce the effect of fuel costs and global warming. This study models and simulates Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) to evaluate their potential for fuel cost savings and emissions reduction compared to traditional vehicles. Using MATLAB® version R2023a Update 5 (9.14.0.2337262) Simulink version 10.7 (R2023a) and the Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) version 2003-00-r0116, the research examines Series and Parallel HEV configurations. The simulation explores various battery configurations, engine capacities, and power unit models to analyze their impact on energy utilization. The data, collected from the simulations, show significant fuel savings and emissions reduction with HEVs. The Parallel HEV configuration consistently saves fuel with fewer battery modules, while the Series HEV configuration performs better but requires more modules to maintain the system’s State of Charge.

A Study of the Mixed Layer Warming Induced by the Barrier Layer in the Northern Bay of Bengal in 2013

Strong salinity stratification induced by large freshwater fluxes in the northern Bay of Bengal (BOB) results in the formation of a quasi-permanent barrier layer (BL) that covers almost the entire BOB and leads to a unique temperature inversion within the thick BL in winter. In the presence of temperature inversions, the entrainment process at the bottom of the mixed layer (ML) induces warming effects in the ML, but little is known about this. In this paper, we quantify the contribution of the entrainment process to the ML temperature (MLT) in the northern BOB during the winter of 2013 using monthly and daily data from the Ocean General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator version 2 (OFES2). It is found that the warming effect of the daily entrainment heat flux (EHF), which resolved the high-frequency variations, is 4 orders of magnitude larger than the monthly EHF for most of the wintertime. This significantly enhanced warming effect in daily data offsets up to 87% of the surface cooling induced by net heat flux during wintertime. A further analysis reveals that the larger daily EHF warming effect compared to its monthly counterpart is closely related to the deepened ML, the larger temperature difference within the ML and vertical velocity at the bottom of the ML.

Identifying images in the biology literature that are problematic for people with a color-vision deficiency.

To help maximize the impact of scientific journal articles, authors must ensure that article figures are accessible to people with color-vision deficiencies (CVDs), which affect up to 8% of males and 0.5% of females. We evaluated images published in biology- and medicine-oriented research articles between 2012 and 2022. Most included at least one color contrast that could be problematic for people with deuteranopia ('deuteranopes'), the most common form of CVD. However, spatial distances and within-image labels frequently mitigated potential problems. Initially, we reviewed 4964 images from eLife, comparing each against a simulated version that approximated how it might appear to deuteranopes. We identified 636 (12.8%) images that we determined would be difficult for deuteranopes to interpret. Our findings suggest that the frequency of this problem has decreased over time and that articles from cell-oriented disciplines were most often problematic. We used machine learning to automate the identification of problematic images. For a hold-out test set from eLife (n=879), a convolutional neural network classified the images with an area under the precision-recall curve of 0.75. The same network classified images from PubMed Central (n=1191) with an area under the precision-recall curve of 0.39. We created a Web application (https://bioapps.byu.edu/colorblind_image_tester); users can upload images, view simulated versions, and obtain predictions. Our findings shed new light on the frequency and nature of scientific images that may be problematic for deuteranopes and motivate additional efforts to increase accessibility.

Gain improvement of HMSIW Antenna with SRRs

A novel integrated waveguide-backed cavity antenna, optimized for wireless communication systems operating at 5.8 GHz, is presented in this paper. The antenna design process is elaborated upon, emphasizing the incorporation of a high-gain substrate to enhance performance. At the target frequency of 5.8 GHz, the half-mode substrate integrated waveguide cavity antenna achieves a gain of 4.79 dB. Notably, the antenna design integrates two Split Ring Resonators strategically positioned at the periphery of the semi-circular patch to further augment gain. The design and simulation of antenna are done using high frequency software simulation version ANSYSEM17.2. Experimental validation of the simulation results is conducted through the fabrication of a prototype antenna, followed by rigorous performance evaluation using anechoic chamber and network analyser. Results demonstrate a significant enhancement in antenna gain, with the designed antenna exhibiting an analog gain of 11.15 dB at the specified frequency of 5.8 GHz, alongside an appreciable impedance bandwidth of 16 MHz.

An adaptive and multi-path greedy perimeter stateless routing protocol in flying ad hoc networks

In recent years, flying ad hoc networks (FANET), formed from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have absorbed the attention of academic and industrial research communities due to their many applications in military and civilian fields. FANETs benefit from unique features, including highly moving UAVs and dynamic topological structure. Therefore, most existing routing protocols, such as the greedy perimeter stateless routing (GPSR), are not compatible with the FANET environment and its specific features. To improve the performance of GPSR in FANET, it is important to address several challenges, namely the selection of the right period for broadcasting hello messages in the network, the selection of the right criteria for selecting the next-hop node, and the improvement of reliability in the data transfer process. In this paper, an adaptive and multi-path greedy perimeter stateless routing (AM-GPSR) protocol is suggested in FANETs. It includes two new strategies, namely adaptive hello strategy and multi-path greedy forwarding strategy. The adaptive hello strategy defines a special hello broadcast period for each UAV according to its speed and error between two estimated and actual positions. Furthermore, the greedy forwarding strategy carries out a filtering operation on candidate nodes and eliminates border UAVs and those that are far from the destination. Then, candidate UAVs are prioritized based on the time to reach the destination and buffer capacity, and UAVs with higher priorities are chosen to send data packets. Finally, AM-GPSR applies a greedy multi-path forwarding strategy to increase reliability in the data transmission process. Lastly, the simulation of AM-GPSR is done via the network simulator version 2 (NS2) to evaluate its performance. This evaluation process includes two different scenarios, i.e. change in the speed of UAVs and change in their communication range. In this process, AM-GPSR is compared with three other methods, namely the aerial greedy geographic routing (AGGR) protocol, the geolocation assisted aeronautical routing protocol (AeroRP), and GPSR. This comparison shows the successful performance of AM-GPSR in terms of delivery success rate, throughput, and delay. Although the control overhead of the proposed method is more than that of AGGR.

Fish-inspired tracking of underwater turbulent plumes

Autonomous ocean-exploring vehicles have begun to take advantage of onboard sensor measurements of water properties such as salinity and temperature to locate oceanic features in real time. Such targeted sampling strategies enable more rapid study of ocean environments by actively steering towards areas of high scientific value. Inspired by the ability of aquatic animals to navigate via flow sensing, this work investigates hydrodynamic cues for accomplishing targeted sampling using a palm-sized robotic swimmer. As proof-of-concept analogy for tracking hydrothermal vent plumes in the ocean, the robot is tasked with locating the center of turbulent jet flows in a 13,000-liter water tank using data from onboard pressure sensors. To learn a navigation strategy, we first implemented RL on a simulated version of the robot navigating in proximity to turbulent jets. After training, the RL algorithm discovered an effective strategy for locating the jets by following transverse velocity gradients sensed by pressure sensors located on opposite sides of the robot. When implemented on the physical robot, this gradient following strategy enabled the robot to successfully locate the turbulent plumes at more than twice the rate of random searching. Additionally, we found that navigation performance improved as the distance between the pressure sensors increased, which can inform the design of distributed flow sensors in ocean robots. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness and limits of flow-based navigation for autonomously locating hydrodynamic features of interest.

Comparing The Effects of Compression Contrast Therapy and Dry Needling on Muscle Functionality, Pressure Pain Threshold, and Perfusion after Isometric Fatigue in Forearm Muscles of Combat Sports Athletes: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of compression contrast therapy (CT) and dry needling therapy (DN) on muscle tension (MT), muscle strength (Fmax), pressure pain threshold (PPT), and perfusion (PU) following fatigue of forearm muscles (e.g., flexor carpi radialis) in combat sports athletes. A single-blind randomized controlled trial was employed. Participants first underwent muscle fatigue induction, which involved sustaining an isometric handgrip at 60% of their maximum voluntary contraction in 5-second cycles. This was followed by exposure to one of the regenerative therapies. Forty-five participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: CT/DN (n = 15), CT/ShDN (n = 15), and ShCT/DN (n = 15). The sham condition (Sh) involved a simulated version of the technique. Measurements were taken at four time points: (i) at rest; (ii) immediately after exercise that led to a state of fatigue; (iii) 5 minutes after therapy (PostTh5min); and (iv) 24 hours after therapy (PostTh24h). Each participant was exposed to one experimental condition and one control condition, thereby undergoing evaluation in two sessions. Significant differences between groups were found in MT during the PostTh5min (p = 0.005), as well as in PU during the PostTh5min (p < 0.001) and PU during the PostTh24h (p < 0.001). All groups showed significant improvements at 5 minutes post-therapy compared to immediately post-muscle fatigue. As conclusions, CT/DN seems to be significantly better for enhancing MT and PU after 5 minutes of muscle fatigue induction. Using either CT, DN, or both combined is recommended to enhance the recovery of muscle functionality and properties, favoring recovery and potentially speeding up performance enhancement.

Effects of process parameters on biogas production from food waste using aspen plus simulator

This study explores the potential of converting food waste (FW) in South Africa to biogas via anaerobic digestion (AD) using the Aspen Plus Simulator version 11. The simulation modeled the AD process, focusing on hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis stages, with unconverted substrate recycling at the acetogenesis stage, employing a Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) model for the polar mixture components. The FW used contained 49.86 % volatile solids (VS) of carbohydrates, 39.31 % VS of proteins, and 10.83 % VS of lipids. The results revealed that biogas yield at mesophilic temperature (37 °C) was 50 % higher than at thermophilic temperature (55 °C) with a residence time of 35 days, and methane composition was 45.98 % higher. Methane and carbon dioxide percentage compositions increased with hydraulic retention time (HRT), varying between 37.5–45.5 % and 34.3–39.9 % at mesophilic conditions. Economic analysis indicated a profitable outlook, with a payout period of 3 years, 5 months, and a 15-year positive revenue forecast. The project exhibited an internal rate of return (IRR) of 59.6629 %, suggesting strong economic viability and potential for investment. This study underscores the potential for optimized AD processes to enhance biogas production from FW in South Africa, presenting a viable, eco-friendly waste management solution.

Population genetics meets ecology: a guide to individual-based simulations in continuous landscapes.

Individual-based simulation has become an increasingly crucial tool for many fields of population biology. However, implementing realistic and stable simulations in continuous space presents a variety of difficulties, from modeling choices to computational efficiency. This paper aims to be a practical guide to spatial simulation, helping researchers to implement realistic and efficient spatial, individual-based simulations and avoid common pitfalls. To do this, we delve into mechanisms of mating, reproduction, density-dependent feedback, and dispersal, all of which may vary across the landscape, discuss how these affect population dynamics, and describe how to parameterize simulations in convenient ways (for instance, to achieve a desired population density). We also demonstrate how to implement these models using the current version of the individual-based simulator, SLiM. Since SLiM has the capacity to simulate genomes, we also discuss natural selection - in particular, how genetic variation can affect demographic processes. Finally, we provide four short vignettes: simulations of pikas that shift their range up a mountain as temperatures rise; mosquitoes that live in rivers as juveniles and experience seasonally changing habitat; cane toads that expand across Australia, reaching 120 million individuals; and monarch butterflies whose populations are regulated by an explicitly modeled resource (milkweed).

Analysis of the privacy-performance tradeoff of reference testing in Forensic Investigative Genetic Genealogy.

During an investigation using Forensic Investigative Genetic Genealogy, which is a novel approach for solving violent crimes and identifying human remains, reference testing-when law enforcement requests a DNA sample from a person in a partially constructed family tree-is sometimes used when an investigation has stalled. Because the people considered for a reference test have not opted in to allow law enforcement to use their DNA profile in this way, reference testing is viewed by many as an invasion of privacy and by some as unethical. We generalize an existing mathematical optimization model of the genealogy process by incorporating the option of reference testing. Using simulated versions of 17 DNA Doe Project cases, we find that reference testing can solve cases more quickly (although many reference tests are required to substantially hasten the investigative process), but only rarely (<1%) solves cases that cannot otherwise be solved. Through a mixture of mathematical and computational analysis, we find that the most desirable people to test are at the bottom of a path descending from an ancestral couple that is most likely to be related to the target. We also characterize the rare cases where reference testing is necessary for solving the case: when there is only one descending path from an ancestral couple, which precludes the possibility of identifying an intersection (e.g., marriage) between two descendants of two different ancestral couples.

THE HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS OF JAVAN LUTUNG (Trachypithecus auratus) IN BANDEALIT COASTAL FOREST AT MERU BETIRI NATIONAL PARK, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA

Javan lutung (Trachypithecus auratus) is an endemic primate species which mostly occurs in protected areas, such as the Bandealit Resort of Meru Betiri National Park (MBNP), East Java, Indonesia. However, scientific information related to the habitat characteristics of T. auratus in this resort is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the habitat characteristics of T. auratus based on the vegetation stratification in the Bandealit coastal forest of MBNP. This research was conducted in March, April, May, and September 2022 using the scan sampling methods at two sites, including Site I (Camping Ground Block) and Site II (Wisma Block). The data on tree species was collected using a plot method (40 m x 20 m). Furthermore, we used the Spatially Explicit Individual-based Forest Simulator (SexI-FS) version 2.1.0 to construct the stratification profile. Based on the results, there were 17 individuals of T. auratus found in two sites along the observation. This species is recorded as occupying seven tree species, including Alstonia scholaris, A. spectabilis, Calophyllum inophyllum, Dracontomelon sp., Pongamia pinnata, Syzigium sp. and Terminalia catappa. According to stratification, T. auratus was found in Stratum B (21-30 m) to Stratum C (5-20 m) at all sites. Furthermore, this species was widely distributed in Stratum C for locomotion, foraging, social activities and self-protection. Meanwhile, T. auratus was observed using A. spectabilis in Stratum B as a sleeping tree in the afternoon and evening. These results can be the basis for in-situ conservation strategies for T. auratus species in MBNP, particularly for habitat management based on occupied vegetation.

Sensorimotor Simulation's Influence on Stress: EEG and Autonomic Responses in Digital Interviews.

This study explored the role of sensorimotor simulation in modulating the stress response in individuals exposed to stressful digital simulated interviews. Participants were assigned to two different versions of a Digital Social Stress Test: a simulated version with a dynamic-realistic examining committee (Dyn-DSST) and a version with a static examining committee (Stat-DSST). During interview preparation, behavioral indices reflecting stress regulation and resistance, response times, and electroencephalographic (EEG) and autonomic indices were collected. Higher regulation scores were found for the Stat-DSST group compared to the Dyn-DSST group, probably induced by the presence of limited external sensory input in time and space, perceived as less stressful. The EEG results revealed a distinct contribution of the low- and high-frequency bands for both groups. Dyn-DSST required greater cognitive regulation effort due to the presence of a continuous flow of information, which can enhance sensory and motor activation in the brain. The SCR increased in the Dyn-DSST group compared to the Stat-DSST group, reflecting greater emotional involvement in the Dyn-DSST group and reduced sensory stimulation in the static version. In conclusion, the results suggest that sensorimotor simulation impacts the stress response differently in dynamic interviews compared to static ones, with distinct profiles based on behavioral, EEG, and autonomic measures.

Projections of temperature and precipitation trends using CMhyd under CMIP6 scenarios: A case study of Iraq's Middle and West

Climate change is becoming a leading issue in the 21st century due to its devastating environmental and socioeconomic impacts. It is believed to have significant impacts on the water resources and groundwater in the Middle East region, especially in Iraq. In this study, three different global climate models, under the 6th IPCC report, were downscaled under two SSPs scenarios in the middle and west of Iraq. The downscaled models were fixed for bias using CMhyd (climate model data for hydrologic modeling) over the study area. This was achieved using data from four locally chosen weather stations from 1983 to 2022. Three CMIP6 global models were considered and compared. These were the Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator version 1 (ACCESS-CM2), the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model version 2 (BCC-CSM2-MR), and the sixth version of the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC6).The findings of this study show that the temperature and precipitation changes in the three models under two scenarios in the future period (2023–2050) show an increasing trend compared to the observation period (1983–2014). The results of the generated predictions show that there will be an increase in annual maximum temperatures by this century's end, by 1.26–2.08 °C under scenario SSP2–4.5 and 1.57–2.34 °C under scenario SSP5–8.5 across all study stations. The study found that the annual increase in precipitation over the observed period varies between scenarios (SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5), ranging from +3.56 to +3.87% for SSP2–4.5 and + 7.22% to +12.61% for SSP5–8.5. The results should help improve our understanding of the effects of climate change on the study region and encourage planners and stakeholders to identify optimal strategies for mitigating them.

DCFH: A dynamic clustering approach based on fire hawk optimizer in flying ad hoc networks

In flying ad hoc networks (FANETs), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) communicate with each other without any fixed infrastructure. Because of frequent topological changes, instability of wireless communication, three-dimensional movement of UAVs, and limited resources, especially energy, FANETs deal with many challenges, especially the instability of UAV swarms. One solution to address these problems is clustering because it maintains network performance and increases scalability. In this paper, a dynamic clustering scheme based on fire hawk optimizer (DCFH) is proposed for FANETs. In DCFH, each cluster head calculates the period of hello messages in its cluster based on its velocity. Then, a fire hawk optimizer (FHO)-based dynamic clustering operation is carried out to determine the role of each UAV (cluster head (CH) or cluster member (CM)) in the network. To calculate the fitness value of each fire hawk, a fitness function is suggested based on four elements, namely the balance of energy consumption, the number of isolated clusters, the distribution of CHs, and the neighbor degree. To improve cluster stability, each CH manages the movement of its CMs and adjusts it based on its movement in the network. In the last phase, DCFH defines a greedy routing process to determine the next-hop node based on a score, which consists of distance between CHs, energy, and buffer capacity. Finally, DCFH is simulated using the network simulator version 2 (NS2), and its performance is compared with three methods, including the mobility-based weighted cluster routing scheme (MWCRSF), the dynamic clustering mechanism (DCM), and the Grey wolf optimization (GWO)-based clustering protocol. The simulation results show that DCFH well manages the number of clusters in the network. It improves the cluster construction time (about 55.51%), cluster lifetime (approximately 11.13%), energy consumption (about 15.16%), network lifetime (about 2.6%), throughput (approximately 3.9%), packet delivery rate (about 0.61%), and delay (approximately 14.29%). However, its overhead is approximately 8.72% more than MWCRSF.

Efficiency of single pharmaceutical surfactants to mimic intestinal biorelevant media solubilization and dissolution of etravirine: Comparison of intrinsic and film dissolution models

We understand that quality control dissolution media may best anticipate in vivo product performance by mimicking in vivo media, but preferably involve at most a single pharmaceutical surfactant for routine laboratory use. The objective here was to estimate the concentrations of six pharmaceutical surfactants to mimic etravirine solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate, as well as dissolution rate from a film model, in each Fed State Simulated Intestinal Fluid Version 2 (FeSSIF-V2) and Fasted State Simulated Intestinal Fluid Version 2 (FaSSIF-V2). Solubility studies and colloid sizing measurements were conducted. Results indicate that all six surfactants were more efficient than FeSSIF-V2 or FaSSIF-V2 at solubilizing drug, and also exhibited higher micelle diffusivities than FeSSIF-V2 and FaSSIF-V2 mixed-micelles. The rank-order potency (on mM basis) of the six pharmaceutical surfactants to mimic etravirine solubility in each FeSSIF-V2 and FaSSIF-V2 was: polysorbate 80 (PS80) > polysorbate 20 (PS20) > polyoxyethylene(23) lauryl ether (POE23) > POE10 > hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HEX) > sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). This rank-order potency was almost the same to mimic drug dissolution rate into each FeSSIF-V2 and FaSSIF-V2, except POE10 > POE23. For the most potent surfactant, PS80, 0.461 mM and 0.140 mM PS80 was estimated to mimic etravirine's solubility and dissolution rate into FeSSIF-V2, respectively, using the intrinsic dissolution model. The low PS80 concentration to mimic dissolution rate reflects the relatively high diffusivity of PS80 micelles, compared to FeSSIF-V2 mixed-micelle diffusivity, which was the case for all six pharmaceutical surfactants. Results are also presented in terms of a film dissolution model for surfactant-mediated dissolution, where dissolution enhancement was less than that in the intrinsic dissolution model, and the film model required lower surfactant concentration than in intrinsic dissolution model to mimic FeSSIF-V2-enhanced dissolution. Findings have promised to identify single pharmaceutical surfactant concentrations that mimic key performance attributes of biorelevant media.

Importance of Considering Fed-State Gastrointestinal Physiology in Predicting the Reabsorption of Enterohepatic Circulation of Drugs

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to develop a simulation model for the pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs undergoing enterohepatic circulation (EHC) with consideration to the environment in the gastrointestinal tract in the fed state in humans. The investigation particularly focused on the necessity of compensating for the permeability rate constant in the reabsorption process in consideration of drug entrapment in bile micelles.MethodsMeloxicam and ezetimibe were used as model drugs. The extent of the entrapment of drugs inside bile micelles was evaluated using the solubility ratio of Fed State Simulated Intestinal Fluid version 2 (FeSSIF-V2) to Fasted State Simulated Intestinal Fluid version 2 (FaSSIF-V2). Prediction accuracy was evaluated using the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) value, calculated from the observed and predicted oral PK profiles.ResultsThe solubilization of ezetimibe by bile micelles was clearly observed while that of meloxicam was not. Assuming that only drugs in the free fraction of micelles permeate through the intestinal membrane, PK simulation for ezetimibe was performed in both scenarios with and without compensation by the permeation rate constant. The MAPE value of Zetia® tablet, containing ezetimibe, was lower with compensation than without compensation. By contrast, Mobic® tablet, containing meloxicam, showed a relatively low MAPE value even without compensation.ConclusionFor drugs which undergo EHC and can be solubilized by bile micelles, compensating for the permeation rate constant in the reabsorption process based on the free fraction ratio appears an important factor in increasing the accuracy of PK profile prediction.

A Modified Slicing Method with Multi-Dimensional Unfolding to Measure Hadron-Argon Cross Sections

Liquid argon technology is widely used by many previous and current neutrino experiments, and it is also promising for future large-scale neutrino experiments. When detecting neutrinos using liquid argon, many hadrons are involved, which can also interact with argon nuclei. In order to gain a better understanding of the detection processes, and to simulate neutrino events, knowledge of hadron-argon cross sections is needed. This paper describes a new procedure which improves upon the previous work with multi-dimensional unfolding to measure hadron-argon cross sections in a liquid argon time projection chamber. Through a simplified version of simulation, we demonstrate the validity of this procedure.