Simplified Rations Research Articles

Application of the modified feed formulation to optimize economic and environmental criteria in beef cattle fattening systems with food by-products

A simplified ration optimization method was applied to a beef cattle fattening system to evaluate the utilization of food by-products under various situations. The method was extended to reduce feed costs (i.e., economic factors) and nitrogen and phosphorus excretions (i.e., environmental factors) by introducing penalty coefficients of nitrogen and phosphorus contents in each ingredient of the diet in the objective function in traditional linear programming. Six regional food by-products, five commercial concentrates and two roughages were used as ingredients of the fermented total mixed ration. Constraints for the feed formulation were based mainly on nutrient requirements in the Japanese Feeding Standard for Beef Cattle. The replacement price (or acquisition cost) of food by-products was defined as the maximum price of food by-products when the feed cost with the use of food by-products was below the cost with the use of conventional concentrates. The results showed that although the replacement prices were not greatly affected by the penalty levels, they were associated with the changes in the substitution rate of food by-products for concentrates and the price of concentrates. The replacement prices were about 16 (yen/kg, as-fed basis) against the present price level of concentrates, when food by-products were substituted for a half of concentrates. Feed compositions were altered and nitrogen and phosphorus excretions were decreased by the changes of penalties, in spite of the small change in the replacement price of food by-products. Both nitrogen and phosphorus penalties greatly reduced the nitrogen and phosphorus excretions, indicating that nitrogen and phosphorus penalty coefficients should be introduced together in the objective function in order to reduce both excretions efficiently.

AVALIAÇÃO NUTRICIONAL DO FENO DE LEUCENA COM AVES CAIPIRAS

To evaluate the digestibility of the nutrients in simplified rations contained leucaena hay for free range broiler chickens in growing phase, it was used 24 experimental units, distributed on entirely randomized designed in factorial schedule 2x2, it knows: one control ration (RCO) and another ration with leucaena hay (FLE), offered in two phases of growth, one between 8 and 10 weeks (new foal - FC) and another between 16 and 18 weeks of age (old foal - FR). The chickens were housed in pairs in cages adapted to total excreta collection, organized in standard batteries, receiving ad libitum water and food. The results of apparent digestibility obtained with FLE were lower than the RCO, have been verified general means of 79.07% for dry matter (MS), 84.57% for crude protein (PB), 76.55% for ethereal extract (EE), 31.79% for neutral detergent fiber (FDN), 22.42% for acid detergent fiber (FDA), 77.92% for gross energy (EB) and availability of 19.87% for mineral matter (MM). Therefore, the inclusion of 20% of leucaena hay in the ration of the chickens, in both growth phases, not provided significant reduction in the total digestibility, that suggesting the dietary inclusion of this legume to free range broiler chickens.

Associative effects on the digestibility of energy and the utilization of nitrogen in sheep fed simplified rations.

Associative effects on the digestibility of energy and the utilization of nitrogen in sheep fed simplified rations.

Effects of supplementing laying rations with certain B-complex vitamins.

Synopsis Two tests, using commercial White Leghorn layers and simplified rations, were conducted to determine the need for certain supplemental B‐vitamins. Varying levels of a multiple supplement (containing riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin and choline) were used in the first test. A factorial arrangement of treatments, using single and combination additions of riboflavin, pantothenic acid and niacin, was employed in the second test. During the first test all supplemental vitamin levels resulted in a highly significant increase in egg production and egg size. The lowest dietary supplemental vitamin level was just as adequate as higher levels. Food consumption, body weight gain, viability and specific gravity of eggs were not significantly affected by B‐vitamin fortification. Riboflavin supplementation resulted in a significant increase in egg production in the second test. The specific gravity of eggs was significantly decreased due to riboflavin supplementation. The addition of niacin and pantothenic...

Studies on Duck Nutrition: 7. Effect of Dietary Energy: Protein Relationships upon Growth, Feed Utilization and Carcass Composition in Market Ducklings

PREVIOUS studies on duck nutrition conducted in this laboratory (Scott and Heuser, 1951, 1952; Scott et al., 1957; Heuser and Scott, 1952) have shown that Pekin ducklings are capable of maintaining normal growth and satisfactory efficiency of feed utilization when fed simple, high-energy rations. When these rations were supplemented with adequate levels of known vitamins, especially niacin, no significant improvement was obtained upon further supplementation of the rations with fish meal, fish solubles, whey, distillers solubles or other sources of unidentified chick growth factors. Furthermore, supplemental methionine in these simplified rations produced no improvement in growth or efficiency of feed utilization.Although growth and efficiency of feed utilization were satisfactory, it was noted that the market quality of the ducklings produced on these high-energy rations was unsatisfactory because of the excessively high fat content of the eviscerated duck carcasses. In view of this, studies were undertaken to determine whether alterations …

A Hemorrhagic Condition in Chicks Fed Simplified Rations

SIMPLIFIED rations have been used successfully by many workers in broiler chick nutrition studies. In the course of an investigation with such rations at this Station, a considerable mortality in the experimental birds was attributed to a hemorrhagic condition. This condition resembled the avitaminosis K syndrome described by Dam (1935) and by Almquist and Stokstad (1935 a, b). Since rations similar to those employed in this work are commonly used by other investigators and in commercial broiler production, an evaluation of this hemorrhagic condition seemed advisable. EXPERIMENTALNew Hampshire chicks hatched from the University flock were used in these experiments. The layers were maintained on deep litter and received a standard laying ration which contained 3 percent alfalfa meal. According to the work of Cravens et al. (1941) this level of alfalfa meal in the laying flock ration should provide an adequate intake of vitamin K.When the chicks were …

The Effects of Homocystine, Methionine, Vitamin B12, and Antibiotics in a Methionine Deficient Chick Ration

KLOSE and Almquist (1941) reported that when fed alone neither homocystine nor cystine was equal to methionine in promoting growth of chicks; however, when the two were fed in combination, they effectively replaced methionine. Jukes, Stokstad and Broquist (1950) reported that vitamin B12 may be needed in the transformation of homocystine to methionine in chicks.Patton, Marvel, Petering and Waddell (1946) reported that the growth-promoting effect of methionine as a supplement to a corn-soybean ration was no longer observed when sardine meal was added to the basal ration. That methionine improved the growth of pigs on a cornpeanut meal diet only in the absence of an animal protein factor supplement was reported by Cunha et al. (1949). A simplified ration containing an alcohol-extracted soybean protein was fed by Jukes, Stokstad and Broquist (1950) to chicks hatched from eggs laid by hens receiving a diet containing no source of vitamin B12. .

The Choline Replacement Value of Ethanolamine in Chickens Kept on a High Fat Ration

PREVIOUS studies (Kummerow et al., 1948 and Hite et al., 1949) have indicated that the skin fat of turkeys which had been fed either ethanolamine or choline was more stable than the fat from unsupplemented birds. Ethanolamine, therefore, seemed to be functional in the metabolism of fat in poultry although it has been reported to be nonfunctional in growth and the prevention of perosis. Jukes (1941) found that ethanolamine could not replace choline when fed to chicks which were kept on a purified ration. On the other hand, McGinnis, Norris and Heuser (1944) found betaine and methoinine prevented perosis on a simplified ration, but not on a purified ration similar to the one used by Jukes.In the present study the choline replacement value of ethanolamine was tested with chickens kept on a ration which contained 25 percent linseed oil. The latter was added to the ration, as Sharpless (1940) .

Methionine, Choline, Betaine and Fish Products in a Simplified Ration ,

PREVIOUS investigations at this Station have indicated a supplementary value for choline and methionine in a simplified corn and soybean oil meal ration. Gerry et al. (1948) found these factors to be interchangeable to a certain extent, but that methionine was of somewhat more value than choline. However, Clandinin et al. (1946) using a somewhat more complex ration concluded that choline and methionine cannot be considered interchangeable. Using four different soybean oil meals they found that only one was improved by choline, whereas all four were improved by methionine additions. However, their experiment was terminated when the chicks were four weeks of age. Gerry et al. found that 4 weeks was not sufficient time for bringing out these relative values. Almquist and Grau (1945) state that even if high levels of choline are employed the addition of cystine cannot compensate for a methionine deficiency. These authors have indicated (1944) that .

Distillers’ Dried Solubles in Chick Rations Containing Corn and Vegetable Protein Supplements ,

A DESCRIPTION of distillery by-products, and a review of the literature concerning the utilization of these by-products in poultry rations, has been given by Synold et al. (1943). Distillers’ dried solubles has been reported to be a good source of riboflavin and other vitamins of the B complex (Bauernfeind et al., 1944). Experiments have shown that the dried solubles can replace dried skimmilk in certain chick growing rations (Sloan, 1941). However, most of the experimental rations used by previous investigators contained meat and bone scraps or other animal protein supplements. These animal protein feeds are known to be relatively rich sources of some B complex vitamins. Therefore, additional experiments utilizing distillers’ solubles in more simplified rations containing corn, soybean oil meal and alfalfa leaf meal, with vitamin and mineral additions, should prove helpful in indicating the supplementary value of this distillery by-product in chick rations.EXPERIMENTALFeeding experiments were conducted .

Simplified Rations for the Chick: Four Figures

Simplified Rations for the Chick: Four Figures

Simplified Rations for Guinea Pigs Suitable for Assay of the Grass Juice Factor.

Previous publications from this laboratory have described studies on the grass juice factor in which both rats12 and guinea pigs3 have been used for assay purposes. The basal ration used for each o...

Supplementary Values Among Foods. I: Adding Egg to an Adequate Diet Compared with Increasing Vegetables.

Sherman and Campbell have shown that in a simplified ration composed of whole wheat and whole milk powder marked improvement in growth, reproduction, lactation and general vigor resulted from increasing the milk from 1/6 to 1/3 of the total weight. We have fed albino rats simplified rations patterned after diets suitable for children, including milk, cereal food (represented by white flour), an assortment of vegetables, a butter substitute (equaling butter in vitamin A content) and meat residue. The composition of these diets is shown in Table I. On each diet a 5th generation has been secured, but the present report covers only 3 generations; on each diet approximately 40 animals have been carried to the age of 1 year, and on each over 1000 young have been born. As many young as survived have been reared to the age of 28 days. The 3 diets with varying proportions of vegetables but no egg, supported excellent growth, fair reproduction, but very poor lactation. Growth and fertility were slightly better in the 2nd and 3rd generation than in the 1st, but the percentage of young reared decreased with each successive generation, owing to poor lactation. On the 4th diet, in which egg was used, there was better growth of the young, earlier maturity of the mothers, higher fertility, and better lactation. These findings are summarized in Table II. These experiments show that a mixed diet already adequate but not containing egg can be improved by the addition of egg more than by an increase in the amount of vegetables, and suggest special supplementing values for the egg, which require further investigation.