Simplified Method For Measurement Research Articles

In-Operando Detection Method for Lithium Metal Deposition during Fast Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries Derived from Impedance Modeling

Lithium-ion batteries play a key role in the electrification of the transport sector. However, to replace combustion engines with battery-powered electric drive trains, the fast charging capability is essential. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the optimum operating window for lithium-ion cells. A strict criterion for optimization is to prevent lithium metal deposition at the anode, as this undesired side reaction can pose serious safety risks. An efficient technique to optimize charging strategies while tracking lithium plating is needed, as existing approaches have limitations such as a lack of in-line capability, low time precision, or complex experimental setups. In this study, a simple lithium metal deposition detection method is derived from a three-electrode setup. This in-operando method is applied during fast charging using dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. To model the acquired impedance spectra, a novel equivalent circuit is developed. The model is used to elucidate characteristic impedance features of anodes with deposited lithium metal. These observed characteristic features are then applied to a simplified measurement method in full cells using a single-frequency signal. The precision and high temporal resolution of both methods are demonstrated through validation. Furthermore, the simplified method can be applied in in-operando applications, making it suitable for diverse research and industrial contexts.

Simplified Method for Measurement of Arabinoxylan Content in Wort and Beer

Arabinoxylan is a major polysaccharide found in barley and wheat. As this polysaccharide has been reported to be involved in wort viscosity and filterability, as well as β-glucan, it has become increasingly important in beer brewing in recent years, despite the limited availability of a measurement methodology for arabinoxylan. In this study, we developed a simple method for determining arabinoxylan content in wort and beer products using a commercially available xylose determination kit. The results show a relationship between arabinoxylan and the viscosity of wort and beer products. These results were consistent with previous reports, suggesting that this simple method can be used to observe the behavior of arabinoxylan during malting and brewing.

Pickleball Sound 101 - The Statistics of Pickleball Sound and a Recommended Noise Standard for Pickleball Play

Sound from a pickleball game is a random series of impact sounds each time a paddle strikes the ball. The sound level from these impacts varies depending on the paddles and balls used, the skill of each player, and the force of each impact. A simplified measurement method and a common metric were used to measure the time varying nature of pickleball impacts as individual events. The sound measured from pickleball play exhibited a normal distribution that allowed statistical techniques to be applied to these measurements. Estimates were made of the percentage of time that maximum sound levels would be exceeded. Current noise ordinances fail to quantify the annoyance from these short duration random impacts. This results in measured pickleball sound levels that are not a noise violation but remain a source of complaints from nearby residents. Noise limits for pickleball play are proposed using this common metric so that pickleball sound can be effectively quantified and managed.

Cyber Trust Index: A Framework for Rating and Improving Cybersecurity Performance

Cybersecurity risk is among the top risks that every organization must consider and manage, especially during this time wherein technology has become an integral part of our lives; however, there is no efficient and simplified measurement method that organizations or regulators could use, as frequently as they need, to evaluate and compare the outcome of cybersecurity efforts that have been put in place. Consequently, this has resulted in an absence of critical data for cybersecurity improvement. This research proposes a Cyber Trust Index (CTI), a novel and simplified framework for evaluating, benchmarking, and improving organizations’ cybersecurity performance. Methods: The researchers analyzed prominent scientific research papers and widely used security standards to develop baseline security controls that serve as a measurement foundation. Then, they identified Control Enablers and Capability Tiers that were used as base measures and measurement methods. The CTI framework was evaluated by experts and tested with 35 organizations from the critical information infrastructure (CII) sector, as well as other generic sectors, in Thailand to confirm its validity and reliability in real organization settings and identify the priorities and factors that can contribute to better cybersecurity performance. Results: The CTI has two key elements: the baseline controls and rating methods. The baseline controls comprise 12 dimensions, 25 clusters, and 70 controls. The rating methods utilize five control enablers and five capability tiers to compute scores. A binary questionnaire is used to capture data for the rating process. Based on a statistical analysis of CTI results from 35 pilot organizations, 28.57% are in the beginner group with high-risk exposure, 31.43% are in the leader group with low-risk exposure, and 40% of organizations are in between (the intermediate and advanced groups). Two key factors distinguish between the beginner and leader groups: (1) an internal factor, which is the Control Enablers; and (2) an external factor, which is the influence of a cyber regulating body. Our study confirms that Control Enablers in higher Tiers will help organizations achieve better cybersecurity performance (R = 0.98021) and highlights the significance of cyber regulating bodies by showing a shear difference of 197.53% in cyber performance between highly regulated and low-regulated industries. Conclusions: This research reveals key insights into the importance of Control Enablers, which are the internal factors that organizations must leverage to drive better cybersecurity performance, and the positive return on enforcement, which emphasizes the need for cyber regulating bodies. The CTI framework has proven to be valid and efficient for measuring cybersecurity performance. At the very least, a step-wise roadmap is provided for organizations and regulators to adopt and adapt the CTI framework for their cybersecurity measurement and improvement mission.

Experiment on percolation for Introductory Physics Laboratories—A case study

In this study, a module for percolation is developed in light of five goals for the Introductory Physics Laboratories formulated by the American Association of Physics Teachers. The module was tested and validated on a group of six first-year physics students. The content was based on an experiment on the percolation of a water network in the course of the dehydration process that used a simplified method of measurement. The students' opinions of the module were recorded and analyzed. That they had learned about the percolation phenomenon was verified through their lab reports and a specially designed survey. The results show that the students had positive opinions of the implemented module, and that it had enabled them to acquire basic knowledge of percolation.

A simplified method for measurement of palatal bone thickness to select the optimum length of orthodontic mini-implant

Introduction The palatal bone is a suitable site for mini-implant placement due to it being a “rootless area” with dense bone. This application has increased with mini-implant-assisted rapid palatal expansion becoming the preferred method of expansion. It is necessary to measure the vertical bone height with a reasonable accuracy, at the implant insertion site, to utilize the maximum available bone support, and to avoid the risk of perforations. As an accepted method, full-volume cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan is advised for the same. This requires an additional procedure, further, radiation exposure, and cost to the patient. The aim of the study was to establish the utility of lateral cephalogram as a simple and reliable method to measure palatal bone thickness for placement of mini-implants in the 1st premolar and 1st molar region, which are the most common sites of mini-implant placement. Materials and Methods A total of 30 CBCT scans and digital lateral cephalograms of patients were selected and analyzed at the 1st premolar and molar region and were statistically evaluated using Student’s t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results The results obtained indicated a highly significant correlation between the measurements obtained on lateral cephalograms at both the 1st premolar and 1st molar areas, P < 0.001. Conclusion The data presented show that lateral cephalometry provides a reliable assessment of the quantity of vertical bone for paramedian insertion of a palatal implant.

Simplified measurement method for dissolved radio-Cs in litter and soil seepage water using copper-substituted Prussian blue

We developed a simple and rapid method for detecting dissolved radio-Cs in litter and/or soil seepage water using nonwoven fabrics impregnated with copper-substituted Prussian blue (Cu-NF). In laboratory and field experiments, litter and/or soil seepage water including dissolved radio-Cs were passed through traditional lysimeter systems combined with seven sheets of the Cu-NF. We then examined the recovery ratios of dissolved 137Cs in the Cu-NF. In the laboratory experiments with faster flow rates (11–2200 mm h−1), over 86% of the total dissolved 137Cs in litter seepage water was detected in the Cu-NF and over 82% of the collected 137Cs was present in the first three sheets. In the field experiments, 99% of the total dissolved 137Cs litter seepage water was collected in the Cu-NF and more than 96% of the collected 137Cs was present in the first three sheets. Furthermore, the recovery ratio of dissolved 137Cs increased with increasing installation Cu-NF length, probably because the packed soil in the Cu-NF lysimeter become more stable over time. Finally, because only the Cu-NF is measured, it is not necessary to undertake traditional measurement preparations such as filtration to remove particulate radio-Cs materials and evaporative concentration for low concentration of radio-Cs. As a result, we can save time and effort in measurement preparation by using the Cu-NF lysimeter method.

A Simplified Measurement Method of Solar - Optical Properties of Multi - Pane Glazing Units

A Simplified Measurement Method of Solar - Optical Properties of Multi - Pane Glazing Units

Measuring in-use ship emissions with international and U.S. federal methods

Regulatory agencies have shifted their emphasis from measuring emissions during certification cycles to measuring emissions during actual use. Emission measurements in this research were made from two different large ships at sea to compare the Simplified Measurement Method (SMM) compliant with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) NOx Technical Code to the Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) compliant with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 1065 for on-road emission testing. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured at load points specified by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to compare the two measurement methods. The average percentage errors calculated for PEMS measurements were 6.5%, 0.6%, and 357% for NOx , CO2, and CO, respectively. The NOx percentage error of 6.5% corresponds to a 0.22 to 1.11 g/kW-hr error in moving from Tier III (3.4 g/kW-hr) to Tier I (17.0 g/kW-hr) emission limits. Emission factors (EFs) of NOx and CO2 measured via SMM were comparable to other studies and regulatory agencies estimates. However, EFPM2.5 for this study was up to 26% higher than that currently used by regulatory agencies. The PM2.5 was comprised predominantly of hydrated sulfate (70–95%), followed by organic carbon (11–14%), ash (6–11%), and elemental carbon (0.4–0.8%). Implications This research provides direct comparison between the International Maritime Organization and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference methods for quantifying in-use emissions from ships. This research provides correlations for NOx, CO2, and CO measured by a PEMS unit (certified by U.S. EPA for on-road testing) against IMO's Simplified Measurement Method for on-board certification. It substantiates the measurements of NOx by PEMS and quantifies measurement error. This study also provides in-use modal and overall weighted emission factors of gaseous (NOx, CO, CO2, total hydrocarbons [THC], and SO2) and particulate pollutants from the main engine of a container ship, which are helpful in the development of emission inventory.

Simplified Measurement Method for Steam Mole Fractions Based on Temperature Measurement with Wet Spherical Material (Using Adiabatic Saturation Line Applied to High Temperature and High Humidity)

Simplified Measurement Method for Steam Mole Fractions Based on Temperature Measurement with Wet Spherical Material (Using Adiabatic Saturation Line Applied to High Temperature and High Humidity)

Reliability of Simplified Measurement Method of Atmospheric NO2

Reliability of Simplified Measurement Method of Atmospheric NO2

Failure probability prediction of concrete components

In order to predict the probability of failure for brittle fracture of concrete components under multiaxial stress states, the imperfections of concrete components are modeled as cracks with different shapes in this paper. A new probability distribution function for evaluating the failure probability of concrete components is proposed. A simplified measurement method for determining the parameters of the governing Weibull distribution, using the three-point bending test, is presented and discussed. The experimental results of the combined bending/torsion failure tests of concrete components verify that the proposed crack model is more reasonable than the Batdorf's crack model and the proposed prediction formula can evaluate the failure probability of concrete components accurately.

A simplified measurement method of auditory filters for hearing-impaired listeners

A simplified method for the measurement of auditory filter, in which the filter shape is assumed to be symmetric, is proposed. This method would apply to the clinical diagnosis of hearing impairment and the fitting of hearing aids. The proposed method is based on the notched-noise method and includes procedures for the determination of the masker level and for the estimation of the auditory filter shape from one masked threshold. In order to reduce measuring time, the ascending method is used to detect the signal threshold level in this method. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate this proposed technique: (1) the measurement accuracy of the ascending method was investigated on three normal-hearing subjects and compared with the 2AFC method, and (2) the practicability of this simplified method was evaluated on eleven hearing-impaired and two normal-hearing subjects, and compared with the conventional notched-noise method. Results showed that (1) the ascending method has sufficient accuracy for the measurement of the masked threshold and (2) ERB data obtained using the simplified method correlate highly with ERB data obtained using the conventional notched-noise method. It was also shown that each auditory filter could be measured in approximately three minutes.

108 ベベルギヤかみあい次数の側帯波音の管理手法

The spiral bevel gears, which have little noise, are suitable for high speed running. These gears are widely used for automobiles, helicopters, etc. Recently, as the precision of this gear required become more and more high standard, the process of three-dimensional tooth surface correction by an NC lapping machine is carried out after heat treatment. On the other hands, gear noise is evaluated by various measuring method, and generally the value at mesh frequency is paid attention. However, recently the sideband wave of the mesh frequency have been beginning to be evaluated to confirm an accuracy dispersion of each tooth in a gear. But there are few papers dealing with the sideband wave. Then, we pay attention to the side bands of mesh frequency, such as the Oerlikon-type which has been considered the high of the cutting efficiency. Then, the mechanism of side bands was clarified by supposing that was generated amplitude modulation and frequency modulation. On the other hands, a simplified measurement method of pitch errors was proposed. And relation sideband wave of rotational vibration of gear and pitch error of gear was also investigated.

Estimation of cardiac reserve by peak power: validation and initial application of a simplified index

OBJECTIVESTo validate a simplified estimate of peak power (SPP) against true (invasively measured) peak instantaneous power (TPP), to assess the feasibility of measuring SPP during exercise and to correlate this...

Simplified Measurement Method of Turn-ratios of Auxiliary Windings in Single Phase Induction Motors for General Purpose

The turn-ratio test is required in single phase induction motor to obtain the data necessary to segregate the losses. In this study, for the single phase induction motors for general purpose that are used widely as single phase induction motors it is discussed that the turn-ratio can be derived from the data obtained in the experiment similar to the locked rotor test for the determination of load characteristics in a polyphase induction motor.

Glomerular basement membrane thickness--a comparison of two methods of measurement in patients with unexplained haematuria

Thin glomerular basement membranes may be an important cause of microscopic haematuria. Unfortunately measurements are often not made because of the complicated methods currently employed. A simplified method of measurement of glomerular basement membrane thickness, involving only 16 selected measurements on a single glomerulus, was compared with the accepted, but time-consuming, orthogonal intercept technique. Thirty-one needle biopsies from patients with renal haematuria unexplained by conventional histology and immunofluorescence were studied. Measurements were made on the same ultrathin sections. The new method was found to give much lower values (mean (SD) 202+/-51 versus 282+/-52 nm) with limits of agreement of -131 to -30 nm compared with the orthogonal intercept method. The coefficient of repeatability was 39 nm for the orthogonal intercept method and 56 nm for the new method. However, using two glomeruli the new method had limits of agreement of -120 to -41 nm with a coefficient of repeatability of 38 nm. Provided two glomeruli are measured the new technique is sufficiently accurate for the diagnosis of thin membrane nephrology, in appropriate cases, and is much simpler and cheaper than the orthogonal intercept method.

Cost‐significant modelling ‐ its potential for use in south‐east Asia

A rich variety of cost models is used in the world's construction industries. In countries exposed to British practice, the use of traditional bills of quantities is common. Elsewhere, bills of quantities may not be used at all. This paper briefly reviews the nature and purpose of cost models both in the UK and in south‐east Asia. It explains how the principle of cost‐significance can lead to a simplified method of measurement which is both well‐structured and sufficiently accurate ‐ a half‐way house between traditional bills and a single lump sum. By way of example, the derivation of a cost‐significant model for student hostels in Singapore is presented. Representing no more than a first step, the problems still to be resolved are outlined. Nevertheless, the techniques seem to hold much promise for the future, and others are encouraged to explore where they might most effectively be applied.

放射熱交換を利用した簡易測定法による熱伝導率定測

A simplified measurement method for thermal conductivity of low conductive materials such as polymers and ceramics has been developed. Plate-shaped (2-8×25×25mm3) samples and reference samples are adhered on a heated copper base plate in a vacuum chamber. Temperature differences between the sample surfaces and the base plate caused by radiative heat exchange are measured by differential thermocouples. Thermal conductivities of the samples are calculated using the reference data on the reference samples. As a result of test measurements at 30-70°C, uncertainties of the measured values were estimated to be ±15% in a standard deviation.

A Simplified Method for Measurement of Lactic Acid and Sulfur Dioxide in Corn Wet Milling Steep Water

AbstractA rapid HPLC method for measurement of lactic acid in corn wet milling steep water was developed. This technique is also suitable for simultaneous analysis of sulfur dioxide (sulfurous acid). Lactic acid and sulfur dioxide were analyzed using a Shodex Ionpak KC‐811 HPLC column with a Waters 410 refractive index detector within 11 min. In preparing steep water for laboratory batch steeps, lactic acid from 85% syrup must be diluted to 10% (w/w) and heated at 95°C for 24 h to obtain free lactic acid. Steep water solubles, developed as steep time increases, did not interfere with the analysis. Duplicated injections (64) of steep water gave an average coefficient of variation of less than 4% between duplicates for both lactic acid and sulfur dioxide. Coefficients of variation for pure sulfur dioxide and lactic acid solutions were less (2.2% and 0.2%, respectively). This HPLC method is rapid, precise, and suitable for automation.