Simple Verification Research Articles

Concrete Defect Localization Based on Multilevel Convolutional Neural Networks.

Concrete structures frequently manifest diverse defects throughout their manufacturing and usage processes due to factors such as design, construction, environmental conditions and distress mechanisms. In this paper, a multilevel convolutional neural network (CNN) combined with array ultrasonic testing (AUT) is proposed for identifying the locations of hole defects in concrete structures. By refining the detection area layer by layer, AUT is used to collect ultrasonic signals containing hole defect information, and the original echo signal is input to CNN for the classification of hole locations. The advantage of the proposed method is that the corresponding defect location information can be obtained directly from the input ultrasonic signal without manual discrimination. It effectively addresses the issue of traditional methods being insufficiently accurate when dealing with complex structures or hidden defects. The analysis process is as follows. First, COMSOL-Multiphysics finite element software is utilized to simulate the AUT detection process and generate a large amount of ultrasonic echo data. Next, the extracted signal data are trained and learned using the proposed multilevel CNN approach to achieve progressive localization of internal structural defects. Afterwards, a comparative analysis is conducted between the proposed multilevel CNN method and traditional CNN approaches. The results show that the defect localization accuracy of the proposed multilevel CNN approach improved from 85.38% to 95.27% compared to traditional CNN methods. Furthermore, the computation time required for this process is reduced, indicating that the method not only achieves higher recognition precision but also operates with greater efficiency. Finally, a simple experimental verification is conducted; the results show that this method has strong robustness in recognizing noisy ultrasonic signals, provides effective solutions, and can be used as a reference for future defect detection.

Safe mud weight window in wellbore with mud-cake: A simple solution and verification

Under overbalanced drilling condition, a layer of particulates from drilling mud, called mud-cake or filter-cake, is often formed on the wellbore surface as the drilling fluid seeps through the surrounding geological formation. Mud-cake acts like a soft filter reducing the fluid pressure exerted on the wellbore surface by the fluid in the well. In this work, the safe mud weight window for wellbores with mud-cake is analytically derived by combining the long-term poroelastic wellbore stress solutions with steady-state flow solution for a two-layer cylindrical well. Parametric study on mud-cake permeability and thickness verifies that a wellbore with mud-cake transits smoothly from permeable wellbore to impermeable wellbore as the mud-cake accumulates. The new solution of breakdown pressure is also validated by a hydromechanical interaction numerical simulation.

A Type of Scale-Oriented Terrain Pattern Derived from Normalized Topographic Relief Layers and Its Interpretation

Topographic scale characteristics contain valuable information for interpreting landform structures, which is crucial for understanding the spatial differentiation of landforms across large areas. However, the absence of parameters that specifically describe the topographic scale characteristics hinders the quantitative representation of regional topography from the perspective of spatial scales. In this study, false-color composite images were generated using normalized topographic relief data, showing a type of scale-oriented terrain pattern. Subsequent analysis indicated a direct correlation between the luminance of the patterns and the normalized topographic relief. Additionally, a linear correlation exists between the color of the patterns and the change rate in normalized topographic relief. Based on the analysis results, the issue of characterizing topographic scale effects was transformed into a problem of interpreting terrain patterns. The introduction of two parameters, flux and curl of topographic field, allowed for the interpretation of the terrain patterns. The assessment indicated that the calculated values of topographic field flux are equivalent to the luminance of the terrain patterns and the variations in the topographic field curl correspond with the spatial differentiation of colors in the terrain patterns. This study introduced a new approach to analyzing topographic scale characteristics, providing a pathway for quantitatively describing scale effects and automatically classifying landforms at a regional scale. Through exploratory analysis on artificially constructed simple DEMs and verification in four typical geomorphological regions of real terrain, it was shown that the terrain pattern method has better intuitiveness than the scale signature approach. It can reflect the scale characteristics of terrain in continuous space. Compared to the MTPCC image, the terrain parameters derived from the terrain pattern method further quantitatively describe the scale effects of the terrain.

Molecular mechanism of Spatholobi Caulis treatment for cholangiocarcinoma based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a type of malignant tumor originating from the intrahepatic, periportal, or distal biliary system. The treatment means for CCA is limited, and its prognosis is poor. Spatholobi Caulis (SC) is reported to have effects on anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor, but its role in CCA is unclear. First, the potential molecular mechanism of SC for CCA treatment was explored based on network pharmacology, and the core targets were verified by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Then, we explored the inhibitory effect of SC on the malignant biological behavior of CCA in vitro and in vivo and also explored the related signaling pathways. The effect of combination therapy of SC and cisplatin (DDP) in CCA was also explored. Finally, we conducted a network pharmacological study and simple experimental verification on luteolin, one of the main components of SC. Network pharmacology analysis showed that the core targets of SC on CCA were AKT1, CASP3, MYC, TP53, and VEGFA. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation indicated a good combination between the core target protein and the corresponding active ingredients. In vitro, SC inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of CCA cells. In vivo experiments, the results were consistent with in vitro experiments, and there was no significant hepatorenal toxicity of SC at our dosage. Based on KEGG enrichment analysis, we found PI3K/AKT signaling pathway might be the main signaling pathway of SC action on CCA by using AKT agonist SC79. To explore whether SC was related to the chemotherapy sensitivity of CCA, we found that SC combined with DDP could more effectively inhibit the progression of cholangiocarcinoma. Finally, we found luteolin may inhibit the proliferation and invasion of CCA cells. Our study demonstrates for the first time that SC inhibits the progression of CCA by suppressing EMT through the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, and SC could enhance the effectiveness of cisplatin therapy for CCA.

AntiFake System: Machine Learning-Based System for Verification of Fake News

Fake news has become extremely popular in recent years and is widely used in social networking. The Internet has enabled an unprecedented number and speed of news exchanges between users. With the exponential growth of social media, information spreads among individuals at an unprecedented amount and speed. Verifying the news has effective ways to combat misinformation. Facilitating online data verification is an effective strategy to deal with the often overwhelming amount of misinformation. AntiFake is a machine-learning-based system that relies solely on its content and enables simple, cost-effective, and time-efficient news verification. The system is equipped with professional integration tools. The developed system uses machine learning techniques to automatically identify fraudulent or misleading information, thereby contributing to establishing trust in published content efficiently and cost-effectively. The results show that the developed system is effective and efficient.

Fundamental study for vehicle abnormal sound detection and the direction estimation methods using machine learning with noise reduction

Detecting abnormal sounds during vehicle running condition is important to find out the vehicle’s problems at the early stage. In the mass production process, the detection test is generally carried out by the inspector. However, continuous inspection by a human for long time is hard and miss false inspection may occur. In addition, normal running noise, such as road noise, deteriorates the inspection accuracy. Therefore, an automatic accurate abnormal sound detection method under the normal noise is necessary to improve the detection accuracy with small man-hour. Furthermore, if the method has an ability to localize the abnormal sound direction, the countermeasure also becomes easy. In this study, we considered the noise detection method using machine learning with a noise reduction method and attempted the noise direction using two microphones. As a fundamental study, we applied these methods in an open room and the result showed that the method could detect the abnormal sound under normal noise condition and indicate the direction well in the simple verification test.

Insurance Plan Coverage Modeling of the Marginal Costs from One Week vs. Three Week Radiation Therapy in Standard-Of-Care Treatment of Post-Lumpectomy Early-Stage Breast Cancer Across Medicaid and Medicare Plans

For early-stage breast cancer (BC), the choice of radiation therapy (RT) duration (1- versus 3-weeks) is highly debated. Cost and financial toxicity are major concerns that BC patients face. Nonetheless, there remain limited discussions providing granular details of the role of insurance in the aggregate cost of 1 week versus 3 weeks of RT for patients. This project addresses this gap by disaggregating costs by insurance plan to increase transparency of out-of-pocket (OOP) cost estimates in RT. Surgical, medical, and radiation oncology treatment procedures were determined through the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines; codes were identified using Current Procedural Terminology and Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System. OOP treatment costs, deductibles, and copay/coinsurance were calculated in accordance with insurance type, including Medicaid, Original Medicare, and Medigap Plan G. The medicare.gov, medicaid.oh.gov, and the physician fee schedule from cms.gov were used to determine pricing. Price estimates reflect actual costs per insurance plan rather than costs estimated from claims data. All procedures were considered to be performed in an Ohio hospital setting. One-week RT was defined as 5 fractions without boost, and 3-week RT was defined as 15 fractions without boost. Treatment charges for RT included initial radiation oncology office consultation and subsequent radiation oncology clinical treatment planning notes, complex 3D treatment plan, dosimetry calculations, complex treatment device design and construction, complex treatment planning simulation, simple verification treatment simulation, complex RT delivery, port verification films, on-treatment visits with radiation oncology, and continuing medical physics consultation. Original Medicare beneficiaries face an OOP cost of 20% for every Medicare Part B charge with no cost cap for all approved procedures after the deductible is met, resulting in a marginal OOP treatment charge of $649.24 for 1 week and $1006.20 for 3 weeks of RT. Assuming the deductible is met post-lumpectomy, Medigap Plan G beneficiaries are faced with no additional charges for both lengths of radiation treatment. Similarly, for Medicaid beneficiaries (assuming all treatments approved by Medicaid), all expenses are covered without limit, resulting in no OOP expense. Considerations of 1 week and 3 weeks of RT for post-lumpectomy early-stage BC are often dependent on cancer characteristic and patient preferences. This model (based on actual cost estimates per insurance plan rather than claims data) compares OOP costs across Medicaid and Medicare plans, which more holistically informs patients in their decision for choice of treatment.

Parametrical T-Gate for Joint Processing of Quantum and Classic Optoelectronic Signals

Unmanned network robotics is a new multidisciplinary field that involves many fields of computer networks, multi-agent systems, control theory, 5G and 6G Internet, computer security, and wireless quantum communications. Efficient conjugation of such technologies needs to design new data verification schemes for robotic agents using the advantages of quantum key distribution lines. For such schemes the joint use of known fuzzy logic parametrical -gates and discrete multiple-valued logic models simplifies the application of quantum quasi-random keys. Namely, the separate regulating parameter in -gates is the most convenient tool to use quantum keys in comparatively simple classical control and verification procedures that do not involve quantum logic gates.

From Requirements to Product: an MBSE Approach for the Digitalization of the Aircraft Design Process

AbstractDuring the aircraft conceptual design phase, many different design options need to be explored and compared in a short time frame. To speed up this process, efforts have been made in the past decades to digitalize parts of the design process, with a focus on the automation of the repetitive and non‐creative tasks inherent to the iterative design process. Whilst many of the newly developed methodologies focus on specific parts of the design process, a holistic model‐based design framework, incorporating the latest design technology developments, is lacking. To fill this gap, this paper presents the latest version of the Design and Engineering Engine (DEE) framework, originally proposed in the early 2000s and progressively matured through the experience of several international research collaborations. The DEE enables the setup and execution of Multidisciplinary Design Analysis and Optimization (MDAO) problems for aircraft (sub)systems, leveraging the automated, rule‐based modeling capabilities offered by Knowledge‐Based Engineering (KBE) and recent developments in the automatic formulation and integration of MDAO workflows. While the traditional MDAO process focuses on a given product architecture, the DEE allows also architectural design studies and makes use of Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) principles to address the whole design process, from requirements modeling up to the automatic verification of the requirements. In practice, the DEE provides a single conceptual framework or template from which specific design framework instances can be formulated and executed, according to the user's needs. This paper describes the DEE architecture and its implementation concepts. Furthermore, it demonstrates the application of the DEE template to four different scenarios, ranging from a simple requirement verification study, up to the simultaneous synthesis and optimization of an aircraft system and its production process, including multiple system architecture options.

Relationship Between Reactive Aggression and Follower Behavior in Bullying Among Adolescents: Moderating Effect of Negative Personal and Normative Beliefs About Follower Behavior

Objectives: This study seeks to examine how negative personal and normative beliefs about follower behavior moderates the relationship between adolescents’ reactive aggression and follower behavior in bullying.Methods: The participants were 968 (boys 539, girls 429) adolescents who were first to second graders from six middle schools in Jeju-do. They completed self-report assessments of reactive aggression, follower behavior in bullying, and negative personal and normative beliefs about follower behavior and proactive aggression. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Model 2 in Process macro version 4.2 and a simple slope verification was analyzed to confirm the moderating effect.Results: Adolescent’s follower behavior was significantly positively correlated with reactive aggression. However, there were significant negative correlations between negative personal and normative beliefs about follower behavior. Adolescent’s reactive aggression is thought to have an effect on follower behavior in bullying. Additionally, in the state of controlling gender and proactive aggression, negative personal beliefs about follower behavior moderated the relationship between reactive aggression and follower behavior in bullying. High levels of negative personal beliefs about follower behavior were associated with reactive aggression. However, negative normative beliefs about follower behavior had no moderating effect.Conclusion: The findings reveal the need to consider negative personal beliefs about follower behavior and how they interact with reactive aggression in understanding and preventing follower behavior. Furthermore, this study emphasizes that reactive aggression is an important factor in predicting the follower behavior in bullying.

Thermo-mechanical numerical analyses in support of fire endurance assessment of ordinary soda-lime structural glass elements

PurposeGlass material is largely used for load-bearing components in buildings. For this reason, standardized calculation methods can be used in support of safe structural design in common loading and boundary conditions. Differing from earlier literature efforts, the present study elaborates on the load-bearing capacity, failure time and fire endurance of ordinary glass elements under fire exposure and sustained mechanical loads, with evidence of major trends in terms of loading condition and cross-sectional layout. Traditional verification approaches for glass in cold conditions (i.e. stress peak check) and fire endurance of load-bearing members (i.e. deflection and deflection rate limits) are assessed based on parametric numerical simulations.Design/methodology/approachThe mechanical performance of structural glass elements in fire still represents an open challenge for design and vulnerability assessment. Often, special fire-resisting glass solutions are used for limited practical applications only, and ordinary soda-lime silica glass prevails in design applications for load-bearing members. Moreover, conventional recommendations and testing protocols in use for load-bearing members composed of traditional constructional materials are not already addressed for glass members. This paper elaborates on the fire endurance and failure detection methods for structural glass beams that are subjected to standard ISO time–temperature for fire exposure and in-plane bending mechanical loads. Fire endurance assessment methods are discussed with the support of Finite Element (FE) numerical analyses.FindingsBased on extended parametric FE analyses, multiple loading, geometrical and thermo-mechanical configurations are taken into account for the analysis of simple glass elements under in-plane bending setup and fire exposure. The comparative results show that – in most of cases – thermal effects due to fire exposure have major effects on the actual load-bearing capacity of these members. Moreover, the conventional stress peak verification approach needs specific elaborations, compared to traditional calculations carried out in cold conditions.Originality/valueThe presented numerical results confirm that the fire endurance analysis of ordinary structural glass elements is a rather complex issue, due to combination of multiple aspects and influencing parameters. Besides, FE simulations can provide useful support for a local and global analysis of major degradation and damage phenomena, and thus support the definition of simple and realistic verification procedures for fire exposed glass members.

Constructing physical space design for high color gamut in mixed reality environment

This paper presents a physical space design method for mixed reality-based immersive environments by improving the color rendering of optically visible head-mounted displays. In OST-HMD, the phenomenon that the light of the external environment is combined with the enhanced image occurs, which reduces the visibility of the content. Moreover, previous studies to solve this problem required additional optical components or performed only simple verification. Proposed physical space was designed using black curtains, blinds, low-reflection structures, and adjustable lighting. The physical space can be adapted to the intended use of the physical space through physical transitions for multiple users without additional optics. To verify the usefulness of this environment, we measured the color gamut and intensity spectrum in three experimental environments. Also, we analyzed the factors that change the color gamut according to the components and the surrounding environment. As a result, the color gamut improved by up to 4.7 times from 19.92% to 93.53% based on the environment and improved by up to 4.1 times from 21% to 86.29% depending on the location. The experimental results revealed that the presented method could reduce the factors that degrade the color gamut within all measurement locations and significantly improve the color gamut.

Plasma Expansion Characterization of a Vacuum Arc Thruster with Stereo Imaging

In order to support increasingly detailed simulation models in the field of plasma generation and expansion, more experimental data are needed to prove and verify these models. In addition to existing invasive probe methods and spectroscopy, optical diagnostics methods can be employed for this purpose. These can be used to obtain information about the transient behavior of the plasma plume itself. For this purpose, a pseudo stereo imaging system was assembled, which consisted of a biprism and one camera. The presented setup was used to observe the plasma plume expansion of a vacuum arc thruster and to detect how a magnetic nozzle changes the plume expansion behavior of the used thruster. For this, areas were calculated by means of contour detection from both view directions, and a 3D model was reconstructed by computing cross-sectional images. The results show that the magnetic nozzle provides a more uniform formation of the plasma plume, which can be seen by comparing the calculated areas from both directions of observation and is confirmed by the reconstructed 3D models. Thus, the used setup is suitable as an additional diagnostic tool in the future. Despite its simple design, it provides information about the spatial development of a plasma plume. It can serve as a fast and simple verification tool for simulation results, where otherwise complex tomographic setups and reconstructions would be necessary to obtain spatial information. Further measurements are recommended to improve and validate the recording and evaluation process.

Ultraviolet and infrared excitable inorganic-organic hybrid materials: Synthesis, characterization and anti-counterfeiting applications

Luminescence materials have received extensive attention for anti-counterfeiting applications due to their low-cost fabrication and simple verification advantages. However, single-emitting encryption can be easily cracked. Therefore, the development of multi-responsive anti-counterfeiting strategies is urgent. Here, we report a facile and universal method to fabricate ultraviolet and infrared excitable inorganic-organic hybrid materials that consist of up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and organic afterglow materials. With this method, UCNPs can be assembled onto organic afterglow materials driven by the electrostatic interactions between the two components. As a proof-of-concept, a NaYF4: Yb, Er UCNPs@catechol-doped cyanuric acid (cd-CA) composite was designed and served as a secret anti-counterfeiting ink material. The security label using the hybrid material as an information carrier shows multiple encryption signals, such as fluorescence, up-conversion, phosphorescence, and infrared thermal imaging, increasing security.

Visualization of Aerological Diagram and Analysis of Atmospheric Sounding Information Using Raob with Model Data During Low Visibility Conditions at Cengkareng Meteorological Station

The limitations of in-situ observations of the upper air are one of the obstacles in analyzing the weather. The use of data models can be one solution. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of the data model in providing upper air information using RAOB as a visualization tool for aerological diagrams and sounding information analyzers. The data used are radiosonde observation data from the Cengkareng meteorological station and 1000 – 100 mb ECMWF pressure level models at the same location as the in-situ observations. The time chosen is when the haze and mist occur at the observation time 00 UTC for 5 events each. The method used is pearson correlation and simple visual verification. The results obtained that the correlation of the significant point plot data diagram when the mist occurs is 0.76 and when the haze occurs is 0.67 and visually as a whole show that the model data is quite close to the observation data. Correlation of 59 sounding information as a whole produces a value of 0.85 – 0.99 when the Mist occurs and a value of 0.89 – 0.99 when the Haze occurs. It is hoped that these results can be used as a consideration for the use of data models in filling in the gaps in radiosonde observation data. Keywords: Sounding Information, RAOB, Radiosonde, ECMWF Models

PROTECTION OF DOCUMENTS WITH THE HELP OF FRACTAL IMAGES FORMED BY A RANDOMIZED SYSTEM OF ITERATING FUNCTIONS

This article examines the results of the development of the document protection algorithm with the help of fractal images formed by a randomized system of iterative functions of RSIF. This algorithm consists in building a fractal image which is applied to the document and built on the basis of the document number. Each digit of the document number will add two iterative functions to the RSIF, except for the digit 0. The fractal image, constructed using the algorithm, depends on the number of digits, the order of the location of the digit and its value. The algorithm for constructing a fractal image in calculations does not require large computing power, the algorithm does not use the entry of a cycle into a cycle and recursive functions. It is quite optimized. Document verification includes a double check of the document number, and it is a fairly simple verification mechanism. This algorithm is interesting that when even one digit is changed, the fractal image changes radically. The use of the algorithm quickly and qualitatively makes it possible to protect documents and carry out their verification.

The risk‐targeted verification model of earthquake‐induced sliding displacement of low‐rise thermally base‐insulated buildings

AbstractNew construction technologies are evolving in the market faster than codes for earthquake‐resistant building design. Earthquake‐resistant design of nearly zero‐energy buildings that are constructed throughout Europe and thermally insulated system below the foundation is not yet supported by the codes. However, major earthquakes can cause the sliding of these buildings and damage lifelines, potentially triggering domino effects such as fire or explosions. To address this issue, a numerical framework to evaluate the risk‐targeted engineering demand parameter is introduced and applied to establish a database of risk‐targeted sliding displacements in Slovenia for low‐rise buildings with a specific type of thermally insulated system below foundation pads. The database of risk‐targeted sliding displacement accounts for seismic hazard at the location of the building, the soil type, the thermally insulated foundation pad system variant, and the characteristics of the structure above the thermal insulation layers. The database of the risk‐targeted sliding displacement was then used to introduce a code‐based verification model to design the diameter of the penetration in the structure of low‐rise buildings, with the aim of preventing the failure of hazardous lifelines entering the building. Engineering practitioners can easily apply this simple verification model to design the diameter of the penetrations. However, the model shows that the maximum sliding displacement corresponding to the annual target risk of 2·10−4 is expected to be only about 4 cm for the thermally base‐insulated low‐rise buildings in Slovenia investigated in this study.

A New Concept of Duplicate Address Detection Processes in IPv6 Link-Local Network

The Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) enables nodes on the same IPv6 link to advertise their existence to their neighbors and learn about their neighbors’ existences in an IPv6 link-local network. Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) on NDP is used to determine whether or not an address requested by a node is already in use by another node. The Neighbor Solicitation (NS) and Neighbor Advertisement (NA) operations are associated to DAD checks in order to ensure that each interface within the transmission session is unique. Unfortunately, NS and NA operations have a significant disadvantage in that they are based on insecure architectures and lack verification procedures for determining whether incoming messages originate from a valid or illegitimate node. This will eventually allow any node in the same link to be manipulated during NS and NA message transmission sessions. Despite some attempts to secure the entire NDP operations, they still suffer from computing resources requirement for their operations. As a result, this study proposes an Initial Neighbor Inspection (INI) on DAD operation. The proposed techniques allow for an initial round of verification of the nodes on the same link before a broadcast request on the existence of neighbors, which is followed by another round of learning about neighbors’ existences. Conclusively, using this idea, as a simple verification will indicate the presence of neighbors, we may restrict solicitation and advertising to only those who are eligible. This means that the computational processing time for NS and NA on DAD operations would not rise.

철도 전력계통 불평형 보상을 위한 지그재그 변압기 개발

According to the government’s energy policy, distributed generation is likely to be operated in connection with the railway system in the future. Circulating current may occur under unbalanced conditions when using the existing non-standard interconnected transformer for the distributed generation, and this circulating current problem must be solved from the perspective of a distributed power provider in order to accommodate the needs of the power utility. In addition, as the load connected to the power system through the rectifier increases, the harmonic current caused in the neutral wire is also increasing, and there is a need to solve various relevant problems. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an auxiliary transformer (grounding transformer), which has multiple auxiliary roles (reduction of excessive circulating current, protection of non-grounding systems by providing effective grounding). The developed zigzag transformer has been verified its performance through a characteristic test and an accredited agency certification test after manufacture. In this paper, the design of the zigzag transformer and the modeling of it by using Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) are described. Simple compensation verification of unbalance situation has been also shown.

Modeling and Experimental Verification of the Required Power for Electrically Heated Clothing

The article presents simple modeling and experimental verification of the power required for thermal comfort in electrically heated clothing. The clothing consists of a jumpsuit with embedded heating insets, controlled by a dedicated microprocessor system. The user is able to set heating power using a smartphone app. The experiments, conducted in a mobile freezing chamber, aimed at verification of the model of theoretical power (according to ISO 11079) required to maintain thermal comfort in ambient temperatures below 0 °C. Three participants were asked to adjust heating power to reach thermal comfort. The experiment revealed the required power to be only 40–60% of the theoretical one, meaning that the design of the electrically heating clothing relying solely on the theoretical models and standards would lead to oversizing of the heating system power. Further study indicated that the mean skin temperature by itself is not sufficient as an input to the algorithm for automatic maintaining of thermal comfort, even in stationary conditions.