Simple Resistive Load Research Articles

Engineering Semiconductor Layer Using Halonaphthalene Additives for Organic Opto-Inverter Circuits

Solution-processable organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are at the forefront of the future of electronic circuits. They have the potential for low-cost, large-scale fabrication on a variety of substrates. However, their application in electronic circuits is challenged by the unforeseen presence of defects leading to lower mobility. In this contribution, the application of a photoactive polymer-based phototransistor in a digital electronic circuit is demonstrated. Initially, a solvent additive engineering strategy is adopted to tune the thin film morphology and reduce morphology-related defects, resulting in improved device performance. The incorporation of 1-bromonaphthalene improves mobility from 0.09 to 0.50 cm2 V–1 s–1 with enhancement in both photoabsorption and photostability. The results are well supported by electrical characterization and photophysical and morphological studies. Thereafter, a unique architecture of an opto-inverter is presented using the OFET. In this work, an optoelectronic logic NOT gate is also fabricated by utilizing a simple resistive load circuit. This circuit is also demonstrated to perform the combined functionality of a logic gate and a transducer. Furthermore, this technique can be easily implemented for minimizing the circuit components and complexity by replacing a photodetector and a NOT gate with a single opto-inverter in applications requiring both.

Circuit Optimization for Enhancing the Output Power of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

In this paper, a new method is proposed for improving a piezoelectric energy harvester’s output power. A piezoelectric vibration energy harvester has an inherent internal capacitance. The new approach adopts inductance to reduce the reactance of the internal capacitance and enhance the output power. To show the practicality of this method, four electrical circuits are investigated numerically and experimentally for a piezoelectric beam energy harvester: Simple Resistive Load, Inductive Load, standard AC-DC, and Inductive AC-DC circuits. An Inductive Load circuit is built by adding an inductor to a Simple Resistive Load circuit, while an Inductive AC-DC circuit is built by adding an inductor to a standard AC-DC circuit. Experimental results indicate that the Inductive Load and the Inductive AC-DC circuits avail the Simple Resistive Load and standard AC-DC circuits respectively. The inductive AC-DC circuit shows a 6.7% increase in the output power compared to the standard AC-DC circuit.

The Measurement of Electrical Parameters for a Solar Cell I-V Characteristic Curve by Using Simple Resistive Load Based on LabVIEW

The Measurement of Electrical Parameters for a Solar Cell I-V Characteristic Curve by Using Simple Resistive Load Based on LabVIEW

Electrokinetic Energy Conversion by Microchannel Array: Electrical Analogy, Experiments, and Electrode Polarization

This paper takes a system-wide perspective of electrokinetic energy conversion devices based on an array of microchannels to help understanding their operation. The approach taken was a combination of developing an electrical analogy and conducting experiments. The electrical analogy included current sources for the convection current, resistors for the conduction current, a capacitor for accumulating the partitioned ions, resistors for ion transport in the reservoirs, diodes and capacitors for the electrochemistry and polarization at the electrodes, and a simple external resistive load. The number of parallel channels profoundly affected the summative resistive and capacitive characteristics of the array, and highlights the differences between a single channel and an array of channels, especially in the transient responses and the role of the electrodes. The electrical analogy was solved by Laplace Transforms to demonstrate a rich and varied response that such a system exhibits to a step change in flow i...

Vibration energy harvesting using piezoelectric transducer and non-controlled rectifiers circuits

Vibration energy harvesting with piezoelectric materials is of practical interest because of the demand for wireless sensing devices and low-power portable electronics without external power supply. For practical use of vibration energy harvester with piezoelectric materials, it is necessary to process the alternating current (AC) by using different rectifiers' circuits in order to charge batteries with direct current (DC) or to feed electronic devices. Unfortunately, most of the models used focused on simplifying the energy harvesting circuit into a simple resistive load. In the real-world applications, the energy harvesting external circuit is more complex than a simple load resistance. In this sense, the goal of the present paper is to describe a comprehensive strategy for power harvesting device to estimate the output power provided by a cantilever beam with the electrodes of the piezoceramic layers connected to a standard rectifier circuit. The true electrical components were considered in the full-wave rectifier circuit with four diodes in bridge. A very simple and comprehensive description for choosing the capacitance and resistance loads is provided. In order to illustrate the results, numerical simulations and experimental verifications are also performed to ensure the accuracy. All tests and results are described and detailed using Matlab, the SimPowerSystem toolbox of the Simulink and an experimental setup.

Circuit models and three-dimensional electromagnetic simulations of a 1-MA linear transformer driver stage

A 3D fully electromagnetic (EM) model of the principal pulsed-power components of a high-current linear transformer driver (LTD) has been developed. LTD systems are a relatively new modular and compact pulsed-power technology based on high-energy density capacitors and low-inductance switches located within a linear-induction cavity. We model 1-MA, 100-kV, 100-ns rise-time LTD cavities [A. A. Kim et al., Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 050402 (2009)] which can be used to drive $z$-pinch and material dynamics experiments. The model simulates the generation and propagation of electromagnetic power from individual capacitors and triggered gas switches to a radially symmetric output line. Multiple cavities, combined to provide voltage addition, drive a water-filled coaxial transmission line. A 3D fully EM model of a single 1-MA 100-kV LTD cavity driving a simple resistive load is presented and compared to electrical measurements. A new model of the current loss through the ferromagnetic cores is developed for use both in circuit representations of an LTD cavity and in the 3D EM simulations. Good agreement between the measured core current, a simple circuit model, and the 3D simulation model is obtained. A 3D EM model of an idealized ten-cavity LTD accelerator is also developed. The model results demonstrate efficient voltage addition when driving a matched impedance load, in good agreement with an idealized circuit model.

Power Optimization of Vibration Energy Harvesters Utilizing Passive and Active Circuits

This article presents the maximum power operating conditions for piezoelectric energy harvesters when connected to several different circuit topologies. Four circuits are studied herein for comparison: a simple resistive load, the standard rectifier circuit, and parallel and series synchronized switch harvesting on inductor. A single-mode model of a vibration-based energy harvester under base excitation is developed to capture the important dynamics near its fundamental resonance while providing a simple basis for performing design optimization. Relevant dimensionless parameters are given to provide a scale-free context for discussing the optimal operating points. For a prescribed vibration energy harvester, the base excitation frequency and load impedance for maximum power generation are provided by the results of this study. Furthermore, the effects of mechanical damping, electromechanical coupling, circuit quality factor, and rectifier forward voltage are presented. These effects are discussed in order to cite the salient parameters in the design of these energy harvesting systems.

A simple diode model with reverse recovery

The basic diode charge-control model used in SPICE is extended to include reverse recovery. The model is derived from the semiconductor charge transport equations. The diode charge transport equations are simplified using the lumped charged concept of Linvill, and the model is demonstrated on the Saber simulator for simple inductive and resistive load circuits. The two model parameters, diode lifetime and diffusion transit time, can easily be determined from a switching waveform.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Electrical Characteristics of Large-Scale Integration Silicon MOSFET's at Very High Temperatures,Part III: Modeling and Circuit Behavior

The effects of high temperature (27°C to 300°C) on electrical characteristics of long n and p channel metal-oxide semiconductor fieldeffect transistors (MOSFET's) are used to extend the validity of the conventional (room temperature) large and small signal models of these devices. A complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) inverter's transfer characteristics and switching speed performance, and the frequency response of a simple resistive load inverter are presented, with temperature as a parameter. Some implications of the models developed, on analog MOS circuit design (for high-temperature, operation), are discussed.

Graphical Analysis of Output Tube Performance

After outlining the graphical method for the analysis of power tube output as applied to the case of a simple resistive load the method is extended to the case of a plate load presenting a value of resistance that is different for direct current than for alternating current. It is shown that in this case the various load lines cannot be drawn through a common operating point because the effective plate voltage shifts when rectification occurs. The method is applied to an experimental pentode and it is shown that in this case the condition for no rectification does not imply the absence of odd or even harmonics.