Simple Mediation Analyses Research Articles

Social Skills and Creativity as Elements That Enhance Resilience in Adolescence

Resilience plays a crucial role in overcoming the adversities and challenges faced by young people during adolescence. Current research focuses on understanding the factors that contribute to the development of resilience at this stage, with the goal of promoting the well-being and mental health of young people. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, we examined the relationship between social skills, creativity and resilience in a sample of 743 students aged 14 to 19 years from different educational centers in the province of Almería (Spain). We used the Social Skills Questionnaire (CHASO), the Turtle Creativity Questionnaire and the reduced resilience scale CDRISC-10 to collect data. Data analysis was performed using correlation analysis, Student’s t-test for differences according to sex, analysis of variance to test for differences according to resilience groups, multiple regression analysis for predictors of resilience and simple mediation analysis. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between social skills, creativity, and resilience. The differences found suggest that being male and having a higher level of resilience increases the likelihood of having higher social skills and resilience. Social skills and creativity predicted resilience and social skills mediated the relationship between creativity and social skills. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening social skills and promoting creativity to enhance resilience in adolescents, which may have practical implications for the design of intervention and support programs.

New insights into the correlation between bone mineral density and dental caries in NHANES 2011–2016

Objectives: Investigate the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) at various body sites and dental caries. Materials and methods: Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from 2011 to 2016, the correlation between BMD at various body sites and the DMFS index among 7044 adults aged 20–59 years was analyzed. Multiple linear regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS), piecewise linear regression, logistic regression, weighted quantile sum regression (WQS) and mediation effects analysis were integrated to explore the relationship between BMD and dental caries. Results: Under the linear assumption, except for arm BMD, the BMDs of all other sites are negatively correlated with the DMFS index of dental caries. RCS analysis indicates a U-shaped relationship between head BMD and the DMFS index (p for nonlinear < 0.0001). WQS analysis indicates that mixed BMD is significantly negatively correlated with the DMFS index for dental caries (estimate, − 0.023; 95% CI, − 0.025 ~ − 0.020), and head BMD has the most significant impact on the DMFS index (weight = 91.4%). Simple mediation analysis of the effect of dental caries on BMD levels mediated by inflammation levels showed negative results, suggesting that dental caries may not influence BMD through inflammation levels. Conclusion: Monitoring BMD should be combined with appropriate oral healthcare and caries management strategies to effectively address these interconnected health issues, and particular attention should be paid to the monitoring of head BMD.

Decentering as a mediator of the effect of mindfulness on emotional distress: Evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal designs

Objective To investigate the role of decentering as a mediator of the effect of mindfulness/mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) on emotional distress, we conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. Method In Study 1, a total of 998 participants with high emotional distress were included. Mindfulness, decentering, anxiety, and depression were measured at baseline. In Study 2, 688 participants with high emotional distress were randomized to a Mindfulness Intervention for Emotional Distress (MIED) group (N = 344) and a waitlist control (WL) group (N = 344). The same variables were assessed at pre-intervention, week 3, week 5, and post-intervention. Results In the cross-sectional design, simple mediation analyses pointed to decentering as a significant mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and symptoms of anxiety and depression. In the longitudinal designs, repeated measures ANOVAs showed that decentering, anxiety, and depression significantly improved in the MIED group compared to WL group. Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models found that decentering and emotional distress reciprocally influenced each other. Longitudinal mediation analyses showed that decentering during the intervention significantly mediated the effect of the MIED program on alleviating emotional distress. Conclusion Decentering may potentially act as a pivotal mediator for alleviating emotional distress in MBIs.

Good Together Makes it Better?

Abstract: Introduction: Informal caregiving can lead to burnout. The relationship between burnout and negative states has been the subject of extensive research. This study analyzes the mediation role of a positive psychological variable – the quality of the carer-patient relationship – between psychological distress and informal carers’ burnout. Methods: We recruited Portuguese informal carers of adult cancer patients online ( N = 92) to answer the Quality of Carer-Patient Relationship Scale gauging relationship quality, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales assessing psychological distress, and the Maslach Burnout Interview-Human Services Survey evaluating the dimensions of burnout, depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and reduced personal accomplishment. The cross-sectional data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlations, multiple regressions, and simple mediation analysis. Results: Our results show that psychological distress variables directly affect burnout dimensions, and that relationship quality has a significant indirect effect on each burnout dimension, suggesting that relationship quality partially mediates the association between each distress dimension – depression, anxiety, and stress – and each of the burnout components – depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and personal accomplishment. Discussion/Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of intervening in informal caregiver mental health and patient-caregiver relationships and encourages further investigation into the dynamics of the studied variables.

Beyond the Surgery: The Impact of Coping Strategies on Persistent Pain After Rotator Cuff Repair.

Background: Rotator cuff repair is widely recognized as one of the most painful orthopedic surgeries, yet postoperative pain management in these patients is often underexplored. This study aimed to explore the relationship between pain outcomes and functional recovery six months after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR), with a focus on the role of different pain coping mechanisms as mediators. Methods: This study included 83 patients that underwent rotator cuff repair. Pain levels were assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-SF), while shoulder function was evaluated using the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS). Coping strategies, including self-statements, ignoring pain, distraction, and praying, were examined in relation to pain severity and interference and were assessed with the Coping Strategies Questionnaire-Revised (CSQ-R). Simple and parallel mediation analyses were performed using the PROCESS macro to assess the mediating effects of coping mechanisms on the relationship between pain intensity, pain interference, and postoperative OSS. Results: Post-surgery, patients showed a significant improvement in OSS (from 29 ± 9 to 42 ± 6). At six months, 24% of patients reported chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP), defined as a pain severity score of 3 or higher. Correlation analyses revealed that OSS was negatively associated with pain catastrophizing (r = -0.35, p < 0.01) and praying (r = -0.28, p < 0.01). OSS was significantly negatively associated with pain severity (r = -0.54; p < 0.01) and pain interference (r = -0.51, p < 0.01). Mediation analysis demonstrated that coping self-statements significantly mediated the relationship between pain interference and shoulder function (a*b = 0.5266 (BootSE = 0.2691, 95% CI [0.1010, 1.1470]), emphasizing the important role of cognitive strategies in supporting recovery outcomes. Conclusion: Patients engaging in adaptive coping strategies, particularly coping self-statements, reported better functional outcomes. The findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions focusing on effective pain coping mechanisms to improve recovery post-ARCR.

Mothers’ perceptions of children’s emotional behaviour problems and parenting sense of competence: The mediating role of maternal meta-emotion philosophy

We investigated the relationship between mothers’ perceptions of their children’s emotional behaviour problems and their parenting sense of competence, as well as the mediating effect of maternal meta-emotion philosophy in this connection. Participants were 349 mothers of 4- to 17-year-old children (female children = 40.7%, mean age = 8.24 years, SD = 2.95 years). The mothers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Parental Meta-Emotion Philosophy Scale, and the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale. Structural equation modelling and simple mediation analyses results showed that mothers’ perceptions of their children’s problem behaviours were linked to higher emotion dimissing and lower parenting sense of competence. Specifically, emotion dimissing mediated the relationship between children’s problem behaviours and parenting sense of competence by the mothers. Furthermore, mothers’ perceptions of their children’s prosocial behaviours were associated with both higher emotion coaching and parenting sense of competence. Emotion coaching mediated the relationship between children’s prosocial behaviours and parenting sense of competence for higher sense of competence by the mothers. Our findings suggest that mothers’ perceptions of children’s emotional behaviour problems may explain their parenting sense of competence through their parenting philosophy. By prioritising their maternal meta-emotion philosophy when dealing with their children’s emotional behaviour problems, mothers can enhance their parenting sense of competence.

Perceived social support and sense of belonging: The mediating role of academic anxiety among first-generation students at a South African university

This study investigated the role of academic anxiety in the relationship between perceived social support and a sense of belonging of first-generation university students. The sample consisted of 240 undergraduate first-generation students (FGS) at a South African university (female = 72.5%; mean age = 28.14 years, SD = 5.10 years). They completed surveys on perceived social (friendship and family) support, academic anxiety, and sense of belonging. Simple linear regression analysis results showed perceived family support to significantly predict sense of belonging. Additionally, simple mediation analysis results showed that academic anxiety significantly mediated the relationship between perceived friendship support and sense of belonging, for higher sense of belonging. Moreover, academic anxiety significantly mediated the relationship between perceived family support and sense of belonging, to be stronger. These findings suggest that friendship and family support resources foster a sense of belonging among FGS, which may reduce their academic anxiety. Developing FGS’s sense of belonging is essential for positive mental health and academic success.

A - 58 Grit and Resilience Predict Emotional Functioning in Pediatric Cancer Survivors

Abstract Objective Grit—one’s “perseverance and passion for long-term goals” (Duckworth et al., 2007)—is distinct from resilience, one’s ability to bounce back after negative events. In healthy populations, both promote emotional well-being and quality-of-life (Datu et al., 2019; Sharkey et al., 2017). Limited research has investigated how grit and resilience affect emotional functioning after pediatric cancer. We hypothesized resilience would mediate grit’s effects on emotional functioning in pediatric cancer survivors. Methods Our clinically referred sample of 214 pediatric cancer survivors ages 4–25 years was predominantly lower- to upper-middle class (73%) and racially diverse (Caucasian = 53%, Hispanic = 25%, Black = 12%). We administered the parent-report Behavior Assessment System for Children, Third Edition (BASC-3; variables: Resiliency, Anxiety, Depression), parent-report Short Grit Scale, and self-report BASC-3 (variables: Sense of Inadequacy, Locus of Control). Multiple regression and simple mediation analyses were conducted. Results Overall, the sample demonstrated average grit and resilience. Leukemia and brain tumor survivors demonstrated greater grit and resilience than survivors of other cancers. Grit predicted Anxiety (p = 0.026), Depression (p = 0.001), and Sense of Inadequacy (p ≤ 0.001). Resiliency had a significant indirect effect on grit’s prediction of Anxiety (β = −0.107, 95% CI [−0.206, −0.011]) and Depression (β = −0.192, 95% CI [−0.271, −0.117]), but not Sense of Inadequacy (β = −0.055, 95% CI [−0.200, 0.102]). Conclusion Higher levels of grit predicted better emotional outcomes in pediatric cancer survivors. Grit affected anxiety and depression in this sample via resiliency. Exploratory analyses regarding cancer type and age at diagnosis will be described. Findings support the need for further research on “positive neuropsychology” factors affecting neuropsychological outcomes in pediatric cancer survivors.

Examining the Effects of Toxic Work Environments on Young Workers

Toxic work environments, defined by frequent and severe instances of negativity, abuse, and neglect in a workplace, can have detrimental impacts on the mental health of young employees. Survey data were collected from 555 students, aged 17-24, who had been employed during the previous 12 months. Moderated mediation analyses indicated no evidence that social support or work-related self-perceptions mitigated the impact of toxic work environments on stress; however, a simple mediation analysis indicated there were significant indirect effects, such that toxic work environments predicted stress, which in turn, predicted depression, anxiety, and school burnout. The harm of working in a toxic work environment can outweigh many protective factors leading to poor mental health, illustrating the importance of nurturing healthier work environments. To minimize the detrimental effects of toxic workplaces on young workers, there needs to be a focus on preventing workplace toxicity before these workplaces can become toxic.

Observational study of the effects of maximal oxygen uptake on cognitive function and performance during prolonged military exercise

IntroductionMilitary operations place high demands on many cognitive functions, and stressful events characterise the military work environment. The study aimed to examine the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, stress response, cognitive...

Examining posttraumatic growth among Turkish family caregivers of cancer patients

Cancer is a deadly disease that affects millions of people worldwide and is a source of great difficulty, stress, and trauma not only for patients but also for their caregivers. The physical and emotional suffering that patients experience by patients can lead their caregivers to cope with constant anxiety, sadness, and uncertainty. Moreover, during the cancer treatment process, caregivers must make a great effort to meet the needs of patients and support them. This situation may negatively affect the quality of life and psychological health of cancer patients’ caregivers and may lead them to experience trauma. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine posttraumatic growth’s relationship with age, the transformative power of suffering, and hope in family caregivers of cancer patients. Participants consisted of 314 Turkish family caregivers of cancer patients (73.2% women; Mage = 39.89 years) selected by using convenience sampling method. Participants answered a data collection tool consisting of a demographic information form, the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, Trait Hope Scale, and Transformative Power of Suffering Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient analysis, simple mediation analysis, and moderated mediation analysis. The results of this study revealed that hope mediated the association between the transformative power of suffering and posttraumatic growth in family caregivers of cancer patients, whereas age moderated this relationship. Psychosocial support programs for cancer caregivers could benefit from incorporating interventions that explore the transformative potential of suffering and cultivate hope. Tailoring these interventions to address the specific needs of different age groups may enhance their effectiveness. Future researchers should investigate the factors associated with posttraumatic growth in caregivers across diverse cultures, age ranges, and cancer diagnoses.

Membangun Inovasi di Era Digital: Pengaruh Pembelajaran Digital terhadap Perilaku Kerja Karyawan Magang melalui Kesiapan untuk Berubah

Technological developments have made the use of digital technology in everyday life, including the implementation of tasks in organizations, making competition for companies to innovate even tighter. Apprentices as prospective workers in the future are expected to have innovative work behavior so that innovation in the company becomes easier. This research aims to determine the influence of digital learning orientation on innovative work behavior which is mediated by readiness to change. Data were obtained with convinience sampling, from interns who live in Indonesia (N = 285). The participants have aged between 18-23 years (M =21. 35; SD =3.40). There are three measuring tools used in this research, the nine-item innovative work behavior scale, the fifteen-item digital learning orientation scale and the readiness for change scale consists of fourteen items. Analysis using Hayes' simple mediation analysis technique using PROCESS version 4.0. The research results show that readiness to change is partial mediated the influence of digital learning orientation on apprentices' innovative work behavior. This study can provide insights for interns to better prepare themselves for the challenges they will face when entering the workforce. Additionally, for educational institutions or campuses, the findings of this study can serve as a consideration in designing curricula that equip students to face these challenges.

Servant Leadership and Innovative Work Behavior Among Civil Servants

Public sector organizations vision is what prompts civil servants to engage in innovative work environment in order to enhance quality of public service. Servant leadership considered as leadership style that consistent within public sector values to help others, thus employees encouraged to engage in innovative work behavior if they find purpose and meaning in their work. This study aims to examine the role of work meaningfulness as a mediator in the relationship between servant leadership and innovative work behavior of civil servants Data collection for the study was conducted online involving 270 civil servants from various fields. Participants were recruited by purposive sampling method. Instrument of this study consist of the Servant Leadership Behavior Scale-6 (SLBS-6), Innovative Work Behavior Scale and The Work and Meaningful Inventory (WAMI). The data analysis in this study using Simple Mediation Analysis. The results showed that work meaningfulness significantly had a mediating effect on servant leadership on innovative work behavior (β = 0.523; p &lt; 0.001). These results demonstrated that having employees' meaningful experiences during working would increase the role of contextual factors (servant leadership) toward innovative work behavior of civil servants.

Relationship of increased fruit/vegetable intake with reduced consumption of sweets: Psychological mechanisms and associated weight loss in women within behavioral obesity treatments

Although an increase in fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption in adults might result in reductions in their intake of sweets, there has been minimal direct testing of this. Women participated in 6-month community-based obesity treatment conditions where either their psychological skills development (n = 66) or knowledge regarding healthful eating and exercise (n = 39) was emphasized. Improvements in FV and sweets intake, eating-related self-regulation, self-efficacy for controlled eating, and negative mood were significantly more pronounced in the psychological skills group participants. Together, participants’ change in self-regulation, self-efficacy, and mood significantly mediated the relationship of their changes in FV and sweets. Within simple mediation analyses, participants’ changes in self-efficacy and negative mood were significant mediators, and their treatment group membership moderated effects on sweets. We provided suggestions for future treatments based on the present findings.

Exploring the relationship between illness perception, self-management and quality of life among HIV-positive men who have sex with men.

This study aimed to explore the mediating effect of self-management (SM) on the relationship between illness perception and quality of life (QOL) among Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). A cross-sectional study. We explored the effect of illness perception and self-management on QOL using the multiple regression model. Moreover, we conducted a simple mediation analysis to examine the role of SM in the relationship between illness perception and QOL. In addition, a parallel mediation analysis was performed to investigate the differences in domains of SM on the relationship between illness perception and QOL. Among 300 Chinese HIV-positive MSM, the mean score of SM was 39.9 ± 6.97, with a range of 14.0-54.0. The higher score in SM indicated a higher level of HIV SM. SM was negatively related to illness perception (r = -0.47) while positively related to QOL (r = 0.56). SM partially mediated the relationship between illness perception and QOL, accounting for 25.3% of the total effect. Specifically, both daily self-management health practices and the chronic nature of the self-management domain played a parallel role in mediating the relationship between illness perception and QOL. Our study demonstrated that SM was a significant factor influencing QOL among HIV-positive MSM. Focusing on daily self-management health practices and the chronic nature of self-management could be the potential key targets for enhancing HIV self-management strategies. This study emphasized the role of SM in the well-being of HIV-positive MSM and underscored the importance of developing interventions that integrate SM strategies to improve QOL in this population. No patient or public contribution.

Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance Mediates the Positive Association of Triglycerides with Diabetes.

Elevated circulating triglyceride levels have been linked to an increased risk of diabetes, although the precise mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) for insulin resistance, and C-reactive protein (CRP) served as mediators in this association across a sample of 18,435 US adults. Mediation analysis was conducted using the PROCESS Version 4.3 Macro for SPSS. Simple mediation analysis revealed that all three potential mediators played a role in mediating the association. However, in parallel mediation analysis, where all three mediators were simultaneously included, HOMA for insulin resistance remained a significant mediator (indirect effect coefficient, 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-0.52; p < 0.05) after adjusting for all tested confounding factors. Conversely, LDL cholesterol (indirect effect coefficient, -0.13; 95% CI, -0.31-0.05; p > 0.05) and C-reactive protein (indirect effect coefficient, 0.01; 95% CI, -0.003-0.02; p > 0.05) ceased to be significant mediators. HOMA for insulin resistance accounted for 49% of the association between triglycerides and diabetes. In conclusion, HOMA for insulin resistance was the dominant mediator underlying the association between triglycerides and diabetes. Therefore, reducing triglyceride levels may hold promise for improving insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients.

Socioeconomic position, family context, and child cognitive development.

Socioeconomic position (SEP) may have different effects on cognitive development and family context could play a role in this association. This work aimed to analyse the role of socioeconomic positions, measured via various indicators collected longitudinally, in cognitive development at 7-11years of age, evaluating the role of family context as a potential mediator. The study sample included 394 and 382 children from the INMA Gipuzkoa and Valencia cohorts, respectively. SEP indicators were assessed during pregnancy (family social class, parental education, employment, and disposable income) and at 7 (Gipuzkoa) and 11 (Valencia) years of age (At Risk of Poverty or Social Exclusion (AROPE)). Family context and cognitive development were measured with the Haezi-Etxadi Family Assessment Scale 7-11 (HEFAS 7-11) and Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (Raven's CPM), respectively. Linear regression models were developed to assess the relationships between (a) SEP-family context, (b) SEP-cognitive development, and (c) family context-cognitive development, adjusting for a priori-selected confounders. Simple and multiple mediation analyses were performed to explore the role of family context in the SEP-cognitive development relationship. Lower SEP was related with a lower cognitive score, this association being particularly robust for family social class. SEP indicators were related to subscales of family context, in particular those regarding cognitive stimulation, parental stress, and parenting. A relationship was also found between these three subscales and child cognitive development, mediating the effect of family social class on child cognition by 5.2, 5.5, and 10.8%, respectively, and 12.0% jointly. Conclusion: Both family SEP and context contribute to a child's cognitive development. Equalising policies and positive parenting programmes could contribute to improving cognitive development in children. What is Known: • Parental social class, education, and employment status have been widely employed to measure socioeconomic position. What is New: • This work focuses on standard measurements of socioeconomic position but also other economic indicators such as the EHII and AROPE, and their effect on child cognitive development and family context. • Promotion of cognitive and linguistic development, parental stress and conflict, and parental profile fostering child development mediated the effect of family social class on cognitive development.

Does user-generated content trigger university graduates’ online purchase intention? Mediating role of brand image

Academic interest in understanding the impact of user-generated content (UGC) on consumer behavior in digital marketing has grown exponentially. However, we know little about the effect of UGC on customers’ online purchase intention from developing country aspects. This underpins the current study to examine the impact of UGC on the purchase intentions of university graduates in Bangladesh. With a convenient sampling approach, a structured questionnaire was provided directly to 400 respondents; 275 usable and complete responses were extracted for data analysis. Data were empirically validated using principal component analysis, reliability test, correlation, and Hayes PROCESS macro for regression and simple mediation analysis. The findings revealed that bloggers’ recommendations, online communities, and social media content positively and significantly influence customers’ online purchase intention. Brand image also directly impacts purchase intention and mediates the relationship between bloggers’ recommendations, online community, social media content, and online purchase intention. The results of this study will facilitate policymakers and online marketers in devising UGC management policies and digital marketing strategies. The study’s results may also help online marketers, sellers, and brand representatives to understand how to enhance brand image and amplify customers’ online purchasing behavior.

Short-Term Effects of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback on Working Memory.

Drawing upon the well-documented impact of long-term heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB) on psychophysiological responses, this study seeks to explore the short-term effects arising from a single HRVB session during and after paced breathing exercise. The research aligns with the neurovisceral integration model, emphasizing the link between heart rate variability (HRV) levels and cognitive performance. Therefore, a randomized controlled trial employing a between-subjects design was conducted with 38 participants. Each participant was assigned to either the paced breathing intervention group or the spontaneous breathing control group. The study assessed various parameters such as cardiac vagal tone, evaluated through vagally mediated HRV measures, and working memory, measured using the N-back task. Additionally, participants' affective states were assessed through self-reported questionnaires, specifically targeting attentiveness, fatigue, and serenity. The results notably reveal enhancements in the working memory task and an elevated state of relaxation and attention following the HRVB session, as evidenced by higher averages of correct responses, serenity and attentiveness scores. However, the findings suggest that this observed improvement is not influenced by changes in cardiac vagal tone, as assessed using a simple mediation analysis. In conclusion, this study presents promising insights into the impact of a single HRVB session, laying the foundation for future research advancements in this domain.

Mediational Effect of Students’ Creativity on the Relationship between Leadership on Academic Success: Well-Being as Moderator

Positive psychology has strong implications for students’ success and holistic development in schools. The present study aimed to explore the mediating effect of creativity and the moderating effect of well-being on the relationship between student leadership and academic success at the secondary level. The research design of the present quantitative study was cross-sectional in nature. The sample of 811 secondary school students was selected using multi-stage and multi-method sampling techniques. The data were collected personally by face-to-face interaction using a self-developed questionnaire. Data were analysed with SPSS software (version 26) using simple linear regression, mediation, and moderation analysis by Hayes' Process macro. From analysis, we revealed that students’ leadership (β = .460, t[598] = 12.663, p &lt; .001) and creativity (β = .460, t[598] = 12.663, p &lt; .001) significantly contributes to their academic success. Students’ creativity (B = .560, SE = .035, t[809] = 16.128, p &lt; .001, 95 % CI [.492, .628]) was found to be significant moderator for the relationship between leadership and academic success. It was further revealed that well-being (β = -.013, SE = .028, t[809] = -.480, p = .631) was not a statistically significant moderator for the relationship between leadership and academic success. Teachers were suggested to develop interventions based on the principles of positive psychology to influence various aspects of students’ academic success in schools. Future research was suggested to explore the role of cultural and environmental factors on the causal relationships among leadership, academic success, creativity, and well-being.