Simple Interrupted Suture Pattern Research Articles

Reinforcement of colon anastomosis healing with leukocyte platelet-rich fibrin in rabbit model

AimThis study investigated the regenerative efficacy of leukocyte platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) on colon anastomotic healing in rabbits. Main methodsThirty-six healthy male white New Zealand rabbits were subjected to complete transactions of the ascending colon. The rabbits were equally divided into two groups: the control group, where the transected colon ends were anastomosed by a simple interrupted suture pattern, and the L-PRF-treated group, in which L-PRF was wrapped entirely around the anastomotic line. The postoperative acute pain scale was assessed using the Bristol Rabbit Pain Scale before surgery and at each four-hour interval post-operatively. After euthanizing the rabbits, the adhesion degree score, anastomotic bursting pressure, and stenosis degree of the anastomotic colon were assessed, and histopathological examination at the 7th, 14th, and 28th days postoperatively. Key findingsRabbits in both groups showed a significant increase in pain scores compared to baseline. Postoperatively, the L-PRF group exhibited significantly lower pain scores, adhesion scores, and stenosis degrees than the control group. However, the anastomotic bursting pressure was significantly higher in the L-PRF group. Re-epithelialization, polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration, granulation tissue formation, and collagen deposition scores were improved considerably in the L-PRF group compared to the control group. Immunostaining of growth factor expression was significantly lower in the control than in the L-PRF group. SignificanceThe L-PRF can augment collagen deposition, re-epithelialize the mucosa, promote angiogenesis, reduce adhesions, and diminish the stenosis degree scores. Therefore, it can be considered a promising aid in healing bowel anastomoses.

Successful early diagnosis and surgical treatment of congenital caval foramen hernia in an 8-month-old mixed breed cat

An 8-month-old neutered female domestic mixed breed cat was presented to Dr. L. Kriaučeliūnas Small Animal Clinic due to coughing that persisted for 2 weeks. Lateral and dorsoventral chest radiographs revealed an unusual dome-shaped soft tissue opacity mass that had contact with the cranial part of the diaphragm. Together with heart and abdominal ultrasound findings, we decided that one of the differential diagnoses was a diaphragmatic hernia. During the diagnostic celiotomy, a vertical 4 cm in length diaphragmatic deficit was visualized. Left medial and lateral liver lobes were herniated, yet healthy-looking. Adhesions between the liver lobes and the pericardium sac were visualized and dissected. The pericardium was sutured with simple interrupted suture pattern. A herniorrhaphy was performed suturing the diaphragm with the continuous suture pattern. Successful surgical treatment resulted in fully resolved clinical symptoms.

Comparative evaluation of different techniques for herniorrhaphy in calves

Umbilical hernia is one of the most common problems in young calves. This problem occurs in dairy sector as well as in the local farmers. Present study was conducted to compare outcomes of four different techniques of herniorrhaphy. Twenty four young calves (n=24) were divided in 4 groups (A, B, C, and D) which underwent four different surgical techniques. Group A underwent vicryl plus suture material and pants-over-west technique, Group B underwent mesh application with Dexon suture material by using simple interrupted suture pattern, Group C underwent closed method with Nylon No. 3 suture material by using vertical mattress suture pattern and Group D underwent clamp application method with Silk No. 2 suture material by using simple interrupted suture pattern. The result showed that mesh application method was comparatively better with respect to feed intake, body weight gain and healing time. There was no reoccurrence with non-significant hematological changes (p≤0.05). It is concluded that mesh application method is safer than other three techniques and there are no systemic effects of this surgical intervention on calves' health.

Effect of autologous peritoneum and platelet-rich fibrin graft on healing of intestinal anastomosis in dogs

In the present study, the effect of autogenous peritoneum graft (PG) with platelet rich fibrin (PRF) was evaluated on intestinal anastomosis healing in dogs. Eighteen local breed adult dogs were anesthetized then jejunal intestinal resection and anastomosis were created on all animals. Animals were divided into 3 equal groups (6 for each). In first group (control): An end-to-end intestinal anastomosis was performed using simple interrupted suture pattern only. In group PG: The anastomosis site was sutured as in control group and was wrapped with PG. Where as in PRF+PG group: The anastomosis site was sutured also as in first group and was wrapped with PRF and PG. Healing process was studied in all above mentioned groups clinically, grossly, histologically and radiographically at 15 and 30 days post operation. Results were revealed that the utilizing of PG caused a valuable influence on anastomosis site healing. This impact was manifested by faster re-epithelization of mucosa, increased collagen deposition, fibroblast proliferation, reduced adhesions, and decreased stenosis degree comparison with control group. Also there was less adhesions, less stenosis degree, increased in epithelization of the mucosa in the group treated with PRF+PG than the group treated with PG alone. In conclusion the current study has shown that autologous peritoneal graft application has a positive and beneficial effect on intestinal anastomosis healing. Also the results highlighted the promising effects of PRF in conjunction with PG on intestinal anastomosis healing. The application of PRF with PG at the intestinal anastomosis site is successful, safe, and highly efficient with no complications.

Island Skin Graft Associated with Non-Adherent Mesh in a Dog’s Pelvic Limb

Background: Large skin defects are caused by tumor excision, making appropriate reconstruction and complete healing of the lesion a challenge for surgeons. There are some difficulties in reaching these goals, especially in cases of surgical wound in the limbs, due to the scarce amount of skin and its reduced elasticity, which limit the possibility of flaps when compared to the head, neck, and trunk. This study reports a case of wound closure on the lateral skin in the femoral region of a dog’s pelvic limb via island skin graft associated with the implantation of a nonadherent cellulose acetate mesh and intensive postoperative care.Case: An 8-year-old Rottweiler female dog was attended at Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná’s Veterinary Clinic (CVE), in Curitiba, Paraná, presenting a tumor located laterocaudally to the right stifle joint. After preoperative examinations, the patient underwent tumor surgery; however, two more surgical procedures were required due to suture dehiscence in the region, which resulted in increased wound size. At first, the wound was treated for granulation tissue to be formed. Subsequently, the island skin grafting technique was chosen to close the wound, associated with the implantation of a nonadherent cellulose acetate mesh imbibed with petrolatum emulsion to keep the grafted fragments in place. The mesh was fixed in a simple interrupted suture pattern using 2-0 nylon thread. The lateral regions of the chest and abdomen were chosen as donor skin beds due to their large dimensions, skin elasticity, and ease in defect reconstruction. The fragments were obtained using a 10-mm biopsy punch and scalpel, and the defects were sutured in a simple interrupted pattern using 2-0 nylon thread. The patient remained hospitalized for movement restriction and postoperative monitoring for 72 h, and the bandage remained untouched during this time interval. Thereafter, the patient was discharged and it was recommended to clean the wound with jets of 0.9% saline using a 40 × 12 needle attached to a 20 mL syringe, from a distance of 10 cm from the wound. The dressings were changed every 48 h to maintain minimum contact with the wound; however, still keeping it clean to optimize healing. Fourteen days postoperatively, the sutures as well as the non adherent mesh were removed from the donor beds. The dressing was changed and the lesion was cleaned every 24 h because the fixation between the receptor bed and the implanted tissue was considered good. After approximately 80 days, complete epithelialization of the wound was observed.Discussion: Closing of large skin defects in the limbs is challenging due to the impossibility of using other reconstructive surgery techniques, which have limited use because of the extension of the lesion. However, island skin grafting can be considered despite its slower skin healing process than that of skin flaps. Specific management is required for the successful execution of this technique, and in the present case, the application of the non adherent mesh after island skin grafting helped in the immobilization and better adhesion of the fragments to the receiving bed. Thus, it was demonstrated that in-depth knowledge of reconstructive surgery and the surgeon’s expertise favor the emergence of ideas and more effective techniques that ensure success of the surgical procedure by avoiding complications and improving the patients’ quality of life.

Comparison of a simple continuous versus simple interrupted suture pattern for the repair of a large, open duodenal defect with a jejunal serosal patch in a canine cadaveric model

To determine whether jejunal serosal patches could securely seal large, open defects in duodenal segments harvested from canine cadavers and to compare intraluminal pressures at which leakage first occurred and maximal intraluminal pressures for repaired duodenal segments between 2 suture patterns. Duodenal and jejunal segments from 9 canine cadavers. 20 constructs were created through repair of large, open duodenal defects with circumferential suturing of an intact jejunal segment (jejunal serosal patch). Constructs were randomly assigned to have the serosal patch anastomosed to the duodenal segment by a simple continuous or simple interrupted suture pattern. The pressure at which the first leakage was observed and the maximum pressure obtained during testing were recorded and compared between suture patterns. Initial leakage pressure was significantly higher with the simple interrupted pattern (mean ± SD, 68.89 ± 5.62 mm Hg), compared with the simple continuous pattern (59.8 ± 20.03 mm Hg). Maximum intraluminal pressures did not significantly differ between the simple interrupted (91 ± 8.27 mm Hg) and simple continuous patterns (90.7 ± 16.91 mm Hg). All constructs, regardless of suture pattern, withstood supraphysiologic pressures. Jejunal serosal patches adequately sealed large, open duodenal defects and prevented leakage in these constructs. Constructs with simple continuous or simple interrupted suture patterns withstood physiologic and supraphysiologic intraluminal pressures, although constructs with a simple interrupted suture pattern initially leaked at higher pressures. (Am J Vet Res 2020;81:985-991).

Autologous corneal graft for the treatment of deep corneal defects in dogs: 15 cases (2014‐2017)

To describe the use of corneal autografts for repair of deep corneal defects in dogs. Retrospective analysis of clinical records of dogs that received autologous corneal grafts. Fifteen dogs (16 eyes) of different breed, age and gender were included. Brachycephalic breeds were overrepresented (10/15 dogs). Defects were unilateral in 14 dogs and bilateral in one dog, extended to at least 80% of the stromal thickness in all eyes, with descemetoceles in four eyes and corneal perforations in five eyes. Most ulcers (13/16 eyes) were located centrally. Corneal autografts were harvested from healthy peripheral cornea of the ipsilateral eye. The thickness of the autograft was limited to a set depth of 0.3 mm. The autograft was sutured into a previously debrided ulcer bed with a continuous or simple interrupted suture pattern using absorbable or non-absorbable suture material. Additional interventions included a partial temporary tarsorrhaphy and bandage contact lenses. Postoperatively patients received topical antibiotics and systemic anti-inflammatory drugs, and 12/15 dogs also received systemic antibiotics. Mean follow-up time was 54 days (2 to 462). In all eyes the donor site healed uneventfully with mild, persistent corneal fibrosis. Postoperative complications included autograft keratomalacia, graft dehiscence and corneal pigmentation. No patient required additional surgery. Good structural and functional outcome was accomplished in 14 of 16 eyes. Autologous corneal grafts provide tectonic support and result in good corneal transparency in selected cases of dogs with deep to perforated corneal ulcerations.

Extraluminal oesophageal stricture following traumatic diaphragmatic hernia repair in a cat

A one-year six-month-old male neutered domestic shorthaired cat was presented for regurgitation of increasing severity, 10 days following surgical repair of a suspected traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Diaphragmatic hernia repair had...

Comparison of continuous intradermal with simple interrupted suture pattern: an experimental study in dogs

The aim of the study was to compare incisional wound healing in intradermal and simple interrupted suture patterns.Ten dogs were included. Surgically created skin incisions were apposed with (a) continuous intradermal pattern, (b) simple interrupted pattern, [both with 3/0 poliglecaprone 25], and (c) continuous intradermal pattern with 4/0 poliglecaprone 25. Cosmetic, clinical and histologic scores were evaluated.Simple interrupted sutures required significantly less time than intradermal sutures to complete. Cosmetic evaluation scoring was not statistically significant among the techniques. Irrespectively of the technique, the cosmetic, clinical and histologic appearance of the incisions improved over time. The cosmetic and histologic differences between the techniques were large during the first month, but decreased latter, whereas clinical differences persisted. The clinical appearance of the intradermal pattern was initially very good, worsened during the second postoperative month, and improved afterwards. Intradermal pattern with 4/0 poliglecaprone 25 was superior in terms of cosmetic, clinical and histologic appearance compared to simple interrupted pattern and to intradermal pattern with 3/0 poliglecaprone 25 for skin closure in dogs.

Malignant Melanoma in a Female Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Melanomas are malignant neoplasms originating from melanocytes. They reported in birds. In this case, macroscopic and microscopic (the histopathologic and IHC) findings supported a final diagnosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma in a mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos). A female mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) was observed with a mass on the ventral portion of the neck. The bird was anes- thetized with Diazepam/Ketamine. A skin incision was made on the ventral surface of the mass and blunt dissection was performed to separate the mass. The incision was sutured by a simple interrupted suture pattern. Mass was surgically excised for histopathological evaluation. Histologically, the mass was composed of nests and sheets of anaplastic, epithelioid, multinucleated and polygonal cells con- taining variable amounts of brown to black granules of melanin. The neoplasm showed immunoreactiv- ity for S-100 and Melan-A in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells. Based on the histopathological and IHC findings, this is the first report of malignant melanoma in a mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos).

Intestinal surgery in small animals: historical foundations, current thinking, and future horizons.

Intestinal wounds require precise closure after intestinal biopsy, enterotomy, or enterectomy in small animals. Preexisting factors such as intra-abdominal sepsis and hypoalbuminemia as well as poor surgical technique increase the risk of intestinal dehiscence, with considerable negative impact on patient morbidity and mortality. Live dog studies have demonstrated the dangers of mucosal eversion especially in the septic abdomen. Approximating patterns preserve luminal diameter, heal optimally, and have equal bursting strength compared with inverting patterns after 24 hours. Simple interrupted and simple continuous suture patterns and disposable skin staples are established alternatives for manual wound closure. Knotless quilled suture currently used in laparoscopic gastropexy techniques shows bursting strength equal to monofilament sutures in dog cadaveric intestine. Dehiscence rates with hand sewn vs titanium automated stapling anastomosis are similar in uncomplicated cases; however, auto stapling devices may be the preferred method of anastomosis when preexisting abdominal sepsis is present and when patient size allows it. Regardless of the technique, current standard of care involves leak testing and omental wrapping, followed by early postoperative feeding. The past decade has ushered in an exciting new era of laparoscopic assisted techniques that have the potential to reduce postoperative pain and patient morbidity. An understanding of these applications will establish the future of minimally invasive small animal intestinal surgery for veterinary specialists. In summary, surgeons have a variety of methods at their disposal for optimal clinical outcome in small animal intestinal surgery.

Urethral Prolapse in a Dog of the American Pit Bull Breed

Background: The urethral prolapse in dogs is a rare condition known by the protrusion of the urethral mucous membrane and the external orifice of the urethra. It is more frequently seen in young males, especially of brachycephalic breeds, for instance the English bulldog. Despite the pathophysiology of this disorder being little elucidated, it is believed that the cause is related to factors such as genetic susceptibility, excessive sexual behavior, traumas, abnormalities and urinary and prostatic problems. Due to limited reports on the subject, this paper aims to describe the clinical and surgical aspects of a case of urethral prolapse in a dog, surgically corrected.Case: Admitted to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (HOVET-UFMT) a dog, American Pit Bull, 7 months old, with previous history of bleeding in the penile region and pain while urinating. In the physical exam it presented: intermittent bleeding via external ostium of the urethra, increased volume and protrusion of the distal urethral mucous membrane and the external orifice of the urethra, which was presenting a round shape mass, edematous and little congested of red-purplish coloring, evidenced by the passing of urethral probe. The diagnosis of urethral prolapse was confirmed and, after conducting laboratory tests and obtaining normal results for the species, the animal was sent to surgery. It was opted for the technique of resection and anastomosis of the protruded portion of the mucous membrane. After the anesthetic protocol, it was performed the trichotomy and antisepsis of region, the fenestrated drapes were properly positioned and the urethral catheterization was done, afterwards 3 points of support were produced with nylon thread 3-0, involving the urethra and the external portion of the penis. Subsequently, it was incised 1/3 of the protruded mucous membrane (from a support point to the other) with a pair of iris scissors and the aid of a toothless Adson clamp. Promptly the anastomotic synthesis was manufactured with a simple interrupted suture pattern. By the end of the first one third theremaining ones with go under the same procedure and in the end of the resection and anastomosis of the urethral prolapse the animal was submitted to a bilateral orchiectomy. At the immediate post-surgery it was established antibiotic therapy and the use of anti-inflammatory and painkiller, after 48 h of observation the animal was discharged from the hospital. As a therapeutic measure it was opted to continue with the use of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory, and then recommended the use of Elizabethan collar 24 h a day until the removing of the stitches. It was also recommended that the animal returned for a new evaluation thirteen days after of the procedure.Discussion: That being said, even being an unusual pathology, which the physiopathology is not completely clear, the urethral prolapse is of simple diagnosis, which is based on direct observation of the protruded mucous membrane and by obtaining information of possible factors that cause its appearance, such as genetic susceptibility, in the case of the animalfrom the current report, since it had the English Bulldog as genetic predecessor. Even though there are techniques less traumatic for its diminishing the chosen technique is the resection and anastomose of the protruded portion of the urethral mucous membrane, due to being simple, quick, effective and with lower rates of relapses. Proven by the result of total recovering of the animal and excellent post-surgery healing, not having relapses.Keywords: dog, surgery, urethra.

Choice of Suture Pattern for Linea Alba Closure

<p><strong>Clinical bottom line</strong></p><p>Incidence of complications using either a simple continuous or a simple interrupted suture pattern in the linea alba is low if appropriate suture material is chosen and appropriate surgical technique is used. More, well-planned studies with higher power are required before an evidence-based recommendation for one pattern over the other can be made.</p><br /> <img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/oa-icon.jpg" alt="Open Access" /> <img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/pr-icon.jpg" alt="Peer Reviewed" />

Evaluation of Pyloroplasty repair by Single layer Simple Interrupted Extra Mucosal technique in Dogs

In this study a pyloroplasty technique was designed by using a single layer simple interrupted extra-mucosal suture pattern on pyloric region in dogs. Nine adult dogs were used to induce longitudinal surgical incision in the pyloric region under general anesthesia using a combination of 15mg/kg B.W. ketamine hydrochloride 5% and 5 mg/kg B.W Xylazine hydrochloride 2%. The incision was closed by pyloroplasty technique (longitudinal incision for whole layers with transverse suturing) using single layer simple interrupted extra mucosal technique. The examination achieved by daily clinical observation, radiological finding, at the end of 21st day post operation, macroscopical and histopathological examination at the period 3rd, 7th, and 21st days post operation. The results showed no significant clinical changes in body temperature and physiological activity. The radiological findings showed good patency of the pyloric canal after 21st days post operation. The macroscopic finding shows heavy amount of the omentum adhered around the site of incision. The microscopic finding showed good healing process by re-epithelization of the mucosal layer associated with granulation tissue proliferation, angiogenesis, and less infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells. The conclusion indicated that single layer simple interrupted extra mucosal suture pattern technique can be used successfully in repair the pyloric stenosis in dog.

Comparison of Vicryl, Dexon and Intestinal Stapler for the Closure of Colon in Dogs

Eighteen healthy mongrel dogs of sexes, varying ages (16.50 ± 0.22 months) and weights (19.83 ± 0.16 kg) were used in this study. The experiment was conducted in the | department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam.A total of 18 dogs (male and female) were randomly divided into three groups placing 6 animals in each i.e., group-A (Vicryl 3/0 suture material), B (Dexon 3/0 suture material) and C (stapler). Physically healthy animals were used in this study in order to achieve the required results. Xylazine (9.91 ± 0.08 mg/dog) and thiopental Sodium (198.33 ± 1.05 mg/dog) was administered intramuscularly in all groups. The anaesthetized animals were placed on the dorsal recumbancy on surgical table in order to perform surgical procedure. The caudal ventral midline incision of 5 cm was made in all dogs to exteriorized the colon. One incision of 5 cm was given on colon and bleeding was controlled by artery forceps. Colon incision was closed with Vicryl (3/0) in group-A, Dixon (3/0) in group-B and intestinal stapling materials in dogs of group-C. The peritoneum in each dog was sutured with chromic catgut by simple interrupted suture technique, the linea alba was sutured with chromic catgut by simple continuous suture technique, sub-cutaneous layer was apposed with sub-cuticular suture technique using 3/0 chromic catgut. Skin was closed with simple interrupted suture pattern using silk 2/0 suture material in dogs.The total duration of anesthesia required was 328.33 ± 1.17, 330.00 ± 1.39 and 313.83 ± 2.52 minutes for closure of colon closed with Vicryl, Dexon and Stapling material respectively. The mean number of total stitches for colon closure with Vicryl, Dexon and stapling material was 15 ±0.57. 17.00 ± 0.36 and 6.66 ± 0.21 respectively. Though the partial development of mucosal folds can be seen on day 10 of post-surgery whereas fully development except lamina epithelia on day 20. It is concluded that Vicryl suture material showed the superiority in terms of better apposition of the sutured tissues and better healing and lesser complications like minimal adhesions between sutured site and other structures applied with double layer appositional suture technique for the closure of colon in dogs. This study also reveals that all suture materials were not completely free from complications but staple technique showed quicker application and lesser number of staples was required as compare to Vicryl and Dexon suture stitches and duration..

Larynx Trauma and Hyoid Bone Fracture after Bite Injury in Dog: Case Report

An 8-year-old male Jack Russell crossbreed dog was admitted to our hospital with dyspnea and shock following a dog-bite injury on the ventral neck. Radiographs revealed subcutaneous emphysema and bilateral thyrohyoid bone fractures. Intraoperatively, rupture of both sternohyoid muscles, both hyoepiglotticus muscles, both thyrohyoid muscles, and a partial cranial rupture of the superficial sphincter colli muscle were detected. Part of the epiglottis was detached from the thyroid cartilage. The patient’s severed muscles and torn epiglottis were reattached using a simple interrupted suture pattern. Hyoepiglotticus muscles could not be identified. The bilateral thyrohyoid bone fractures were repaired with intraosseous wire suture. A temporary tracheostomy tube and an esophageal feeding tube were placed postoperatively. The dog was discharged after 8 days, re-examined at 2 and 6 months and laryngeal and pharyngeal function were evaluated as normal. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a dog that presented with laryngeal trauma with hyoid bone fracture and acute dyspnea that underwent surgical treatment resulting in an acceptable outcome.

Occurrence of Incisional Complications After Closure of Equine Ventral Midline Celiotomies With 2 Polyglycolic Acid in Simple Interrupted Suture Pattern

The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the use of simple interrupted suture pattern for the closure of the abdomen after ventral midline celiotomy in horses and to evaluate the prevalence of resulting incisional complications. Seventy horses undergoing abdominal surgery (2006–2015) and surviving at least 30 days were included in the study. Closure technique of the abdominal wall was performed on three layers. Linea alba was closed with a simple interrupted pattern using number two coated braided absorbable polyglycolic acid suture. Follow-up information was recovered at the 90th day postoperatively. Incisional complications considered included drainage, infection, dehiscence, and herniation. The complications observed in the present study using simple interrupted suture pattern were 4.29% (3 of 70), lower than reported in literature with different suture pattern. Simple interrupted suture pattern could be a valid option for the closure of linea alba after ventral midline celiotomy in horses.

Comparison of tensile strength among simple interrupted, cruciate, intradermal, and subdermal suture patterns for incision closure in ex vivo canine skin specimens.

OBJECTIVE To compare suture placement time, tension at skin separation and suture line failure, and mode of failure among 4 suture patterns. DESIGN Randomized trial. SAMPLE 60 skin specimens from the pelvic limbs of 30 purpose-bred Beagles. PROCEDURES Skin specimens were harvested within 2 hours after euthanasia and tested within 6 hours after harvest. An 8-cm incision was made in each specimen and sutured with 1 of 4 randomly assigned suture patterns (simple interrupted, cruciate, intradermal, or subdermal). Suture placement time and percentage of skin apposition were evaluated. Specimens were mounted in a calibrated material testing machine and distracted until suture line failure. Tensile strength at skin-edge separation and suture-line failure and mode of failure were compared among the 4 patterns. RESULTS Mean suture placement time for the cruciate pattern was significantly less than that for other patterns. Percentage of skin apposition did not differ among the 4 patterns. Mean tensile strength at skin-edge separation and suture-line failure for the simple interrupted and cruciate patterns were significantly higher than those for the intradermal and subdermal patterns. Mean tensile strength at skin-edge separation and suture-line failure did not differ significantly between the intradermal and subdermal patterns or the simple interrupted and cruciate patterns. The primary mode of failure for the simple interrupted pattern was suture breakage, whereas that for the cruciate, intradermal, and subdermal patterns was tissue failure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested external skin sutures may be preferred for closure of incisions under tension to reduce risk of dehiscence.

Effects of Incision Variation Length on Heterobranchus bidorsalis Male Spawners to Extract Milt for Induced Breeding

Matured African catfish (Heterobranchus bidorsalis), size ranging from 1.40-2.00 kg average total body weight (TBW) and mean length 44.50 cm were procured from a private fish farm and transported in perforated 50 litre water holding capacity jerry can to the hatchery and maintained for 2 weeks. They were fed with 40% crude protein commercial diet with good water quality management before being used for breeding. Incision at variation length 2.50, 3.40 and 4.00 cm were made on the abdominal region (gonad position) of the male spawners after anaesthetic treatment using sterilized surgical instrument to extract milt to fertilize egg. The incised position was sutured using simple interrupted suture pattern with catgut chromic 2/0 stitch. The spent spawners after operation survived on gradual healing and recuperation within 14 days postsurgery. Fecundity, volume of milt extracted, percentage fertility and hatching differed significantly (P<0.05) among treatments. Treatment 3 (3.40 cm) was the most effective incision length that gave best results in term of percentage hatching (92.04), weight gain (28.37), specific growth rate (2.36) and Original Research Article Yisa et al.; AJEA, 10(2): 1-7, 2016; Article no.AJEA.20510 2 percentage survival (68.77±4.224) of the bred hatchlings as compared to other treatments. The male spawners of H. bidorsalis could be incised (cut) on abdominal region (gonad position) at length of 3.40 cm to effectively extract milt to fertilize egg without adverse effect on the fish to enhance fingerling production.

Subarachnoid injection of ifenprodil and ketamine association improves the anti-hyperalgesic action of ketamine in dogs

To test clinically whether a small dose of ifenprodil can enhance the anti-hyperalgesic effect of ketamine in dogs, a prospective randomized cross-over study was done with eight mongrel dogs (weighing 16.9 ± 3.7kg). Animals received two distinct treatments: ketamine (0.3mg kg-1; KT) and an ifenprodil plus ketamine combination (0.03mg kg-1 and 0.3mg kg-1, respectively; IKT). Dogs were anesthetized with propofol (5mg kg-1 intravenously) and a subarachnoid needle was placed between the 5th and 6th lumbar vertebrae. Five minutes after subarachnoid injection of KT or IKT, an incision including cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues was made on the common pad of one hind limb and was immediately closed with a simple interrupted suture pattern. The dogs were treated again 20 days later, using the contralateral pad and the opposite treatment. Sedation score (SS), lameness score (LS), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), and mechanical nociceptive threshold using von Frey filaments, were evaluated before anesthesia and at 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after subarachnoid injection. There were no differences in SS, LS, HR or fR between treatments. The intensity of hyperalgesia was higher in KT than in IKT for 24 hours. The anti-hyperalgesic effect of IKT remained without statistical significant difference between 1 and 24 h. Prior subarachnoid administration of ifenprodil enhances the anti-hyperalgesic effect of subarachnoid ketamine in dogs. Ifenprodil can be co-administrated with ketamine to enhance its anti-hyperalgesic effect and to reduce acute post-incisional hyperalgesia without motor impairment and sedation.