Simple Filtration Research Articles

An Assessment of Water Quality and Pollution Sources in a Source Region of Northwest China

China prioritizes ensuring drinking water safety, particularly in the water-scarce northwest region. This study, utilizing water quality data from 52 village and town water sources since August 2022, assesses water quality, with a specific focus on key indicators related to organic pollution sources. This study provides a scientific foundation for enhancing water quality in these sources. Employing category factor analysis for classification and grading, principal component analysis for qualitative analysis of key evaluation indicators, and the absolute principal component linear regression equation for quantitative calculation of pollution sources, this study reveals that all 52 water sources meet quality standards. Principal component analysis categorizes pollution sources as diverse types of organic compounds in surface water. Source analysis calculations highlight decay-type organic substances as major contributors to increased water color and permanganate index, with pollution contribution rates of 54.78% and 31.31%, respectively. Fecal-type organic substances dominate the increase in dissolved total solids and total coliforms, with pollution contribution rates of 56.65% and 40.16%, respectively. Additionally, high-molecular-weight organic substances exhibit lower concentrations in the water. This article presents a systematic water quality assessment methodology, which is used for the first time to qualitatively assess the types of water sources and to quantitatively trace specific sources of organic pollution in source water in northwest China. This systematic study’s results, involving initial assessment followed by traceability, recommend the adoption of a simple contact filtration and disinfection process to enhance water quality in the region.

Carbonylative Cyclization of 2-Iodofluorobenzenes and 2-Aminophenols with Recyclable Palladium-Complexed Dendrimers on SBA-15: One-Pot Synthesis of Dibenzoxazepinones.

A novel, efficient, and practical route to dibenzoxazepinones has been developed through a one-pot heterogeneous palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation/aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) sequence starting from readily available 2-iodofluorobenzenes and 2-aminophenols. The carbonylative cyclization reaction proceeds smoothly in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 120 °C with 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene (DBU) as the base by using a polyamidoamine (PAMAM)-dendronized SBA-15-supported bidentate phosphine-palladium complex [G(1)-2P-Pd(OAc)2-SBA-15] as the catalyst under 10 bar of CO, yielding a wide variety of dibenzo[b,e][1,4]oxazepin-11(5H)-one derivatives in good to excellent yields. Moreover, this new heterogenized dendritic palladium catalyst has competitive advantages in that it can be facilely recovered by simple filtration in air and recycled more than eight times without any significant loss of activity. The broad substrate scope, high functional group tolerance, and excellent palladium catalyst recyclability of the reaction make this approach a general, efficient, and economical method for the construction of valuable dibenzoxazepinone derivatives.

Synergistic effect of diatomaceous earth as a catalyst and terephthalic acid as a co-catalyst on chemical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate via hydrolysis

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most useful commodity polymers that have been used extensively in packaging and textile industry and hence it has become a concerning waste. In this work, diatomaceous earth (DE), terephthalic acid (TPA) and distilled water were used to hydrolyze PET waste from drinking water bottles into TPA and ethylene glycol (EG). TPA can be used as one of the monomers for the synthesis of PET or other industrial applications such as for the synthesis of alkyd resins. Here DE was used as a solid catalyst which can be separated by a simple filtration after the TPA removal, in contrast to the majority of earlier efforts, which used aqueous acid or base catalysts that are difficult to separate. Additionally, commercial TPA, which is used as co-catalyst, can easily be substituted by produced TPA from the PET hydrolysis. The conversion of PET and the yield of TPA, using 5.0 wt % of DE and 3.0 wt % of commercial TPA with a PET:H2O mass ratio of 1.0:3.0, at 185 °C and 11.2 bar was 100 % and 95.40 % respectively, obtained in 2.5 h. TPA product was isolated from the reaction mixture by basic wash and subsequent neutralization and it was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The effects of reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time, mass ratio of PET:H2O and the catalysts loading on the yield of TPA were studied. The optimized reaction was repeated over seven consecutive reaction cycles using recovered DE to further demonstrate the effectiveness of reused DE and it was found that the outcomes were unaltered. Due to DE's affordability and accessibility, this reaction is a green and convenient way to handle the staggering accumulation of PET waste.

Simultaneous strengthening and toughening of PLA with full recyclability enabled by resin-microsphere-modified L-lactide oligomers

Various strategies have been developed to improve the brittleness of poly (lactic acid) (PLA), most of which still suffer from the toughness-strength trade-off dilemma. Herein, we prepared phenol–formaldehyde-resin microspheres (PFM) with aliphatic hydroxyl groups to initiate L-lactide polymerization and synthesized a series of PFM-modified L-lactide oligomers (PFM-OLLA) bearing different arm lengths. PFM-OLLA were then physically blended with commercial PLA in different weight ratios to prepare synchronously strengthened and toughened PFM-OLLA/PLA composites. After blending with 4 % PFM2.5-OLLA (PFM content: 2.5 %), the mechanical properties of the PFM2.5-OLLA/PLA composites were best. PFM2.5-OLLA efficiently improved the crystallization behaviors of the PFM2.5-OLLA/PLA composites, thereby significantly enhancing their strength and toughness. The maximum tensile yield strength (40.2 MPa), elongation at break (85.7 %), and impact strength (20.8 kJ/m2) of PFM2.5-OLLA/PLA composites could respectively increase by 44.2 %, 465.7 %, and 100 %, compared to the values of neat PLA. The microscopic strengthening and toughening mechanisms were attributed to the rigidity of PFM, and the heterogeneous nucleating ability as well as larger free volume of PFM2.5-OLLA, whereas the visual toughening effects were attributed to multiple crazing and shear yielding phenomena. After simple alcoholysis and filtration, the polymer components were completely converted into methyl lactate. The recycled PFM, exhibiting excellent chemical stability, were reused to synthesize a new PFM-OLLA for strengthening and toughening PLA. This study provides a sustainable strategy for the development of high-performance PLA engineering materials showing great application potentials in the automotive, electronics and housing fields.

N-Halosuccinimide-CeCl3 Transient Charge-Transfer Complexes as Semi Heterogeneous Photocatalyst in Cyclization of N-Propargylamides.

In this work, we used photoinert anhydrous cerium(III) chloride, to form a transient charge-transfer (CT) complex with NXS (N-bromosuccinimide or NBS and N-iodosuccinimide or NIS) in acetonitrile. These transient CT complexes acted as a semi-heterogeneous photocatalyst. These complexes allowed the Ce(III) ions to absorb light, turning them into strong electron donors that transferred electrons to NXS. This created halide radicals from NXS radical anions, helping to turn N-propargylamides into oxazole aldehydes. Experiments with DMPO and spin-trapping showed that a radical-based mechanism followed a single electron transfer (SET) pathway. Notably, CeCl3 was reused after the reaction without much decomposition, as it was regenerated and separated through simple filtration.

Ultrasound-promoted removal of benzylidene and isopropylidene acetal protection of carbohydrates in presence of sulfonated graphene (GR-SO3H) as a sustainable acid catalyst

Sulfonated graphene (GR-SO3H) was prepared and used as an efficient and sustainable catalyst to deprotect O-benzylidene and O-isopropylidene acetal of carbohydrates under ultrasound (US) irradiation. The solid catalyst can recovered by simple filtration and used several times without much loss in reactivity. This methodology not only reduces the reaction time but also increases the yield. Moreover, the work-up and purification procedure is very simple and also effective for large-scale preparation.

Alkaline ILs Supported onto Mesoporous Polymeric 3D Spheres for Catalytic Synthesizing Dimethyl Carbonate in Transesterification

AbstractA novel type of alkyl amine‐based ILs [Et3N]+[OH]− (triethylammonium hydroxide) behaving strong alkali property have been chemically immobilized onto the polymeric 3D spheres with mesoporous structures, spherical morphology and more uniformed active species onto them to form alkali ILs supported 3D polymeric catalysts(3DPs‐ILsOH), which was synthesized via a combined method of substitution with its subsequent anion unites’ exchanging process. The supported 3DPs‐ILsOH catalyzed the transesterification of ethylene carbonate (EC) with methanol, which preferred to exhibit the excellent, efficient activities. At milder reaction temperature of 70 °C within 4.0 h, the conversion of EC achieved to 83.3 % with 99.5 % selectivity of dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Under the same reaction conditions, this type of catalysts could be recovered by a simple filtration and was reused eight times without obvious losing catalytic activities and hardly without any leaching of catalytic species. Its’ catalytic process for generating the chemical of DMC from the CO2 fixation material of EC was studied by using the in‐situ FTIR, and was further verified that the synergetic function roles of triethyl amino cations units with OH− anion units onto the supported catalysts might be one of the important reasons for progressing DMC's yields and its’ catalytic efficiency in transesterification reaction.

Significantly enhanced electrochemical performance of Al-Ti3C2Tx MXene synthesized from Al-Ti3AlC2 MAX phase

MXenes, a type of two-dimensional nanomaterials consisting of transition metal carbides/nitrides, have emerged as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors. Especially, Ti3C2Tx MXene prepared from Ti3AlC2 MAX phase shows great application potential in flexible supercapacitors due to its facile synthesis, excellent conductivity and film-forming property. In contrast to conventional Ti3AlC2, excessive aluminum is incorporated in the synthesis process to produce Al-Ti3AlC2. In this study, Ti3AlC2 and Al-Ti3AlC2 MAX phases are used to synthesize Ti3C2Tx and Al-Ti3C2Tx MXenes, respectively, by the same method of HF:HCl etching and LiCl intercalation. The freestanding Ti3C2Tx and Al-Ti3C2Tx film electrode is separately prepared through simple vacuum filtration. The presence of excess aluminum during the Al-Ti3AlC2 synthesis facilitates to form more homogeneous grains structure with relatively larger particle sizes and an improved stoichiometric MAX phase with a Ti:C ratio closer to 3:2. The resulting Al-Ti3C2Tx nanosheets show improved oxidation resistance with relatively uniform and larger dimensions, which facilitate the higher conductivity with slightly increased interlayer spacing for the Al-Ti3C2Tx film. Therefore, the Al-Ti3C2Tx film electrode shows more efficient ions transport and charge transfer, and thus achieves significantly enhanced capacitance (399 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and rate performance (63.6 % retention from 1 to 10 A g−1) compared to the Ti3C2Tx film electrode (342 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, 55.6 % retention from 1 to 10 A g−1). Moreover, the Al-Ti3C2Tx-based flexible sandwiched supercapacitor also exhibits superior energy storage performance. The impressive results indicate that Al-Ti3C2Tx MXene synthesized from Al-Ti3AlC2 MAX phase possesses the great application potential in flexible supercapacitors.

A sustainable and robust Janus film Inspired by the bird’s nest structure for efficient year-round outdoor thermal management

Janus structures combining radiative cooling and heating have attracted considerable interest for providing thermal comfort in dynamic environments. However, most of the strategies ignore the weak interfacial bonding due to the differences in material properties of the cooling and heating sides, which ultimately results in a lack of durability. Herein, inspired by the bird’s nest structure, we demonstrated a dual-mode Janus film with bonded interfaces through a simple vacuum-assisted filtration and PDMS modification. The unique structure of film ensures efficient thermal management including a sub-ambient temperature drop of ∼6.7 °C and a rise of ∼19.8 °C under direct sunlight irradiance. The cooling performance is activated by the synergistic enhancement with BaSO4 and BC porous networks, which exhibits high solar reflectivity (∼95.6 %) and MIR emissivity (∼95.2 %). The heating performance is derived from solar heating (∼71.6 °C at one sun irradiation) and Joule heating (∼88.6 °C at a low voltage of 2.5 V) as a complement, benefiting from the photothermal and electrothermal conversion of MXene. The cooling and heating can be easily obtained by flipping. In addition, the film maintains efficient cooling and heating even after being immersed in water and exposed to sunlight, thereby ensuring outdoor thermal management. Overall, this dual-mode Janus film shows great potential for regulating outdoor thermal comfort and alleviating the energy crisis.

Humin-sulfuric acid as a novel recoverable biocatalyst for pyrrole synthesis in water

Humin-sulfuric acid (Humin-SO3H) as a novel efficient biobased sulfonic acid was easily prepared by adding chlorosulfuric acid (ClSO3H) to Humin and characterized by potentiometric titration and FT-IR spectrum. Humin-SO3H is an eco-friendly, heterogeneous biobased, and efficient catalyst for Paal-Knorr and Clauson-Kaas pyrrole synthesis. The catalyst is easily recovered by simple filtration and has excellent turnover efficiency even after 4 cycles. Besides, due to the clearance of the biocatalyst away from the reaction media, the desired highly pure products can be achieved in high to excellent yields. Due to high water dispersibility, Humin-SO3H can be utilized as a highly efficient green catalyst for pyrrole synthesis.

High-permeance nanocellulose/ZnO hybrid membranes with photo-induced anti-fouling performance for wastewater purification

A hybrid ultrafiltration membrane based on nanocellulose and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was prepared by simple layered filtration without any chemical modification. Microscopic morphology analysis showed that the loading ZnO NPs significantly increased the membrane roughness, and wettability test demonstrated that the membrane surface possessed underwater superoleophobicity. Due to the “puncture effect” of the embedded ZnO NPs, abundant nanochannels were formed in the nanocellulose membrane and the highest water permeance of 5439.7 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 was achieved. The hybrid membranes exhibited high rejection of nanoparticles larger than 20 nm and macromolecules with molecular weights higher than 100 kDa. Furthermore, ZnO NPs significantly improved the wet tensile strength of membrane. The hybrid membranes achieved high separation efficiency of nano-sized emulsions via size exclusion and demulsification effect, as well as the efficient removal of organic dyes and antibiotics via filtration-adsorption. The combination of underwater superoleophobicity and photocatalytic self-cleaning performance effectively solved the problem of a sharp decrease in permeance caused by oil contamination. This type of nanocellulose/ZnO hybrid membrane, which integrates high permeance, high filtration accuracy, and photocatalytic anti-fouling performance in one design, offers an innovative approach to the preparation of nanocellulose membranes for the treatment of organic wastewater.

Optimization of the production of a new milk clotting enzyme by Aspergillus flavus thermophile on agro-industrial residues medium and characterization of the enzyme

This study focused on the optimization of the production of a milk clotting protease by Aspergillus flavus, isolated from a thermal station. The fermentation was carried out on wheat bran as a medium, followed by a partial characterization of the enzyme. The fungal isolate was screened for protease production based on clear zone hydrolysis on skim milk agar, and then it was identified as belonging to the genus Aspergillus based on its morphological characteristics. This identification was confirmed by molecular analyzes with 100% similarity with the A. flavus strain. After 7 days of fermentation, the crude extract is recovered by simple filtration. The production and optimization of the milk coagulant protease using wheat bran and agro-industrial waste as a medium was carried out using a statistical method of experimental design based on the Plackett and Burman matrices. The results showed that the optimal fermentation medium consisted of wheat bran (4% w/w), incubated at a temperature of 30 °C, with a pH of 5.0 after 6 days of fermentation. The enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, yielding an estimated proteolytic activity of 2,985 U. The partially purified protease exhibits optimal activity at pH 5 with hemoglobin as a substrate and an optimal temperature of 50 °C. The Lineweaver-Burk plot showed a KM value of 4.83 g/L and a Vm of 1,560 U. This enzyme causes very rapid coagulation of fresh cow’s milk with an optimum at 45 °C, a pH 7 and a concentration of 50 mM of calcium.

Local and Low-Cost Filter Media of Simple Water Filtration

Commonly the Installation of a Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) in Indonesia consists of Coagulation-Flocculation, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection Processes as a complete Process Unit for surface feed water such as rivers or lakes. Similarly, the clean water treatment process in Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia uses intake water sources from irrigation. The intake water from irrigation used by the local Regional Drinking Water Company has good quality with a low turbidity value below the quality standards set by the central government. Based on these qualities, the right process unit to treat the water is by filtration only. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct evaluation and research to improve the efficiency of the process unit and the economic value of the water treatment. The purpose of this study is to investigate and evaluate irrigation feed water treatment by filtration using local and low-cost filter media. The filter reactor is designed with a rapid media filter type. The media is characterized using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) which is plugged in with EDS to find out the primary constituents and morphological information and after knowing the characterization of the media, and followed by tested the media placed in the water filter reactor with data collection. The results show that the size of the filter media has great effect on the quality of the processing water, which the smaller the media diameter conducted high selectivity and speed up filtration time. The greatest result obtained from testing feed water with media is 87.64%. Turbidity of the feed water sample process, which was previously 0.34 NTU, could be decreased to 0.02 NTU. Effective size of 0.4 mm and uniformity coefficient of 1.35 mm are the optimal allowable values.

One-pot Three-component Synthesis of Fully and Diversely Functionalized Pyrans and Spiropyrans Using Sodium Formate as Catalyst in Aqueous Ethanol at Room Temperature

Abstract: A convenient and general method has been developed for the synthesis of fully and diversely functionalized pyrans via one-pot three-component reactions of various aryl or heteroaryl aldehydes, malononitrile, and 1,3-dimethyl/1,3-diethyl-acetonedicarboxylates in the presence of a catalytic amount of sodium formate as an efficient organocatalyst in aqueous ethanol at room temperature. All the scaffolds were synthesized in excellent yields within 2.5 hours. Under the same reaction conditions, fully and diversely functionalized spiro-pyrans were also synthesized in excellent yields from the reaction of isatin, malononitrile, and 1,3-dimethyl/1,3-diethylacetonedicarboxylates. All the products were isolated pure just by simple filtration. Synthesis of fully and diversely functionalized biologically promising pyrans, excellent yields, use of organocatalyst, less toxic solvent, no column chromatographic purification, and energy efficiency are some of the major advantages of this newly developed protocol. method: In a clean test tube a magnetic stir bar, 0.5 mmol of aldehydes (1a-1i), 0.5 mmol of malononitrile (2; 0.033 g) and 0.5 mmol of 1,3-dimethylacetonedicarboxylate (3a; 0.087 g) or 1,3-diethylacetonedicarboxylate (3b; 0.101 g), 4 ml aqueous ethanol (1:1 v/v) and 20 mol% sodium formate were taken sequentially. The whole reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for the time mentioned in Table 2. The progress of reaction was monitored by TLC. By using the same amount of catalyst and solvent the synthesis of methyl/ethyl-2'-amino-3'-cyano-6'-(2-meth/ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-2-oxospiro[indoline-3,4'-pyran]-5'-carboxylate (6a/6b) was achieved from the reactions of 0.5 mmol of isatin (5; 0.0735 g), 0.5 mmol of malononitrile (2; 0.033 g) and 0.5 mmol of 1,3-dimethylacetonedicarboxylate (3a; 0.0871 g) or 1,3-diethylacetonedicarboxylate (3b; 0.1011 g). After the completion of each reaction, the desired products were isolated simply by filtration and subsiquent washing with aqueous ethanol (EtOH:H2O = 1:1).

Ultra-fast molecular sieving in ZIF-67 and cellulose nanofibers based thin-film nanocomposite membrane

Membranes based on two-dimensional (2D) materials often show great separation efficiency and therefore have great potential in the treatment of dye wastewater. However, improving the water flux of 2D material-based membranes remains a challenge. In this work, 2D ZIF-67/CNF membranes were prepared on a polyether sulfone (PES) support layer via a simple extraction filtration method. The added CNF intertwined with 2D ZIF-67 nanosheets and formed an interlocked stacked laminar flow structure, which improved both the water flux and stability of the thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes. The optimized membrane showed a water flux of 357.8 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, and its rejections of four dyes (Direct Red 80, Methyl Blue, Alkali Blue 6B and Congo Red) were all above 99.8 %. Furthermore, the optimized membrane maintained a rejection of 97 % after 8 h of continuous operation, indicating that the facile mixing of nanofibers into nanosheets can be considered a promising strategy for preparing TFN membranes for dye wastewater treatment.

Phosphomolybdic Acid‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of 1,2,5,6‐Tetrahydropyridine Derivatives

AbstractWe report the synthesis of alkyl 1,2,6‐triaryl‐4‐arylaminopiperidine‐3‐ene‐3‐carboxylates in acceptable yields (42%–71%) and high trans‐diastereoselectivity (69:31 to 100:0) through a one‐pot multicomponent reaction of aromatic aldehydes, aromatic amines, and β‐ketoesters catalyzed by phosphomolybdic acid in methanol at room temperature. The structure and stereochemistry of tetrahydropyridines were confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. This protocol stands out for its operational simplicity, the use of an inexpensive and commercially available heteropolyacid catalyst, low catalyst loading, and purification via simple filtration, resulting in acceptable yields and high diastereoselectivity.

Pd Nanoparticles Supported on Luffa Sponge as a Heterogenous Catalyst for C−O and C−C Coupling Reaction: From Waste to Use

AbstractThis work reports a practical approach for C−O and C−C bond formation reactions catalysed by Pd nanoparticles supported on Luffa sponge (PdNPs@LS).PdNPs@LS were prepared via a green route in‐situ by using ethanol as solvent, and lignin content present in the luffa sponge could work as an effective reducing reagent to reduce Pd(II) to Pd(0) without any harsh chemical used for reduction. The bio‐based support used i. e. Luffa sponge extracted from the waste feedstock of Luffa guard in a simple filtration method is a cheap, biodegradable, abundant and renewable source with netting‐like three‐dimensional porous structure. Without significant loss of its activity the PdNPs@LS could be easily recovered and recycled for at least three times. The catalyst is characterized by FT‐IR, TGA, SEM‐EDX, TEM, and XPS analyses.

Reaction-controlled Pickering interfacial catalysis: A green route to produce crystalline adipic acid under solvent-free conditions

The pursuit of a greener adipic acid synthesis process, aiming to replace the highly polluting nitric acid oxidation method, has been a longstanding endeavor in both academic and industrial spheres. In this study, we present a reaction-controlled Pickering interfacial catalysis system, enabling the efficient oxidation of cyclohexene to adipic acid using 30 wt% hydrogen peroxide without the involvement of organic solvents. Following the reaction, the system spontaneously undergoes demulsification, facilitating easy recovery of catalyst particles via simple filtration, followed by product separation through cooling-induced crystallization. Employing high speed microscopic imaging for in-situ characterization of interfacial properties, we elucidate the influence of reaction conditions on interfacial properties and catalytic performance. The reaction-controlled Pickering interfacial catalysis system demonstrated herein offers a novel and industrially feasible strategy for developing green adipic acid synthesis route.

A flexible and strong mechanical MXene/CNC electromagnetic shielding film with powerful light-to-heat conversion properties

High-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) films with high EMI shielding efficiency, low thickness, high mechanical strength, and flexibility have promising applications in electromagnetic (EM) protection of electronic products. Here, a versatile and sustainable wearable EM shielding MXene/cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) composite film was developed by a simple vacuum-assisted filtration method. One-dimensional (1D) ultrafine CNC act as interfacial linkage enhancers, forming a dense ‘mortar-brick’ structure between CNC and MXene nanosheets, which improves the mechanical properties while maintaining the EMI shielding capability of the films. The obtained films show the better tensile strength (83 MPa) than the pure MXene film (12 MPa). More importantly, the MXene/CNC film exhibits excellent EMI shielding, with an EMI SE of nearly 30 dB at a very low thickness of 7 μm, and 64.5 dB at a thickness of 61 μm. In addition, the films possess good mechanical stability, which can be rapidly heated up to 76 ⁰C and remain stable for a long time. This study provides a promising strategy for the design of multifunctional flexible EMI shielding materials.

Analysis of the Thickness of Simple Water Filtration Components on Water Clarity as a Science Learning Media

Penyaringan air adalah salah satu media penyaringan yang menggunakan alat sederhana, tetapi dibutuhkan analisis yang tinggi dalam setiap komponen penyusunnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan menganalisis komponen-komponen yang mempengaruhi tingkat kejernihan air pada alat filtrasi air sederhana sebagai sarana untuk mengembangkan keterampilan problem solving. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode eksperimen dengan memanfaatkan bahan sederhana seperti botol, tisu, kapas, pasir, serabut kelapa, kerikil, batu, dan arang. Teknik pengumpulan dan analisis data yang kami gunakan adalah teknik kualitatif dengan menggunakan beberapa literatur seperti buku, jurnal dan sumber-sumber internet. Hasil penelitian eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa semakin tebal komponen penyusun filtrasi maka tingkat kejernihan air semakin meningkat. Simpulan yang dapat diambil yakni penurunan kekeruhan yang efektif dihasilkan dari filter dengan ketebalan pasir dan kerikil yang lebih besar.