Simple Figures Research Articles

How Does Listening to “Fetal Heartbeats” Affect the Feelings of Pregnant Women?

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of listening to fetal heartbeats (FHBs) on the feelings of normal and high-risk pregnancies (HRPs), and to learn the colors and geometrical figures representing their feelings. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective study consisted of 291 pregnant women who applied for a non-stress test (NST). Participants were divided into two groups; 1: Normal pregnancies (Group1) and 2: HRPs (Group2). Demographic variables, feelings in response to listening to FHBs (negative, neutral, positive), grade mark (0-10) of feelings, color (warm, neutral, cold), and figure (simple, complex) preferences were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 291 women, 172 (59.1%) Group 1 participants were compared to 119 (40.9%) Group 2 participants. Group 1 and Group 2 had similar feelings (p>0.05), however, the rate of negative feelings was higher in Group 2 (11.6% vs. 20.2%). Higher marks were observed in Group 2 with happiness and peace/relaxation after listening to FHBs. Fear was the lowest mark in women with positive/neutral feelings in both groups. Women in Group 1 preferred warm colors regardless of their feelings. Women in Group 2 who have positive feelings chose warm colors, whereas women who felt neutral or negative more commonly chose cold (55.5%) and neutral (41.7%) colors (p=0.017). Independent of feelings, simple figures were predominately preferred (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: NST is more than a perinatal surveillance method and listening to FHBs has a positive impact on the feelings of pregnancies. Warm colors were commonly related to positive feelings. Simple figures were preferred regardless of feelings.

Empirical Analysis of Sustainable Performance in Relation to Stock Exchange Performance: Evidence from Romania

Given the substantial advancements in worldwide financial markets and the sharp increase in sustainability concerns, this article proposes an incursion into the empirical analysis of the interaction between companies' sustainable performance and stock market performance, focusing on the specificities of the Romanian financial market. It emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach that goes beyond simple financial figure analysis to include aspects such as sustainability, corporate governance, and social impact. The article aims to shed light on this complex relationship through rigorous empirical analysis applied to data specific to the Romanian market. We will thoroughly investigate the connections between companies' sustainability practices and the evolution of stock prices, taking into account the economic particularities of Romania, culminating with the estimation of a multiple linear regression model. Our study reveals that there is a correlation between the market capitalization of a company, its corporate performance and the specific industry or sector in which it operates.

여성 결혼이민자 대상 건강문해력 향상용 특수 한국어교육 과정 설계 및 운영에 관한 연구

This study examines the design and operation of special Korean language program to promote health literacy during the Korean language education course for female marriage immigrants at the N-si Family Center in Korea. And the purpose is to suggest ways to improve the program based on the results of pilot operation and pre- and post-evaluation. 'Special Korean language program related to health' is based on a demand survey conducted by Cho, Hajin and Kim, Charmyee (2023) and is designed to fit the framework of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family's Marriage Immigrant Capacity Building Support Project. To measure changes in female marriage immigrants' self-health awareness and improvement in health literacy according to the program, pre- and post-evaluation was conducted using FLI-FMI and HLAS, tools that have been verified in previous studies. As a result of statistical analysis using SPSS29, FLI-FMI showed that there was a significant change in the difference and improvement in health literacy of female marriage immigrants in the 12th session of the curriculum, but HLAS showed that the education did not affect the learner's self-reported health literacy so it does not appear to have had a significant impact on changing perceptions. However, when comprehensively considering the number of participants and the content of the satisfaction survey, it is difficult to be certain of the effectiveness of learning based on simple statistical figures or to determine that there has been no change in learners' self-perception of health literacy. As a follow-up study, it will be necessary to supplement areas that are difficult to uncover through quantitative research alone through qualitative research using methods such as in-depth interviews or FGI. This study is meaningful in that it presents a practical curriculum to improve immigrants' health rights and health literacy and verifies its effectiveness, but it has the limitation that it is difficult to generalize the content. We hope that by using this study as basic research, various studies on improving health literacy will be conducted.

Effect of variability of human bone morphometric parameters on the uncertainty of internal bone marrow doses due to <sup>90</sup>Sr

Computational phantoms are used to calculate the doses of internal exposure of active bone marrow. The computational phantoms of ICRP were created for a reference man with anatomical characteristics typical of an average individual. The doses calculated with such phantoms correspond to population-average values. Individual variability introduces a stochastic component of uncertainty into the dose estimation. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of individual variability of bone structure dimensions on the results of dosimetric modeling. The phantoms are represented by simple geometry figures filled with trabecular structures and bone marrow (spongiosa), covered externally with a cortical layer. The models of bone geometry are described by parameters characterizing the linear dimensions, the microarchitecture of the spongiosa (trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, bone volume fraction), as well as the cortical layer thickness. By varying these parameters, sets of phantoms were generated to simulate the individual variability of bone geometry. The mean absorbed dose rate in active bone marrow from a single decay of 90Sr/90Y was calculated assuming isotope distribution either in the volume of the trabecular or cortical bone. All estimates are on the example of the phantom of an adult male skeleton. The individual variability of the main parameters of segment computational phantoms depends on size and equal to: a) for linear dimensions – 12-15%; b) for bone volume fraction – 22-24%; c) for cortical thickness – 21-23%. This leads to uncertainties of dose rate estimation equal to 21% – 25%.

Teaching Students to Think Creatively (in Drawing Classes)

In the first way of developing spatial imagination, the spatial imagination of students is increased by using drawings given on objects, mentally dividing them into simple figures and drawing up their clear image. Indeed, if there is a clear image of the object depicted in the figure, it becomes easier for the student to visualize the object, the appearance of which is given in the figures. Through a qualitative analysis of teaching methodologies and student experiences, this research investigates the strategies employed by art instructors to stimulate creative thinking in drawing classes. It explores how instructors design curriculum, structure assignments, and provide feedback to encourage students to approach drawing with imagination and inventiveness. Furthermore, this study examines the impact of these teaching practices on students' creative development and artistic growth. By analyzing student artworks, reflections, and assessments, it evaluates the effectiveness of different pedagogical approaches in nurturing creative thinking skills. The findings of this research shed light on the importance of teaching students to think creatively in drawing classes and offer practical insights for art educators seeking to enhance their teaching practices. By fostering a supportive and stimulating learning environment that encourages experimentation and risk-taking, instructors can empower students to unlock their creative potential and develop as artists. This research contributes to our understanding of the role of creativity in art education and provides valuable guidance for educators striving to cultivate creative thinking skills in their students within the context of drawing classes.

Typological thinking in human genomics research contributes to the production and prominence of scientific racism.

Public genomic datasets like the 1000 Genomes project (1KGP), Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), and the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study are valuable public resources that facilitate scientific advancements in biology and enhance the scientific and economic impact of federally funded research projects. Regrettably, these datasets have often been developed and studied in ways that propagate outdated racialized and typological thinking, leading to fallacious reasoning among some readers that social and health disparities among the so-called races are due in part to innate biological differences between them. We highlight how this framing has set the stage for the racist exploitation of these datasets in two ways: First, we discuss the use of public biomedical datasets in studies that claim support for innate genetic differences in intelligence and other social outcomes between the groups identified as races. We further highlight recent instances of this which involve unauthorized access, use, and dissemination of public datasets. Second, we discuss the memification, use of simple figures meant for quick dissemination among lay audiences, of population genetic data to argue for a biological basis for purported human racial groups. We close with recommendations for scientists, to preempt the exploitation and misuse of their data, and for funding agencies, to better enforce violations of data use agreements.

Pentad Analysis of Presidential Elections 2024 on Social Media

This article aims to analyze Ganjar Pranowo's posts on social media. Ganjar Pranowo is one of the presidential candidates who has great potential in the 2024 presidential election because he is one of the candidates from the winning party (incumbent) in the previous election. As a presidential candidate, Ganjar realizes the importance of social media in socializing himself and building a positive image as a presidential candidate. One social media platform that is well managed is Instagram. On his Instagram account, namely @ganjar_pranowo, Ganjar posts all his activities as part of political communication in an effort to attract the attention of the Indonesian people ahead of the election. The research method used is a qualitative method with pentad analysis consisting of 5 elements: act, scene, agent, agency and purpose). The research results found that Ganjar plays as the main actor and rhetorical communicator (act); applies election and social media (scene); roles as a political actor with a humanist and simple figure (agent); nationalist-religious (agency); and he attracts public attention, public sympathy and winning elections (purpose).

El Lissitzky’s Red Wedge as the Hebrew letter Yud


 
 
 The analysis undertaken in this paper sets out with El Lissitzky’s 1919 revolutionary poster entitled Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge. This artwork, composed of simple geometric figures, in which an acute-angled red triangle splits the form of a white circle, was used by Soviet propaganda to affirm the so-called ‘October events’. However, a thorough analysis of the poster, i.e. its sources, inspirations, borrowings and contexts, supports the hypothesis that the principal motif (the wedge) also constitutes a graphic equivalent of a letter of the Hebrew alphabet, the letter yud, represented as a small comma or, significantly, an acute-angled triangle. Such a premise yields further consequences with regard to meanings, encompassing aspects related to the Jewish iconic tradition that involve mysticism, magic, and the kabbalah.
 
 

Le poème de Jacques Dupin, « De la piqûre désirée à la glu du piège, à l’infini translucide du miel »

Much more than a simple thematic figure, the beekeeper is, for the poet and art critic Jacques Dupin, the medium for a poetic game with the figures of the lyrical subject to renew our thinking on poetry. Thanks to a verbal materialism that both captures and provokes the encounter between the subject and the world, the wax produced by the beekeeper is equivalent to the page of the poem, on which the poem can be engraved, and nourishes the poet's lamp, who learns from the beekeeper an ethic conveyed by simplicity, humility, a taste for the essential, and an openness to the infinitesimal elemental world that is thus fully inhabited. By representing himself under the mask of the beekeeper and pursuing his swarm-poems and bee-words, Jacques Dupin encounters an authentic poetry that is fuelled by the transfer of the playful, moral and hermeneutic figure of the beekeeper to the critical figure of the poet. The posture, gesture and wisdom of the beekeeper thus promise the poet access to a fair knowledge of the things of the world, but also of the power of the poem. To look at oneself as a beekeeper and to confront the bee is also to look at oneself as a poet and to question the possibility of a renewal of lyricism in the poetry of the 20th and 21st centuries.

33 Title: Examining memory performances in a sample of cognitively healthy illiterate older adult population in India

Objective:Despite the rise in literacy, 773 million of the global population is estimated to be illiterate. The rate of illiteracy is even higher among women and older adults (OA). Literacy has been well documented to impact cognitive skills, and most neuropsychological tests developed are for individuals with higher education. Moreover, there is sparse research on cognitive process and performance of illiterate individuals across cognitive domains.Per a 2011 census, the illiteracy rate in the Indian older adult population was as high as 56%, and within this group, women and older adults in rural regions were especially vulnerable. Thus, it is important to understand cognitive performance of illiterate Indian older adult population, especially when they are being assessed for neurodegenerative disorders.Participants and Methods:This study used subset of data from Harmonized Longitudinal Aging Study of India, Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia (LASI DAD), which was developed by the Gateway to Global Aging Data. A sample of cognitive healthy OA (n = 715) was selected based on Hindi Mental Status Exam score of >19 and a Clinical Dementia Rating Scale of 0 (literate = 419, illiterate = 296). Given the heterogeneity of the population, adapted cognitive instruments were used. This study compared memory performances, using word list and constructional praxis with delayed recall tasks, of OA based on their literacy status (illiterate vs. literate).Results:Literate cognitive healthy OA (M = 15.27, SD = 3.9) learned more words over three trials than illiterate OA (M = 12.17, SD = 3.7) on a world list task, a statistically significant difference (M = 3.1, 95% CI [2.5, 3.6], t (713) = 10.62, p<0.05. Literate OA (M = 8.7, SD = 2.2) had higher scores on task of copy of simple geometrical figures than illiterate OA (M = 5.3, SD = 2.8), a statistically significant difference (M = 3.3, 95% CI [2.9, 3.7], t (713) = 7.1, p<0.05. Literate OA (M = 4.5, SD = 1.8) also recalled more words than illiterate OA (M = 3.6, SD = 2.1) after a delay. Recall of geometric figures after a delay was higher for literate OA (M = 5, SD = 2.9) as well compared to illiterate OA (M = 2.4, SD = 2.5).Conclusions:Conclusion: In a sample of cognitively healthy Indian older adults, literate OA consistently performed better than illiterate OA on both verbal and nonverbal memory measures. This is consistent with past literature which shows that illiterate individuals take longer to learn verbal information and have lower recall. Additionally, use of geometric figure may be complicated for these individuals. These are important considerations when assessing an OA for memory problems with low or no education. Next steps would be to look at differences across other cognitive domains and also examining if cognitive differences exist in illiterate OA based on gender.

The Perception of Similarity, Difference and Opposition.

After considering the pervasiveness of same/different relationships in Psychology and the experimental evidence of their perceptual foundation in Psychophysics and Infant and Comparative Psychology, this paper develops its main argument. Similarity and diversity do not complete the panorama since opposition constitutes a third relationship which is distinct from the other two. There is evidence of this in the previous literature investigating the perceptual basis of opposition and in the results of the two new studies presented in this paper. In these studies, the participants were asked to indicate to what extent pairs of simple bi-dimensional figures appeared to be similar, different or opposite to each other. A rating task was used in Study 1 and a pair comparison task was used in Study 2. Three main results consistently emerged: Firstly, opposition is distinct from similarity and difference which, conversely, are in a strictly inverse relationship. Secondly, opposition is specifically linked to something which points in an allocentrically opposite direction. Thirdly, alterations to the shape of an object are usually associated with the perception of diversity rather than opposition. The implications of a shift from a dyadic (same/different) to a triadic (similar/different/opposite) paradigm are discussed in the final section.

A simple figure of merit to identify the first layer to degrade and fail in dual layer SiOx/HfO2 gate dielectric stacks

Understanding the degradation dynamics and the breakdown sequence of a bilayer high-k (HK) gate dielectric stack is crucial for the improvement of device reliability. We present a new Figure of Merit (FoM), the IL/HK Degradation Index, that depends on fundamental materials properties (the dielectric breakdown strength and the dielectric constant) and can be used to easily and quickly identify the first layer to degrade and fail in a bilayer SiO2/HK dielectric stack. Its dependence on IL and HK material parameters is investigated and its validity is demonstrated by means of accurate physics-based simulations of the degradation process. The proposed FoM can be easily used to understand the degradation dynamics of the gate dielectric stack, providing critical insights for device reliability improvement.

Generation of non-functional architectonic spatial forms with geometric transformations

In the academic progression of architectural attitude and design competence it is important to give particular attention to the exploration and creative experimentation with spatial forms. In addition to the analysis of historical and contemporary architectural examples, significant role is given to modelling exercises which guide design students in a tentative way to the planar and spatial operation of compositional principles. During this process, a series of personal experiences develop the recognition and confident application of planar and spatial compositional tools and the ability to create tension or to maintain balance. These tools - albeit exerting their effects during subjective experience - are largely based on physical laws and operate according to the principles of visual (possibly tactile) perception, so their understanding and conscious application is a rational goal. In the analysis of architectural compositions, the relationship, location, size, juxtaposition or overlapping of forms - in other words their geometric relationship - is perhaps the primary factor, nevertheless the effects of materials, colours and textures cannot be ignored either. One of the distinctive characteristics of architectonic models is their ability to highlight certain pre-defined properties; in the case of forms made of homogenous materials for example, an enhanced attention to geometry, plasticity, and the impact of light and shadow. The focus of this paper is form-evolution generated through geometric transformations; a process during which a simple plane figure and subsequently a body is transformed (sliced, dragged, distorted, added or subtracted, etc.) resulting in architectonic compositions featuring architectural proportions and characteristics. These form-experiments are intentionally aimed at the generation of "non-functional" spaces, so the goal of the creation is not actual buildings, but rather the composition of pure spatial and volumetric relations in a philosophical sense, which, nevertheless, can provide the conceptual basis (in terms of form, mass, and spatial structure) for subsequent architectural outputs.

Visual number sense for real-world scenes shared by deep neural networks and humans

Recently, visual number sense has been identified from deep neural networks (DNNs). However, whether DNNs have the same capacity for real-world scenes, rather than the simple geometric figures that are often tested, is unclear. In this study, we explore the number perception of scenes using AlexNet and find that numerosity can be represented by the pattern of group activation of the category layer units. The global activation of these units increases with the number of objects in the scene, and the variations in their activation decrease accordingly. By decoding the numerosity from this pattern, we reveal that the embedding coefficient of a scene determines the likelihood of potential objects to contribute to numerical perception. This was demonstrated by the more optimized performance for pictures with relatively high embedding coefficients in both DNNs and humans. This study for the first time shows that a distinct feature in visual environments, revealed by DNNs, can modulate human perception, supported by a group-coding mechanism.

LIFT of cell spheroids: Proof of concept

The application of spheroids in tissue engineering has a number of advantages over conventional cell suspensions and 2D cultures. One of the methods for tissue and organ fabrication from spheroids is bioprinting. As one of bioprinting methods, laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) has received much attention in terms of cell printing, while its potential has not been realized for spheroid patterning yet. In this paper, the authors have shown for the first time the practical applicability of LIFT for spheroid transfer with high survival rates and printing precision. For this, a special optical device, a piShaper, was used to change the laser energy distribution to non-Gaussian profile which allowed for mitigating the negative effects of laser radiation on the spheroids during LIFT. The authors showed that non-Gaussian energy distribution in the laser spot in the form of double ring led to higher post-printing viability of spheroids than in case of conventional Gaussian energy distribution in laser beam. Subsequently, using the double ring laser spot geometry, the spheroids were bioprinted in the form of simple geometric figures: line, triangle, and square. Overall, LIFT bioprinting of spheroids has demonstrated a strong potential as the precise, safe, and reproducible method for biofabrication that can be potentially used for making tissue-engineered bioequivalents or building specific organ-on-a-chip platforms.

Self-assembly of two-dimensional lattices driven by shape complementarity and attractive interactions

Today, low-dimensional structures are finding an increasingly widespread use in various technological applications such as sensors, catalytic converters etc. Kagome lattice, along with other two-dimensional lattices generated from Archimedean tilings, are of particular interest because of their unique electronic, optical and magnetic properties. Here, based on two simple design principles: shape complementarity and minimization of frustration, we introduce a theoretical model that is able to self-assemble into all Archimedean lattices except one. Within this model each lattice site is represented by a single interacting particle with a specifically designed shape. The required shapes are triangles, squares, rhombi and other relatively simple geometrical figures. Each particle carries a single attractive patch designed to minimize the potential energy of the target structure. As the first step of the lattice assembly, the attractive interactions induce the formation of clusters that have space-filling shapes. At the second step, the clusters coalesce into a superlattice with the desired structure known as the cluster crystal. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to prove that each target lattice is a) easy to assemble by the model and b) constitutes the minimum free energy conformation. Possible experimental realizations of the proposed model are discussed.

The uncertainty of estimation of doses to the bone marrow from <sup>89,90</sup>Sr due to the variability of the chemical composition and bone density

Dosimetric modeling of radiation transport in skeletal bone tissues using computational phantoms provides the doses of internal exposure to active marrow. Computational phantoms of ICRP are created for reference people with anatomical and physiological characteristics typical of an average individual. The doses calculated with such phantoms will correspond to certain population-average values. Individual variability will introduce a stochastic component of uncertainty into the dose estimation. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of variability of chemical composition and bone density on the results of dosimetric modeling. The phantoms are represented by simple geometry figures filled with trabecular structures and bone marrow and covered with a cortical layer. Radiation transport was simulated using the Monte Carlo method. The dose factors to convert the radionuclide activity concentration to absorbed dose rates in active marrow were calculated assuming uniform radionuclide distribution in the volume of the trabecular and cortical bone. As a result of the numerical experiments, it has been shown that variations in chemical composition do not introduce an error of more than ± 4% into dosimetric modeling. The effect of bone density on active marrow dose formation depends on the size of a phantom. For computational phantoms with linear dimensions exceeding two electron free path lengths (~ 0.44 cm), variability of bone density within ± 3% leads to a similar relative uncertainty of the dose conversion factor. However, for smaller phantoms, bone density variability leads to uncertainties of 6% or 13% for a source deposited in the trabecular or cortical bone, respectively. The results obtained will be used to assess the uncertainty of bone marrow dosimetry, taking into account the uncertainty of all parameters including the variability of morphometric characteristics of bones, the variability of the active marrow distribution in skeletal sites, as well as the uncertainties introduced by model approximations.

Visual cortical processing—From image to object representation

Image understanding is often conceived as a hierarchical process with many levels, where complexity and invariance of object representation gradually increase with level in the hierarchy. In contrast, neurophysiological studies have shown that figure-ground organization and border ownership coding, which imply understanding of the object structure of an image, occur at levels as low as V1 and V2 of the visual cortex. This cannot be the result of back-projections from object recognition centers because border-ownership signals appear well-before shape selective responses emerge in inferotemporal cortex. Ultra-fast border-ownership signals have been found not only for simple figure displays, but also for complex natural scenes. In this paper I review neurophysiological evidence for the hypothesis that the brain uses dedicated grouping mechanisms early on to link elementary features to larger entities we might call “proto-objects”, a process that is pre-attentive and does not rely on object recognition. The proto-object structures enable the system to individuate objects and provide permanence, to track moving objects and cope with the displacements caused by eye movements, and to select one object out of many and scrutinize the selected object. I sketch a novel experimental paradigm for identifying grouping circuits, describe a first application targeting area V4, which yielded negative results, and suggest targets for future applications of this paradigm.

Timely initiation of complementary feeding practices and associated factors among children aged 6-23 months in Dessie Zuria District, Northeast Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study.

Ethiopia has one of the highest infant and child mortality rates in the world. Starting from the age of 6 months, breast milk alone is not sufficient to cover all nutritional requirements. Infants and young children are at an increased risk of undernutrition. Complementary feeding must, therefore, begin at the age of 6 months. Infant and young child nutrition is a critical factor in human health, nutrition, survival, growth, and development. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the timely initiation of complementary feeding practices and associated factors in children aged 6-23 months in the Dessie Zuria District of North Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study design was used for the period between 16 March and 30 March 2019. The study included 770 mother-child pairs aged 6-23 months. A multistage sampling method was used to choose the study participants. Using a simple random sampling technique, nine kebeles in the district were selected from a total of 31, and from 103 Gotts or villages, 31 were selected with 770 HHs out of 2,329 HHs with children aged 6-23 months. Data were collected using a pretested semistructured interviewer-administered questionnaire, which was then entered into Epi Data version 3.1 statistical software before being transferred to SPSS version 21 for further analysis. To summarize the data, descriptive statistics were used, which included a simple frequency table and figures. To evaluate factors, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were used. A p-value of less than 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. The percentage of children who started complementary feeding practices on time was 70.9. Maternal occupation [AOR = 5.51, 95% CI (1.61-18.81)], radio availability [AOR = 2.03, 95% CI (1.32-3.12)], antenatal care follow-up [AOR = 6.19, 95% CI (4.08-9.40)], place of delivery [AOR = 5.06%, CI (3.34-7.68)], and postnatal care follow-up [AOR = 4.32, 95% CI (2.77-6.72)] were found to be the factors for the timely initiation of complementary feeding. When compared with WHO cutoff points, timely initiation of complementary feeding practice was relatively low in the study area. Maternal occupation, radio availability, ANC follow-up, place of delivery, and postnatal care visit were all significantly associated with the timely initiation of complementary feeding.

Mathematics teachers’ conceptual knowledge about and for teaching quadrilaterals

The aim of the article is to analyze the conceptual knowledge of a group of mathematics teachers about quadrilaterals and the way they practice their teaching. We conducted exploratory research with 23 teachers who answered an online questionnaire, whose results we analyzed descriptively and categorically. The best-known characteristic of quadrilaterals was that it is a plane figure and the least known was that it is a simple figure. Notable quadrilaterals were mentioned more than irregular shapes. In addition, the presence of irrelevant attributes such as thick line and being rotated made it difficult to recognize some figures. In teaching quadrilaterals (n = 17), four teachers would act as expositors of their ideas. Two teachers would not address the non-examples. Eleven teachers would deal with examples and non-examples. In conclusion, training is needed to understand other examples, non-examples and irrelevant attributes to teach in a way that promotes conceptual development.