Simple Electrochemical Method Research Articles

Amino-functionalized vertically ordered mesoporous silica film on electrochemically polarized screen-printed carbon electrodes for the construction of gated electrochemical aptasensors and sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigens

Disposable electrochemical biosensors with high sensitivity are very fit for point-of-care testing in clinical diagnosis. Herein, amino-functionalized, vertically ordered mesoporous silica films (NH2-VMSF) attached to an electrochemically polarized screen-printed carbon electrode (p-SPCE) are prepared using a simple electrochemical method and then utilized to construct a gated electrochemical aptasensor for rapid and sensitive determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). After being treated with the electrochemical polarization procedure, p-SPCE has plentiful oxygen-containing groups and improved catalytic ability, which help promote the stability of NH2-VMSF on SPCE without the use of an adhesive layer and simultaneously generate a highly electroactive sensing interface. Owing to the numerous uniform and ultrasmall nanopores of NH2-VMSF, CEA-specific aptamer anchored on the external surface of NH2-VMSF/p-SPCE serves as the gatekeeper, allowing the specific recognition and binding of CEA and eventually impeding the ingress of electrochemical probes [Fe(CN)63−/4−] through the silica nanochannels. The declined electrochemical responses of Fe(CN)63−/4− can be used to quantitatively detect CEA, yielding a wide detection range (100 fg/mL to 100 ng/mL) and a low limit of detection (24 fg/mL). Moreover, the proposed NH2-VMSF/p-SPCE-based electrochemical aptasensor can be applied to detect the amount of CEA in spiked human serum samples, which extends the biological application of a disposable NH2-VMSF/p-SPCE sensor by modulating the biological recognition species.

Ultra-fast synthesis of transition metal-MXene nanocomposite electrocatalyst for energy-saving seawater hydrogen production: Experiment and theory

Switching from the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a beneficial way to lower the amount of energy needed to make hydrogen gas during the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Due to the sluggish reaction kinetics of the six electrons reaction of UOR, designing a privileged bifunctional electrocatalyst for both HER and UOR necessitates. The 2D nano-sized non-noble metal electrocatalysts make it possible to speed up reactions and improve their electrocatalytic performance. We synthesized nickel-cobalt-MXene composite nanosheets (NiCoMXene) on the surface of copper foam using a one-pot, simple, and ultra-fast electrochemical method. This 2D electrocatalyst demonstrates high electrocatalytic performance towards HER (overpotential of 76 mV at −10 mA cm−2) with excellent durability in alkaline media. Furthermore, NiCoMXene nanocomposite served as a bifunctional electrocatalyst to investigate hydrogen gas production by a hybrid system HER coupled with UOR in seawater. The NiCoMXene requires a low overpotential for HER (81 mV) and UOR (1.38 V) to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in seawater, and the needed cell voltage to reach the same current density is 1.42 V in seawater. Our DFT analysis found a significant synergy between MXene and NiCo in the electrocatalyst. PDOS analysis showed remarkably that introducing Ni atoms to MXene shifts the d-band center to the left (lower energy), while Co atoms shifts it to the right (higher energy) and increased states near the Fermi level. This electronic structure makes the nanocomposite an ideal electrocatalyst, with MXene providing electrons and Co atoms serving as active sites for both HER and UOR.This research work can provide a useful directive to explore the electrocatalysts with outstanding catalytic activity.

Electrochemical determination of nitazoxanide in environmental and pharmaceutical samples using a boron-doped diamond electrode

Consumption of Nitazoxanide (NTZ), a compound belonging to the class of nitrothiazoles, has increased due to its efficiency in treating viral gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus and norovirus “coronavirus disease”. Thus, developing a method capable of monitoring NTZ in wastewater and pharmaceutical formulations is relevant to human health control. However, most methods for NTZ determination are expensive and time-consuming. Hence, we present a fast, efficient, and low-waste method for NTZ monitoring in drugs and water samples using a boron-doped diamond electrode. A 3D-printed electrochemical cell with a capacity of 2 mL was used for all studies. Besides the simplicity of low waste generation, the method provided good analytical performance with a linear range of 2.0–20.0 µmol/L of NTZ, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.57 µmol/L. Recovery percentages between 99 and 107 % were obtained to analyze spiked samples. In addition, we demonstrate that the LOD value can be significantly improved by 50 times after applying a pre-concentration step using solid-phase extraction. Therefore, we believe the described approach is a simple and efficient electrochemical method for monitoring NTZ levels in pharmaceutical and environmental samples without laborious sample preparation procedures. This is the first report to describe the use of BDD electrodes for NTZ monitoring and environmental sample analysis using an eco-friendly approach.

Decorating Cu2O with Copper Metal (Cu) through Facile Electrochemical Deposition for Methylene Blue Degradation

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) thin film was decorated with copper metal (Cu) by the simple electrochemical deposition method. This study was motivated to improve the role of Cu as a co-catalyst due to the narrow band gap energy of known photocatalyst Cu2O. Cu was electrodeposited on Cu2O thin film with a substrate of indium tin oxide (ITO) at a voltage of -0.3V and a temperature of 60 °C in CuSO4 (pH 10) under a magnetic stirrer. The structure, phase, and morphology of Cu2O/Cu were characterised by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic performance of Cu2O/Cu was recorded using linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. XRD and SEM results show Cu was successfully deposited covering Cu2O. The current density of Cu2O/Cu increased by 2.7041 mA/cm2 confirming the lower charge current resistance of 2.48 kΩ. The Cu-decorated Cu2O demonstrated an improved photocatalytic activity, as shown by the increase of MB degradation from 46.33% to 50.87%. It was believed from characterisations that Cu deposition leads to more dense carriers and charge transfer, hence higher photocatalytic activity towards MB degradation than bare Cu2O thin film.

Fluorine and boron co doped porous carbon materials as an electrochemical platform in trace-level sodium nitrite sensing

Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) is a common chemical oilfield tracer in the field of reservoir geological analysis. A simple, sensitive, and accurate electrochemical detection method for detection of NaNO2 has been studied. The electrode carbon porous material was based on coal tar pitch n-pentane insoluble extractants (CTPNI) and doped with the elements of fluorine (F) and boron (B) and labeled as FB-CTPNI-PC and an electrochemical sensor modified with FB-CTPNI-PC material was constructed for rapid detection of NaNO2. The characterization results of SEM and TEM indicate that this material has certain number of pore structures, also the BET analysis showed that has main pore size distribution is around the range of 2–20 nm, with abundant mesoporous structure. Moreover, the modified electrode has a good electrocatalytic effect on NaNO2. The electrochemical reaction mechanism of NaNO2 on the surface of the modified electrode was a diffusion-controlled process involving protons. The detection range of NaNO2 can reach 0.1 mM–9.5 mM. When the S/N is 3, the sensitivity is 219.8592 A·L·cm2·mol−1 and the detection limit (LOD) is 0.011 μM. The constructed electrochemical sensor has been applied to the rapid detection of NaNO2 in real oilfield water, with recovery rates ranging from 99.7 % to 103.4 %. It is also roughly consistent with the results of ion chromatography (IC) in detecting NaNO2 in oilfield water, indicating that the sensor has high accuracy. This has provided a new prospect for oil filed tracer and detection technologies.

Determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) by a label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on Ni[sbnd]Fe PBA nanozymes

Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination in food products significantly threatens human health, necessitating a reliable and sensitive detection method. This study aims to develop a simple, low-cost, and effective electrochemical immunoassay method for detecting DON based on the nickel‑iron bimetallic Prussian blue analog (NiFe PBA). The NiFe PBA nanozymes with high peroxidase-like activity were synthesized using an environmentally friendly chemical precipitation method. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the current change of thionine oxidation initiated by NiFe PBA nanozymes can be exploited to diagnose DON. Under optimal conditions, the proposed method achieved quantitative detection of DON in the range of 10–107 pg mL−1 with a detection limit of 4.5 pg mL−1 (S/N = 3), demonstrating excellent selectivity, reproducibility, and stability. In addition, the DON immunosensor provides satisfactory results for the detection in real samples, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed sensor in detecting of DON in such products.

Graphene/PEDOT/Ni-Based electrochemical Non-Enzymatic glucose sensor

Compared to enzymatic glucose sensors, non-enzymatic glucose sensors offer significant advantages in sensitivity, stability, and cost. In this study, a green and simple electrochemical method was employed to prepare an electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on graphene/PEDOT/Ni materials. The modified electrode was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrochemical behavior of glucose on the modified electrode was investigated, and the results indicated that the sensor exhibited a good electrochemical response to glucose. Experimental conditions were optimized, and under the optimal conditions, the sensor showed a good linear relationship with glucose concentration in the range of 0.0001 to 7 mM, with a detection limit of 0.012 μM. The sensitivity was 1561 μA·mM−1·cm−2, demonstrating excellent reliability, stability, and accuracy.

Facile Synthesis of Porous Zinc Nanosheets for Highly Selective Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to CO

AbstractWith the increasing levels of CO2 emissions and the decreasing availability of energy resources, the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) offers a promising method for utilizing CO2 as a valuable resource using sustainable electrical energy. However, developing cost‐effective and highly efficient catalysts remains a significant challenge. Although zinc, an abundant element on Earth, has shown potential for converting CO2 into CO, its effectiveness as a catalyst for CO2 reduction is hindered by its low selectivity and stability. This study introduces a fast, efficient, and simple electrochemical deposition method for preparing porous zinc nanosheets (NS) using the hydrogen bubble template approach. The as‐prepared zinc NS catalyst demonstrates exceptional catalytic activity due to its highly porous structure and high specific surface area. At a voltage of −1 V versus RHE, it achieves a maximum CO Faradaic efficiency of 89.5 %. The performance of this system is characterized by a partial current density of around −6.17 mA cm−2 in an H‐cell configuration. Additionally, our catalyst exhibits remarkable durability over 10 h, highlighting its significant potential for real‐world utilization in CO2RR.

CoNi-phosphides with iron incorporation effectively boost hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction for overall water splitting

Rational design of high-efficiency, durable and cost-effective electrocatalysts for H2 production is essential to accelerate hydrogen production from fundamental experiments to practical industrial applications. Herein, cobalt-nickel-iron phosphides are constructed on Ni foam (CoNiFeP@NF) via a simple one-step electrochemical deposition method as self-supported electrodes for efficiently water splitting. The introduction of Fe element significantly enhances the catalytic properties of CoNiP@NF electrode for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Additionally, the optimal HER and OER electrodes are obtained by adjusting the Fe3+ concentration at 0.1 (CoNiFeP@NF-0.1) and 0.15 M (CoNiFeP@NF-0.15), respectively. Benefiting from the modulation of the electronic structure of CoNiP by the Fe element, CoNiFeP@NF-0.1 and CoNiFeP@NF-0.15 electrodes only require the overpotentials (η) of 48 mV for HER and 223 mV for OER to reach the current density of 10 mA cm−2, superior to the reference CoNiP@NF electrode (η10, HER = 89 mV, η10, OER = 333 mV). Subsequently, the electrolyzer constructed by CoNiFeP@NF-0.1 as cathode and CoNiFeP@NF-0.15 as anode exhibits excellent overall water splitting performance with a cell voltage of 1.56 V at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. This work provides a convenient and effective strategy for regulating the catalytic activity of bifunctional phosphide catalysts for water splitting.

CoP electrodeposited on TiO2 nanorod arrays as photoanode for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting

AbstractIt is of great significance to design photoelectrodes with high carrier separation and transport efficiency in photocatalytic water separation systems. In this study, we used a simple electrochemical deposition method to regulate the load of co‐catalyst CoP on TiO2 nanorods to improve the photoelectrochemical properties. The photocurrent density of TiO2/CoP (20) photoanode at 1.23 V increases to 1.57 mA/cm2, which is 3.4 times that of original TiO2. Long‐term photoelectrolysis reveals that this electrode has excellent stability. Mechanistic studies support the role of CoP nanoparticles in improving photoelectrochemical property and imply that the excellent photoelectrochemical property of TiO2/CoP photoanode is mainly ascribed to the suppress of surface photogenerated electrons and holes recombination due to the construction of built‐in electric field between TiO2 and CoP.

Rapid nanomolar detection of cocaine in biofluids by electrochemical aptamer-based sensor with low-temperature effect for drugged driving screening.

Cocaine is one of the most abused illicit drugs, and its abuse damages the central nervous system and can even lead directly to death. Therefore, the development of simple, rapid and highly sensitive detection methods is crucial for the prevention and control of drug abuse, traffic accidents and crime. In this work, an electrochemical aptamer-based(EAB) sensor based on the low-temperature enhancement effect was developed for the direct determination of cocaine in bio-samples. The signal gain of the sensor at 10°C was greatly improved compared to room temperature, owing to the improved affinity between the aptamer and the target. Additionally, the electroactive area of the gold electrode used to fabricate the EAB sensor was increased 20 times by a simple electrochemical roughening method. The porous electrode possesses more efficient electron transfer and better antifouling properties after roughening. These improvements enabled the sensor to achieve rapid detection of cocaine in complex bio-samples. The low detection limits (LOD) of cocaine in undiluted urine, 50% serum and 50% saliva were 70nM, 30nM and 10nM, respectively, which are below the concentration threshold in drugged driving screening. The aptasensor was simple to construct and reusable, which offers potential fordrugged driving screening in the real world.

Optimal Design of a Binder-Free Manganese/Cobalt Bilayer Bifunctional Catalyst for Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries

We have developed a bilayer film comprising cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) underlayer and manganese dioxide (MnO2) upper layer, which are active toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), respectively. The bilayer bifunctional catalyst is synthesized by electrodepositing cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH)2) on a porous carbon paper (CP) and subsequently immersing the obtained Co(OH)2/CP in a potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution without binders or conductive additives. Specifically, electron transfer between the already-deposited Co(OH)2 and MnO4 – proceeded in the solution, yielding MnO2, until all the Co ions become trivalent, after which self-terminates. The proposed method only allows for the construction of the minimum required bifunctional catalyst only at the reaction site of the gas-diffusion electrode, i.e., at the so-called three-phase interface, thus remarkably increasing catalyst utilization while improving reactant and product diffusions. The developed catalyst shows stable MnO2/CoOOH cycles at |20| mA cm–2 with a minimal difference (0.764 V) between the OER and ORR potentials, reflecting the structural advantage of the proposed catalyst. This work proposes efficient bifunctional catalysts having spatially separated OER/ORR reactive sites that can be synthesized via the simple and scalable electrochemical method, which does not require the skill and optimization of binder and electron-conducting additives.

High Ammonia Yield Rate from Dilute Nitrate Solutions Using a Cu(100)-Rich Foil: A Step Closer to Large-Scale Production.

The electrochemical reduction of nitrate (NO3-) ions to ammonia (NH3) provides an alternative method to eliminate harmful NO3- pollutants in water as well as to produce highly valuable NH3 chemicals. The NH3 yield rate however is still limited to the μmol h-1 cm-2 range when dealing with dilute NO3- concentrations found in waste streams. Copper (Cu) has attracted much attention because of its unique ability to effectively convert NO3- to NH3. We have reported a simple and scalable electrochemical method to produce a Cu foil having its surface covered with a porous Cu nanostructure enriched with (100) facets, which efficiently catalyzes NO3- to NH3. The Cu(100)-rich electrocatalyst showed a very high NH3 production rate of 1.1 mmol h-1 cm-2 in NO3- concentration as low as 14 mM NO3-, which is 4-5 times higher than the best-reported values. Increasing the NO3- concentration (140 mM) resulted in an NH3 production yield rate of 3.34 mmol h-1 cm-2. The durability test conducted for this catalyst foil in a flow cell system showed greater than 100 h stability with a Faradaic efficiency greater than 98%, demonstrating its potential to be used on an industrially relevant scale. Further, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to understand the better catalytic activity of Cu(100) compared to Cu(111) facets toward NO3-RR.

Nano FeNi-OH/Co(OH)2/NF p-n heterojunction for efficient oxygen evolution reaction and electrocatalytic urea oxidation: Built-In electric field regulated charge distribution and mechanism exploration

Constructing electronic structures with abundant surface/interface structures and effective regulation of catalytic active centers is an effective strategy to improve electrocatalytic performance, but designing efficient bifunctional non-noble metal oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR) electrocatalysts remains challenging. Studies have shown that p-n heterojunctions can effectively regulate the electronic structure of catalytic active sites while having abundant surface/interface structure, which plays an important role in improving the native catalytic activity. Herein, FeNi-OH/Co(OH)2/NF p-n heterojunction structure was constructed by a simple electrochemical deposition method, and the effects of content, deposition time, and number of cycles on catalytic performance were investigated. The results show that Fe(0.02 M)Ni(0.07 M)–OH(100 s)/Co(OH)2(5)/NF composite material has the best OER and UOR catalytic performance. For OER, the electrocatalyst only requires an overpotential of 271 mV to obtain a current density of 50 mA cm−2, and an applied voltage of 1.56 V to obtain a total water decomposition of 10 mA cm−2 (FeNi-OH/Co(OH)2/NF||Pt). For UOR, a voltage of only 1.314 V (vs. RHE) is required to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2, and an applied voltage of 1.44 V can achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Experimental, in situ measurements and theoretical results indicate that the improvement in catalytic activity is mainly due to the potential difference between FeNi-OH and Co(OH)2, which induces self-driven charge transfer at the interface, promoting the adsorption of reactant molecules, optimizing reaction barriers, accelerating chemical bond cleavage, and thus promoting catalytic reactions.

Efficient and environmentally friendly uric acid voltametric sensor based on Ni-MOF and carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites

Uric acid (UA) levels are significant in the monitoring of human health, making their detection very important. In this paper, a simple and innovative electrochemical method for the detecting UA was established, using a sensing platform based on hybrid electrodes of Nickel-Metal Organic Framework (Ni-MOF) and carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH). Detailed investigations into the electrocatalytic activity of Ni-MOF/MWCNTs-COOH/GCE for The Ni-MOF/MWCNTs-COOH exhibited remarkable catalytic activity for UA oxidation. The detection limit was 0.005 μM, with a sensitivity calculation result of 6.377 µA µM−1, and a wide linearity interval (0.03–10 μM, 10–300 μM). Utilizing its high sensitivity and selectivity, this sensor was used for the measurement of UA in biological fluids, including human serum and urine samples, recovery amounts being 96.6–100.8 %, and 98.9–101.3 %. This work is highly significant; offering new perspectives for the application of Ni-MOF based chemical sensors in the realms of environmental monitoring and healthcare.

Preparation and Characterization of Nickel Ferrite (NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) Nanoparticles by Surfactant-Free Electrochemical Method

Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) Nanoparticles have been synthesized by a simple surfactant-free electrochemical method at room temperature using iron plates as the cathode and anode electrode. nickel sulfate hexahydrate solution used as the electrolyte has a concentration of 0.04 M and pH 10. The voltage applied varied from 6, 9, and 12 V. We found that voltage and hydroxyl ions (OH-) presence have an important role in the formation of nickel ferrite nanoparticles. Particle size can be controlled by voltage. Nickel ferrite nanoparticles were produced in the form of gray powder and exhibited ferromagnetic properties. Material produced exhibits spinel oxide characteristics that confirms nickel ferrite presence. Nickel ferrite produced are nearly spherical with narrow size distribution having the size that can be classified as nanomaterial. Good electrochemical performance is legitimately observed for NiFe2O4 prepared in this work. This simple method is promising as a facile synthesis method for nickel ferrite nanoparticles.

Synthesis of ultrastable silver catalyst supported on alumina nanofibers for carbon monoxide combustion

A catalyst consists of fine aggregates nanoflowers of alumina as support and uniform coating of silver as active component was fabricated to oxidize carbon monoxide. The alumina nanofibers synthesized via a simple electrochemical method. XRD and FE-SEM analysis showed that the thickness of silver deposit was in the range of subnanometer. Elemental mapping also showed a uniform distribution of silver. Also, BET and EDX tests were performed to measure the specific surface area and elemental composition of the catalyst, respectively. Its catalytic activity was measured, and at GHSV equal to 60000 ml/h.g, the end temperature of the oxidizing reaction was 175°C. By increasing the GHSV to 120,000 ml/h.g, the end temperature of the reaction reached 190°C. The thermal stability of the catalyst was also high, as the specific surface area of the catalyst changed from 87m2/g to 51m2/g by increasing the temperature from ambient temperature to 900°C. Due to the high stability of alumina, the structure of the catalyst is always stable. On the other hand, feasibility studies have been given special attention to the advancement of the project. Therefore, for the synthesis of nanocatalyst, available precursors and a simple method have been used, so there will be no problem in the mass production of the catalyst. It is hoped to be able to synthesize nanocatalysts with similar structure and mass production capability for other chemical reactions with this method.

Iron-based graphene composite for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media: Electrocatalytic activity and lifetime evaluation

The development of electrocatalysts with high catalytic performance and low costs for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is still challenging. Herein, an overall solution for ORR in alkaline media, from the catalyst synthesis to catalyst regeneration and to the development of a rapid, reliable and easy approach for electrode surface evaluation, is presented. We focused on the development and characterization of an efficient material for ORR in alkaline media, α-Fe2O3 N-doped graphene (Fe-N-Gr). The associative pathway for the four electron transfer ORR mechanism is sustained by the Raman spectra recorded from the electrode surface. We highlighted the possibility of catalyst regeneration by a simple electrochemical method. After two regeneration rounds and 1500 cycles in O2-saturated 1 M NaOH, the catalyst still retains 40.8 % catalytic activity. Finally, as a part of the overall solution, we demonstrated that a methodology based on Raman spectroscopic measurements and machine learning algorithms can be applied for graphene-based catalysts lifetime investigation.

A Tape-Wrapping Strategy towards Electrochemical Fabrication of Water-Dispersible Graphene.

Graphene has achieved mass production via various preparative routes and demonstrated its uniqueness in many application fields for its intrinsically high electron mobility and thermal conductivity. However, graphene faces limitations in assembling macroscopic structures because of its hydrophobic property. Therefore, balancing high crystal quality and good aqueous dispersibility is of great importance in practical applications. Herein, we propose a tape-wrapping strategy to electrochemically fabricate water-dispersible graphene (w-Gr) with both excellent dispersibility (~4.5 mg/mL, stable over 2 months), and well-preserved crystalline structure. A large production rate (4.5 mg/min, six times faster than previous electrochemical methods), high yield (65.4% ≤5 atomic layers) and good processability are demonstrated. A mechanism investigation indicates that the rational design of anode configuration to ensure proper oxidation, deep exfoliation and unobstructed mass transfer is responsible for the high efficiency of this strategy. This simple yet efficient electrochemical method is expected to promote the scalable preparation and applications of graphene.

Identification of New Hepatic Metabolites of Miconazole by Biological and Electrochemical Methods Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Combined with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the metabolism of miconazole, an azole antifungal drug. Miconazole was subjected to incubation with human liver microsomes (HLM) to mimic phase I metabolism reactions for the first time. Employing a combination of an HLM assay and UHPLC-HRMS analysis enabled the identification of seven metabolites of miconazole, undescribed so far. Throughout the incubation with HLM, miconazole underwent biotransformation reactions including hydroxylation of the benzene ring and oxidation of the imidazole moiety, along with its subsequent degradation. Additionally, based on the obtained results, screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) were optimized to simulate the same biotransformation reactions, by the use of a simple, fast, and cheap electrochemical method. The potential toxicity of the identified metabolites was assessed using various in silico models.