Simple Direct Reaction Research Articles

Прагмасемантика смеха в интернете: ценностно-нормативная регуляция и ответственность

Modern information and communication technologies have given rise to two challenges to the culture of laughter as a result of digitalization and an emphasis on visualization. Traditional media in the mass information society broadcast content (selected by censorship, editors, journalists, etc.) as some sort of normative social meanings, which were comprehended by the recipients. The modern scale of media accessibility allows almost every user to demonstrate and introduce directly into the public space their personal emotionally coloured assessments and experiences. As a result, there is an intense overlap, an intersection of semantic worldviews and the value-regulatory systems that generate them. This, in turn, creates breeding ground for ridicule, bullying, harassment, threats to reputation, health, and sometimes life. The consequence of this is the growing divergence of society, “insulted feelings”, distrust and aggression; and the ridiculous becomes difficult to recognize as such — not only for the controlling authorities, but also for users themselves. In addition, reception and recognition of the ridiculous have changed. If earlier laughter required a certain degree of reflection, entering a certain context in order to distance oneself, having realized the inconsistency of deviation from the shared and desired norm, now laughter acts as a simple direct reaction to the “laughter” option. This is expressed, for example, in the ever-increasing loss of the culture of anecdote and the culture of broadcasting a meme, coming to the fore. A non-trivial problem of the multidimensionality of the ridiculous arises, which includes both recognition of value regulators of laughter and personal responsibility (parrhesia) for the presentation of the ridiculous and its interpretation.

Synthesis and evaluation of nonionic surfactants based on dimethylaminoethylamine: Electrochemical investigation and theoretical modeling as inhibitors during electropolishing in-ortho-phosphoric acid

Three non-ionic surfactants had synthesized through one simple direct reaction between N, N-dimethylethylenediamine and three fatty acids: octanoic, palmitic and oleic acid. The chemical structures of the synthesized non-ionic surfactants had been confirmed by FTIR &1HNMR spectroscopy. The surface and thermodynamic behavior of the surfactant were determined at different temperatures based on surface tension (γ) measurments. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) is dependent on both of the hydrophobic chain length and solution temperature. The change in free energy of micellization (∆G°mic) and adsorption (∆G°ads) referring that the synthesized surfactants favor adsorption at interfaces than constructing a micelle. The performance of the synthesized surfactants on the dissolution behavior of carbon steel in 8 M H3PO4 acid have been investigated at temperature range 15 to 45 °C via weight loss and polarization measurements. The dissolution rate (limiting current IL) decreases with increasing the surfactants concentrations confirming a mass transport-controlled process and a salt-film mechanism. Polarization curves showed that the prepared surfactants are good anodic inhibitors and the adsorption on the carbon steel surface obeys the Langmuir isotherm. The examining the surface morphology, topography and brightness of the carbon steel in a 8 M H3PO4 containing the synthesized surfactants using scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and gloss meter, disclosed the adsorption of the prepared inhibitors surfactant on the steel surface. The data obtained from theoretical calculations support empirical results.

Controlled release formulation of an anti-depression drug based on a L-phenylalanate-zinc layered hydroxide intercalation compound

The intercalation of L-phenylalanate (LP) into the interlayer gallery of zinc layered hydroxide (ZLH) has been successfully executed using a simple direct reaction method. The synthesised intercalation compound, zinc layered hydroxide-L-phenylalanate (ZLH-LP), was characterised using PXRD, FTIR, CHNS, ICP-OES, TGA/DTG, FESEM and TEM. The PXRD patterns of the intercalation compound demonstrate an intense and symmetrical peak, indicating a well-ordered crystalline layered structure. The appearance of an intercalation peak at a low angle of 2θ with a basal spacing of 16.3Å, signifies the successful intercalation of the L-phenylalanate anion into the interlayer gallery of the host. The intercalation is also validated by FTIR spectroscopy and CHNS elemental analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis confirms that the ZLH-LP intercalation compound has higher thermal stability than the pristine L-phenylalanine. The observed percentage of L-phenylalanate accumulated release varies in each release media, with 84.5%, 79.8%, 63.8% and 61.8% release in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution at pH 4.8, deionised water, PBS solution at pH 7.4 and NaCl solution, respectively. The release behaviour of LP from its intercalation compounds in deionised water and PBS solution at pH 4.8 follows pseudo second order, whereas in NaCl solution and PBS solution at pH 7.4, it follows the parabolic diffusion model. This study shows that the synthesised ZLH-LP intercalation compound can be used for the formation of a new generation of materials for targeted drug release with controlled release properties.

Synthesis of New Multiple Layered Dion-Jacobson Perovskites

ABSTRACTNew multiple layered perovskites with general formula RbLaNaxNb2+xO7+3x, x = 1 and 2, were synthesized via a ceramic method. While the triple layered compound could be obtained by simple direct reaction, the quadruple layered one was synthesized using a two-step solid state approach. The compounds were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction; the newly obtained compounds appear to be isostructural with the previously reported RbCa2Nb3O10 and RbCa2NaNb4O13 for RbLaNaNb3O10 and RbLaNa2Nb4O13, respectively. Preliminary results show that the new compounds can undergo ion exchange reactions involving alkali metals and transition metal chlorides.

Synthesis of a Layered Organic‐Inorganic Nanohybrid of 4‐Chlorophenoxyacetate‐zinc‐Layered Hydroxide with Sustained Release Properties

A zinc‐layered hydroxide‐4‐chlorophenoxy acetate (4CPA) organic‐inorganic nanohybrid was prepared using a simple direct reaction of 4CPA anions with ZnO under an aqueous environment to be used as a controlled release formulation of the herbicide, 4CPA. The concentration of the active agent, 4CPA, was found to be a controlling factor for the formation of a pure phase well‐ordered nanolayered hybrid in which it could be synthesised at 0.2 M 4CPA. ZnO shows a well‐defined grain structure of variable size in the nanometre range. However, the formation of the 4CPA‐ZLH nanohybrid resulted in a flake‐like fibrous structure. On heating at 500°C for 5 h under atmospheric conditions, the nanohybrid transformed back to a well‐defined grain structure, as previously observed with the starting material, ZnO. The release of 4CPA was found to occur in a controlled manner and was generally governed by pseudo‐second‐order kinetics.

Puzzle for the existence of 3α + N structure in A=13 system

Spin-isospin excitations in 13 N have been studied by means of the (3 He ,t) and (3 He ,tp) reactions at the bombarding energy of E(3 He ) = 450 MeV . The zero-degree (3 He ,t) spectrum is found to be similar to those from the (p,n) reactions at intermediate energies, suggesting a simple direct reaction mechanism at E(3 He ) = 450 MeV . Three pairs of Gamow-Teller (GT) states with Jπ = 1/2- and 3/2- have been strongly excited at θlab. = 0°. Microscopic structures of the states in 13 N have been studied by observing decay protons in coincidence with high energy tritons measured at θlab. = 0°. The branching ratios for proton decay from the GT states in 13 N to the final low-lying T =0 states in 12 C were obtained. The wave functions of the excited states in 13 N are discussed in the view point of α cluster model.

Nuclear structure of the spin-isospin excited states inN13studied via the(He3,t)and(He3,tp)reactions at450MeV

Spin-isospin excitations in $^{13}\mathrm{N}$ have been studied by means of the $(^{3}\mathrm{He},t)$ and $(^{3}\mathrm{He},tp)$ reactions at a bombarding energy of $E(^{3}\mathrm{He})=450\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$. The zero-degree $(^{3}\mathrm{He},t)$ spectrum is found to be similar to those from the $(p,n)$ reactions at intermediate energies, suggesting a simple direct reaction mechanism at $E(^{3}\mathrm{He})=450\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$. The Gamow-Teller $(\mathrm{GT})$ states with ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}=1∕{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and $3∕{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ have been strongly excited at ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}}=0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. The angular distribution of cross sections for the $^{13}\mathrm{C}(^{3}\mathrm{He},t)^{13}\mathrm{N}$ reaction and the elastic $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ scattering off $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ were obtained at ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}}=0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}--17\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ and at ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}}=2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}--22\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, respectively. The obtained experimental results were compared with calculations performed in distorted-wave Born approximation. Microscopic structures of the states in $^{13}\mathrm{N}$ have further been studied by observing decay protons in coincidence with high-energy tritons measured at ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}}=0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. The branching ratios for proton decay from the $\mathrm{GT}$ states in $^{13}\mathrm{N}$ to the final low-lying $T=0$ states in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ were obtained. The wave functions of the excited states in $^{13}\mathrm{N}$ are discussed on the basis of obtained experimental data and relevant theoretical calculations.

Vibrational state control of bimolecular reactions

The influence of rotation and vibration on the reactivity and the dynamics of the reaction X+HCN(ν1,ν2,ν3,J)→HX+CN(v,J) with X=H, Cl has been studied. The HCN molecule is prepared in a specific rovibrational level by IR/VIS overtone excitation in the wavelength region 6500–18 000 cm−1. The H atoms are generated by laser photolysis of CH3SH at 266 nm, the Cl atoms are formed in the photodissociation of Cl2 at 355 nm. The CN products are probed quantum state specifically by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). For low rotational states of HCN, the reactivity of Cl and H is independent of the initial rotational state. However, an enhancement in reactivity of the Cl+HCN reaction is observed when the time of rotation becomes comparable to the passing time of the Cl atom. The reaction of Cl as well as of the H atom with HCN shows strong mode specific behavior, implying a simple direct reaction mechanism, which is also supported from Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) calculations. An increase in CH stretch vibration increases both the reaction rate and the CN product vibration. Channeling energy in CN stretch vibration has only a minor effect on the reactivity and the CN product vibration even decreases. Trajectory calculations of the H+HCN system agree with the experimental results. The dependence of reaction rates on reactant approach geometry is investigated by preparing aligned reactants using linear polarized light. The CN signal is markedly influenced by the prepared alignments (steric effect). The experimental results suggest that the reaction of hydrogen and chlorine atoms with vibrationally excited HCN proceeds mainly via a collinear transition state, but the cone of acceptance is larger for chlorine atoms.

( 3He,t) Charge-Exchange Reactions at [formula omitted], θ = 0°

Spin-isospin excitations in nuclei have been studied by means of the ( 3He,t) reactions at 450 MeV on the targets 9Be, nat C, 28Si, 58Ni, 62Ni, 90Zr, 118Sn, 120Sn, 124Sn, and 154Sm. The new spectrometer “Grand Raiden” was employed for the ( 3He,t) study for the first time. Observed ( 3He,t) spectra at 0° show remarkable similarity with those from the (p,n) results at intermediate energies, suggesting a simple direct reaction mechanism for the ( 3He,t) reaction at 450 MeV. The Gamow-Teller (GT) resonances and the spin-flip ΔL = 1 resonances are excited very strongly. A fine structure of the GT resonances in medium-heavy nuclei is observed with an energy resolution of 210 keV. It is demonstrated that the ( 3He,t) reaction at 450 MeV is a powerful tool to study the spin-isospin excitations in nuclei.

Statistical aspects of isotope production in heavy ion reactions

We exploit a simple direct reaction model to explain the characteristic behavior of isotope production in heavy ion reactions. The temperature parameter can, in this way, be related to the mean energy loss per nucleon transfer and to the transfer probability. It is not connected with the thermodynamical temperature of a partially equilibrated nuclear system.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Theory, statistical aspects of heavy-particle-induced transfer reactions.

The ( 3He, α) reaction on Yb isotopes with possible observations of indirect excitations

Angular distributions of ( 3He, α) reactions have been measured with 28 MeV 3He on targets of 172Yb, 174Yb and 176Yb. The alpha spectra were analysed with a magnetic spectrograph and levels up to excitation energies of 2 MeV were studied with a resolution (FWHM) of 25 keV. Distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) calculations were carried out using optical-model parameters which had been found suitable in the lead region. The angular distributions obtained from these calculations were consistent with those measured for strongly populated states and the DWBA results have been used to extract relative spectroscopic factors for a number of levels. The transitions with l ≈ 6 yielded the largest cross sections so a comparison of the present results with earlier (d, t) data resulted in the identification of a number of new high spin states. Tentative assignments of the 5 2 − [523] and 5 2 + [642] Nilsson orbitals have been made in each of the three final nuclei, although in most cases there is evidence for strong Coriolis mixing of the j = 13 2 states. There may also be fragmentation of the singleparticle states, as predicted by Soloviev and his coworkers. In each of the final nuclei studied, a state was observed at the expected position of the j = 17 2 member of the 7 2 + [633] band. The data indicate that this state is not populated by a direct l = 8 neutron transfer. Further deviations from the simple direct reaction process are found in a comparison of (d, t) and ( 3He, α) cross sections for the 5 2 and 7 2 members of the 5 2 − [512] band in 173Yb.

Four-parameter coincidence study of the 6Li( 6Li, α)2α reaction

The 6Li( 6Li, α)2α reaction was studied at E 6 Li = 2.75 MeV. A four-parameter data acquisition system employing two position-sensitive surface-barrier detectors, four pulse-height analysers and a general-purpose computer, provided simultaneous measurement of coincident energy spectra for any pair of angles within the 40° angular intervals subtended by each detector. No statistically correlated component appears in the energy or angle correlations. Regions of the coincidence spectra which correspond to the intense continuum observed in singles spectra, were found to exhibit pronounced structure which varied rapidly with angle. Contributions to these spectra from the decay of high-lying excited states of 8Be provide limited explanations for the observed structure. Angles and energies which satisfy the kinematic conditions for the zero momentum transfer of a deuteron tend to coincide with the highest coincidence rates in the angular range covered, in accord with a simple direct reaction model. However, no single hypothesis based upon decay of states of 8Be or a special reaction mechanism accounts for all of the observed structure.

A simple direct reaction model of proton inelastic scattering

The model of McCarthy and Pursey for angular distributions in direct nuclear reactions is extended to the case of proton inelastic scattering, a reaction whose angular distributions at medium energies are unintelligible from the point of view of the plane-wave Born approximation. The model is closely analogous to the plane-wave model in that it does not require a partial wave expansion of the optical model wave functions. The distortion is included by simple but realistic generalizations of the optical model wave functions. The present work includes a parameter representing the focus in the wave functions which is seen to account for the shapes of the angular distributions for the (p, p′) reaction on carbon 12 at medium energies. It is shown how intuition gained from the present simple theory can lead to useful knowledge about nuclei.

O16(p, α)N13Angular Distributions at 13.5-18.1 Mev

Angular distributions of alpha particles from the ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}(p, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{N}}^{13}$ ground-state reaction were measured with an ionization chamber at 10 bombarding energies from 13.5 to 18.1 Mev. The angular distributions are oscillatory but not of the form predicted by the plane wave pickup or knockon theories, and the variation with energy is more pronounced than would be expected for a simple direct reaction. The excitation curve has a minimum at ${E}_{p}\ensuremath{\simeq}16.5$ Mev, and the angular distributions are markedly different above and below that energy. The ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}(p, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{N}}^{13*}$(2.4 Mev) reaction is also strongly energy dependent, and the ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}(p, p){\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ elastic scattering cross section is quite energy sensitive at large angles. The energy dependence of the scattering cross section at 125\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} appears to be correlated with the ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}(p, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{N}}^{13}$ excitation function.

(p, p′γ) Angular Correlations at Low Energy

At an incident proton bombarding energy of 6.5 Mev, angular correlations were measured between protons scattered inelastically from various even-even nuclei and the decay gamma rays from the first excited states of these nuclei. The angular correlation experiments reported are C/sup 12/(p,p' gamma ) 4.4 Mev, Li/sup 7/(p,p' gamma ) 0.48 Mev Cr/sup 52/(p,p' gamma ) 1.44 Mev, Ne/sup 20/(p,p' gamma ) 1.63 Mev, Si/sup 28/(p,p' gamma ) 1.78 Mev, and S/sup 32/(p,p' gamma ) 2.25 Mev, which were done for proton detector angles of 60 deg , 90 deg , and 120 deg . The measured angular correlation functions are all of the form A + B STAsin/sup 2/2( theta -- theta /sub 0/)!, where theta /sub 0/ is the axis of symmetry. None of the symmetry directions agreed with predictions of the simple directreaction theories. However, the symmetry direction for the correlation functions changed with proton detector angle for the experiments on C/sup 12/, Ne/ sup 20/, and S/sup 32/; for the experiment of Si/sup 28/ the angular correlation functions were symmetric about 90 deg , independent of proton detector angle. The results of the angular correlation experiments appear to be consistent with a collective interaction involved inmore » these direct-type reactions rather than a nucleon-nucleon type collision at the nuclear surface. (auth)« less