Simple Correspondence Research Articles

Correspondence between solar load ratio method for passive water wall systems and f-Chart performance estimates

A simple correspondence is demonstrated between passive solar system performance and active system f-Chart estimates. The equations describing a thermal network model of a passive water wall solar system are compared term by term with similar equations governing the heat balance in an active solar heating system, making possible an identification of appropriate passive system parameters with active system parameters comprising inputs to the f-Chart procedure. Comparisons of f-Chart predictions and results using the Solar Load Ratio method are made for sample cities in sixteen climatic zones. Results indicate a discrepancy of at most about 9 per cent solar fraction between the two methods in the cases studied.

Complementary variational principles and the Bubnov-Galerkin method

An account is given of the simple correspondence that exists between the classical variational method for solving linear integral equations, and the Bubnov-Galerkin process. This correspondence is explored to include general complementary variational principles. The bivariational problem is also discussed.

Complete breakdown of the quasiparticle picture for inner-valence electrons: Hydrogen cyanide and formic acid

The position and the relative intensity of the lines in the ionization spectrum of HCN and HCOOH are calculated by a many-body Green's function method. The results show that the concepts developed for the interpretation of the photoelectron spectra of the outer-valence shell of atoms and molecules are inapplicable in the inner-valence region. There is no longer any simple correspondence between the occupied molecular orbitals and the bands observed in the ionization spectrum. Correlation effects are so strong that the usual distinction between main lines and satellite lines cannot be maintained. The theoretical results are used to interpret published He II photoelectron spectra of HCN and HCOOH.

Quantum modifications in magnetic bremsstrahlung

The relativistic classical expression for the magnetic bremsstrahlung (synchrotron) spectrum of electrons can be generalized to include first-order quantum corrections by the replacement (I(ω) ∼ κ(ω/ω0) → κ((ω/ω0)[1 + (ħω/E)]) where κ(z)=z∫s∞dxK5/3(x), and ωc is related to the electron energy and magnetic field intensity by ωc(keV) ⋍ 0.06 E2 (GeV) H(kG). These first-order shifts are of negligible significance unless E (GeV) Prompted by the results of a megagauss bremsstrahlung experiment, we have recalculated the synchrotron process including all relevant second-order quantum corrections. In the range the analysis reduces to the simple correspondence I(ω) → κ((ω/ωc)[1 +ħω/E][1 − (ħω/2mc2)2]3/2), which exhibits the surprising feature that the second-order terms can be more significant than the first-order corrections. In fact whenever E2 (GeV) the general results indicate that the spectrum is drastically altered by quantum effects. Since the second-order terms are also linked with an enhancement of the magnetic trident production rate, the matrix elements are evaluated with sufficient generality to allow for inner bremsstrahlung processes.

Glass bead‐filled polypropylene part I: Rheological and mechanical properties

AbstractFive glass bead‐filled polypropylene composites were rheologically characterized at 240°C using two rotational rheometers to obtain low shear‐rate data and a capillary rheometer to obtain high shear‐rate data. Both steady and dynamic properties were measured at low shear rates. Each composite was also injection molded into tensile and flexural test bars for a mechanical properties profile at 25°C. The tensile modulus was determined from a simple extensional deformation whereas the flexural modulus was determined from a three‐point‐bend test.The relative shear viscosity and relative loss modulus are different nonlinear functions of the volume fraction of beads at a constant shear rate, while the relative storage modulus appears to be a linear function of bead fraction. The relative viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate and the zero shear‐rate data are in very good agreement with the Guth‐Gold equation.The relative tensile modulus and relative flexural modulus are each linear functions of bead fraction over the entire range of filler concentration, 0‐29 vol percent. From these data it is concluded that a simple correspondence between slow viscous flow and small strain elasticity does not exist for these composites.

Transient displacement and stress in non-homogeneous elastic shells

Transient displacement and stress in thick inhomogeneous cylindrical and spherical shells is investigated for situations when the surfaces are subjected to dynamic loads consistent with the production of radial vibrations. In the first instance, transformation of the governing equations is sought to a form amenable to solution via a finite Hankel transform technique. Such reduction is available for a broad class of radial variations in the material density and elastic parameters. However, the solutions generated by this method are rather involved and two other approaches are indicated. Thus, reduction of the system to the conventional wave equation is obtained under certain restrictions on the nature of the inhomogeneities and a simple correspondence principle is presented for the imposed boundary stress boundary value problem. Finally an asymptotic wave front analysis is presented which has a wide generality of application.

Labeling speech events for acoustic and linguistic processing

In speech studies, data base access has been significantly improved through the use of label files which relate portions of the speech waveform with a phonetic (or phonemic) transcription as well as other linguistic and nonlinguistic information. In this way the acoustic and linguistic “realities” of speech can be associated and checked against each other since they were derived independently. Because of the lack of a simple correspondence between the acoustic structure of a portion of the speech waveform and the linguistic label assigned, additional principles must be invoked to make labels useful. As an example of the labeling process and the accompanying problems, a sound identification study is described in which 675 vowel nuclei were labeled using the transcription derived from a sophisticated multitranscriber system. Despite precautions taken to insure correct labeling, many of the vowels are judged in a pattern recognition experiment to be more similar to neighboring vowels in the vowel space or to schwa than the vowel they were labeled as. These supposedly misidentified vowels were found to have acoustic structures very different from the ideal for their label, at least partially due to the loss of coarticulatory and vowel reduction information when assigning transcription symbols. Directions for resolving these problems and for increasing the utility of labeled speech events in acoustic and linguistic processing are discussed. [Work supported by AFOSR Contract No. 44620-74-C-0034.]

MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF THE INTROGRESSIVE REPLACEMENT OF CLARKIA NITENS BY CLARKIA SPECIOSA POLYANTHA (ONAGRACEAE).

Introgressive hybridization has received considerable attention following the initial delineation of the concept by Anderson and Hubricht (1938). Introgression was viewed as the introduction of a comparatively few genes from one species into the germplasm of another . (Anderson, 1949, p. 18). As such, the process offers the recipient species the unique opportunity of testing the adaptive value of genes which have already survived the gauntlet of selection in a closely related donor species. However, no consensus has been reached as to the importance of introgression. At one extreme the hybridization required for introgression is viewed as merely evolutionary noise (Wagner, 1970) with no biological significance while at the other extreme it is considered of importance in producing totally new genetic combinations, even capable of yielding new genes (cf. Watt, 1972). Further, there is no agreement on the frequency of introgression in natural populations. Certainly the number of strongly documented cases for introgression is very low (Heiser, 1973). It is not clear whether this deficiency is due to a rarity of introgression or rather due to the difficulty of recognizing this process in natural populations. The study reported here indicates the latter may be the case. Clarkia speciosa and C. nitens are outcrossing annuals of central C'alifornia. C. speciosa consists of several ecogeographic races in the Coast Ranges and one in the foothills of the southern Sierra Nevada, C. s. polyantha. C. s. polyantha is replaced northward in the sierra foothills by C. nitens, which was originally recognized as distinct from C. speciosa because of numerous floral and vegetative differences and the very low fertility of artificial hybrids (Lewis and Lewis, 1955). The low fertility was due to the fact that C. nitens and C. speciosa differ in chromosome arrangement. The former species has the arrangement and the latter the arrangement, and these differ by seven reciprocal translocations involving eight of the nine haploid chromosomes. However, additional work revealed one major exception to this simple correspondence between the morphological and chromosomal differentiation in the two species. The populations immediately south of C. nitens for a distance of about 100 miles appear to resemble C. s. polyantha most closely but have the North chromosome arrangement characteristic of C. nitens (Mosquin Lnd Lewis, 1959). The polyantha phenotype, therefore, in the southern half of its range is associated with the South chromosome arrangement (typical of C. speciosa) but the northern populations of C. s. polyantha have the North chromosome arrangement which is otherwise restricted to C. nitens. The North and South chromosome arrangements have been found to be separated by a 20 mile wide boundary (within the C. s. polyantha phenotype) in which populations have a minimum of ten different chromosome arrangements (Bloom and Lewis, 1972). Each of these boundary arrangements appears to be distributed quite locally; they differ from the North and South arrangements by as many as six translocations. Chromosomal studies of

Fermi-surface harmonics: A general method for nonspherical problems. Application to Boltzmann and Eliashberg equations

A set of functions called Fermi-surface harmonics (FSH's) are defined to be polynomials of the Cartesian components of the electronic velocity orthonormalized on the Fermi surface. These functions have many desirable properties, such as cell periodicity and a simple correspondence to spherical harmonics. However, there are many more linearly independent polynomials on a general surface than occur on a sphere. It is shown that this set is complete for simple Fermi surfaces; on general surfaces the mathematical question is not resolved but seems unlikely to cause physical difficulties. In the FSH representation, many problems take a particularly simple form. In particular the Boltzmann and Eliashberg equations are studied. By truncating at first-order polynomials, a slightly improved version of the usual variational solution for dc electrical conductivity is found. A convenient definition of Landau Fermi-liquid coefficients for antisotropic metals is suggested.

Méthode du moment angulaire inversé. Partie I : La théorie MI

In order to present a general method of calculating wave functions, matrix elements, and intensity factors in molecular rotational problems, we deal here with a theory of reversed angular momentum (MI theory), i.e. momentum whose components obey commutation relations with an anomalous minus sign. This theory is built following the principal corresponding steps of the normal theory and a simple correspondence is established between both of them allowing us to perform calculations in the former and to give the results using the formalism of the latter.In particular we dwell here on the consistency of conventions and notations and on a rigorous presentation of spherical tensor operators in MI theory together with the choice of the optimal set of them leading to simplest calculations.

On the dynamics of the screw pinch

The coupling of the external circuits to the inward motion of a plasma in a screw pinch is considered by solving a set of non-linear partial differential equations for the plasma simultaneously with a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations for the circuits. The motion of the plasma couples the theta -circuit to the z-circuit, so that the simple correspondence between theta -circuit and Bz and between z-circuit and Btheta is lost. As a consequence, the plasma is seen by the circuits as having a self-inductance which is completely different from the self-inductance calculated in the usual way. A resonant condition between the circuit elements is derived which guarantees the generation of approximately constant pitch of the field lines, thereby nicely confirming the model of a constant-pitch force-free field for the outer region of the screw pinch. In the general case, the solution of the full set of non-linear equations is obtained as an expansion in a parameter which measures the deviation from the resonant condition and the amount of shear created.

A lambda-calculus model of programming languages—I. Simple constructs

A simple correspondence is presented between the elementary constructs of programming languages and the lambda-calculus. The correspondence is obtained by using intuitive, functional interpretations of programming language constructs, completely avoiding the notions of machine memory and address. In particular, the concepts of program variable and assignment are accounted for in terms of the concepts of mathematical variable and substitution, respectively. Lambda-expression representations are given of assignments, conditional and compound statements, input-output, and blocks. Algol 60 is used as the illustrative language.

The effect of abscisic acid on the uptake of potassium and chloride into Avena coleoptile sections

The effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on uptake of potassium ((86)Bb(+) or (42)K(+)) by Avena sativa L. coleoptile sections was investigated. ABA lowered the potassium uptake rate within 30 min after its application and inhibition reached a maximum (ca. 75%) after 2 h. The inhibition of K(+) uptake increased with ABA concentration over a range of 0.03 to 10 μg/ml ABA. At a higher K(+) concentration (20 mM) the percentage inhibition decreased. The percentage inhibition of K(+) uptake by ABA remained constant with external K(+) varied from 0.04 to 1.0 mM. After a loading period in 20 mM K(+) ((86)Rb(+)), apparent efflux of potassium was only slightly increased by ABA. Experiments in which growth was greatly reduced by mannitol or by omission of indole-3-acetic acid from the medium indicated there was no simple quantitative correspondence between ABA inhibition of coleoptile elongation and ABA inhibition of K(+) uptake. Chloride uptake was also inhibited by ABA but to a smaller degree than was K(+) uptake. No specificity for counterions was observed for K(+) uptake. Uptake of 3,0-methylglucose and proline were inhibited by ABA to a much smaller extent (14 and 11%) than that of K(+), a result which suggests that ABA acts on specific ion uptake mechanisms.

The orientation relationships of interstitial phases in iron

It is proposed that the orientation relationships of carbides and nitrides in steels are best considered in terms of a simple correspondence between the metal atoms which coordinate the interstitial atoms in the precipitate and the octahedron of metal atoms which surround carbon and nitrogen in the parent phase. The known orientation relationships are rationalised in terms of the model which also allows unestablished relationships to be predicted.

Correspondence Between the Magnetotelluric and Field Penetration Depth Analyses for Measuring Electrical Conductivity

Summary It is shown that a complex penetration depth parameter derived from fluctuating magnetic field experiments bears a simple correspondence to the complex impedance derived from magnetotelluric experiments. The magnetotelluric method used for deducing the electrical conductivity as a function of depth within a geological body has received considerable attention since its conception by Cagniard (1953). The initial difficulties and inconsistencies experienced were partially removed by the suggestion of Cantwell & Madden (1960) that the Earth impedance be analysed as a tensor rather than as a scalar quantity. Recently Kuckes (1973) pointed out that studies of fluctuating geomagnetic magnetic fields in a region whose dimensions are somewhat less than the lateral wavelength associated with the fluctuations, can also be used to quantitatively deduce the conductivity us. depth in the body. It was shown that the experimental data, Fourier analysed in time, could be used to define a physically significant complex field penetration depth which is a function of frequency. It is the purpose of this note to point out that there is a one to one correspondence between the complex penetration depth derived solely from magnetic measurements and the complex impedance measured in magnetotelluric experiments. After showing this correspondence we shall consider the strengths and weaknesses which we can expect of each method in practical applications. The complex penetration depth is derived from the Fourier analysed components of the magnetic field, if we denote the Fourier analysed component of the field perpendicular to the surface as B,(w) and the tangential components as B,(o) and B,(o), the real and imaginary parts of the penetration depth are defined by

Steady-state mode-locking operation in a laser with a saturable absorber

It is shown that a simple correspondence exists between the form of radiation for a steady-state mode-locking operation and the well-known solution of the one-mode problem. The dependence of the amplitude and shape of the pulses on the amount of absorber is determined.

Master Equation for the Dissociation of a Dilute Diatomic Gas. V. Effect of Energy-level Spacing

Our previous vibration–dissociation coupling calculations for H2 have been repeated for D2. Closer spacing of the vibrational energy levels in D2 leads to increased translation–vibration transition probabilities, and the effect of this is to increase the rate of recombination by the vibrational mechanism at all temperatures. These numerical experiments also clarify two other issues: (i) that the position of the bottleneck does not necessarily occur at that level above which direct collisional dissociation can take place rapidly, and (ii) that there is no simple correspondence between the position of the bottleneck and the Arrhenius temperature coefficient for dissociation.

Dynamic models of segregation†

Some segregation results from the practices of organizations, some from specialized communication systems, some from correlation with a variable that is non‐random; and some results from the interplay of individual choices. This is an abstract study of the interactive dynamics of discriminatory individual choices. One model is a simulation in which individual members of two recognizable groups distribute themselves in neighborhoods defined by reference to their own locations. A second model is analytic and deals with compartmented space. A final section applies the analytics to ‘neighborhood tipping.’ The systemic effects are found to be overwhelming: there is no simple correspondence of individual incentive to collective results. Exaggerated separation and patterning result from the dynamics of movement. Inferences about individual motives can usually not be drawn from aggregate patterns. Some unexpected phenomena, like density and vacancy, are generated. A general theory of ‘tipping’ begins to emerge.

Digitized Map Measurement and Correlation Applied to an Example in Crop Ecology

M A APS can be analyzed by computers once the irksome task of digitizing is accomplished. Although modern, high-speed digital computers are capable of processing vast amounts of geographical information, spatial associations are measured, regional trends are detected, and basic dimensions are isolated only when the computer receives the data in numerical form. In some cases quantitative data must be painstakingly extracted from existing maps or from aerial photographs. Nonetheless the digital computer is immensely superior to the human brain in rapidly performing simple arithmetic and switching operations according to a prespecified plan or program, though it cannot readily detect geographical relationships that an elementary-school pupil is able to spot immediately from simple distribution maps. Progress is being made in automated pattern recognition, however, by providing computers with eyes, though in many cases specially designed machinery is necessary. For instance, the United States Post Office is now using a character-recognition system to sort mail by reading zip codes on envelopes.' Admittedly, most spatial patterns are more complex than pictures of simple numerals, no matter how poorly written. Our interest lies not in whether a forest resembles the crude outline of a dog, but in whether its incidence is influenced by the distribution of highly acidic soils. This correlation can be computerized if both distribution maps are divided into a large number of grid cells, each of which is assigned a number that indicates either the presence or the absence of a phenomenon. These geographical arrays can then be scanned together by a digital computer to determine the degree of correspondence. But spatial association often involves more than the simple correspondence of phenomena. The presence of a trait at a point may require favorable condi-

Flash spectroscopy with cadmium resonance radiation

Relative yields of CdH and CdD were measured in the reaction of Cd(5 3P) with HD and mixtures of H 2 + D 2. A simple correspondence was found between the yields and exp(−Δ H/ RT), where the Δ H are the heats of the reaction. Excitation of the cadmium was achieved with a Callear—McGurk multi-electrode flash-lamp and the formation of the hydrides was monitored by kinetic absorption spectroscopy.