Simple Conversion Process Research Articles

RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PEMANFAATAN PANAS BUANG PADA KOMPOR PORTABEL MENGGUNAKAN THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR

The world's population continues to grow, causing energy needs to increase rapidly.In fact, not all regions have a special supply of electrical energyareas that are located in remote and difficult to access places. Besides the depletion of reservesfossil fuels as the main source of electricity generation and effectsbad pollution also encourages the change of energy sources into new energyrenewable (EBT). The purpose of this research is to design a solution forovercome both of these by using the exhaust heat utilization system(waste-heat recovery) in domestic combustion, especially portable stoves.Thermoelectric generator (TEG) is the right choice because it has severaladvantages needed such as simple conversion process, reliabilityhigh, and ease of application. The research will discuss the design of the toolwaste-heat recovery on portable stoves mechanically and electrically. Designcarried out on 2 different types of TEG modules, namely TEP1-1264-3.4 and SP1848-27145. The proposed tool has an estimated output power of about 9.24 W for the moduleTEP1-1264-3.4 and 9.0048 W for SP1848-27145 module using 8a TEG module with an approximate temperature difference of 60 ? and a cooling systemwater based. Thus the TEP1-1264-3.4 module generates more powerhigher than SP1848-27145 module and the series configuration is rated better because of thishave no problem when experiencing voltage differences between modules. Designmechanical build that is made to have 2 separate frame parts for conveniencecircuit maintenance.

Experimental Analysis of a Novel Adaptively Counter-Rotating Wave Energy Converter for Powering Drifters

Nowadays, drifters are used for a wide range of applications for researching and exploring the sea. However, the power constraint makes it difficult for their sampling intervals to be smaller, meaning that drifters cannot transmit more accurate measurement data to satellites. Furthermore, due to the power constraint, a modern Surface Velocity Program (SVP) drifter lives an average of 400 days before ceasing transmission. To overcome the power constraint of SVP drifters, this article proposes an adaptively counter-rotating wave energy converter (ACWEC) to supply power for drifters. The ACWEC has the advantages of convenient modular integration, simple conversion process, and minimal affection by the crucial sea environment. This article details the design concept and working principle, and the interaction between the wave energy converter (WEC) and wave is presented based on plane wave theory. To verify the feasibility of the WEC, the research team carried out a series of experiments in a wave tank with regular and irregular waves. Through experiments, it was found that the power and efficiency of the ACWEC are greatly influenced by parameters such as wave height and wave frequency. The maximum output power of the small scale WEC in a wave tank is 6.36 W, which allows drifters to detect ocean data more frequently and continuously.

CALPHAD 法における異なる侵入型副格子モデル間のパラメーター変換

For interstitial solid solutions various sublattice configurations have been applied in CALPHAD-type thermodynamic assessments. To construct a thermodynamic database for multi-component systems from the assessed binary and ternary systems, one difficulty is consistency of the thermodynamic models for the phases with sublattices. Previously, to combine parameters of the different sublattice configurations for the same phase, the thermodynamic assessment would need to be repeated. In the present work, we propose a simple method to convert parameters between the different sublattice configurations, and demonstrate that the present parameter conversions work well for the Ti-O binary system. Although it is a simple conversion process utilizing the known parameters, for the case where the valid composition range is limited, the thermodynamic database can be determined for multi-component systems. Furthermore, if a reassessment is required the obtained conversion can be used to estimate initial values for the parameter optimization.

Relations between Parameters in Different Sublattice Configurations for CALPHAD-Type Thermodynamic Assessments

For interstitial solid solutions various sublattice configurations have been applied in CALPHAD-type thermodynamic assessments. To construct a thermodynamic database for multi-component systems from the assessed binary and ternary systems, one difficulty is consistency of the thermodynamic models for those phases with sublattices. Previously, to combine parameters of the different sublattice configurations for the same phase, the thermodynamic assessment would need to be repeated. In the present work, we propose a simple method to convert parameters between the different sublattice configurations and demonstrate that the present parameter conversions work well for the Al-B, C-Fe, and O-Ti binary systems. Although it is a simple conversion process utilizing the known parameters, for the case where the valid composition range is limited, the thermodynamic database can be determined for multi-component systems. Furthermore, if a reassessment is required the conversion can be used to estimate initial values for the parameter optimization. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2014252]

Inulin conversion to hydroxymethylfurfural by Brønsted acid in ionic liquid and its physicochemical characterization

A simple conversion process of inulin polymer into hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was developed using Bronsted acid catalyst (HCl) in the presence of an ionic liquid, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([OMIM]Cl). In addition, the physicochemical properties of inulin particle and its depolymerixation products were scrutinized. FESEM and XRD diffraction frequency showed that inulin particles are clustered in a granulated formation and their molecular structure is highly amorphous. FT-IR analysis identified five characteristic frequency regions: Region 1; 700–900, Region 2; 900–1,200, Region 3; 1,200–1,350; Region 4; 1,350–1,500, and Region 5; 1,530–1,800 cm−1. HPLC analysis confirmed that the major composition of inulin consists of fructose and glucose. The synthesis of HMF was significantly affected by the Bronsted catalyst and its concentration. Its highest yield (63.1±5.1 dwt%) was achieved at 0.3M HCl in the presence of [OMIM]Cl. No presence of the Bronsted catalyst exhibited negligible HMF yield (2.3±1.1 dwt%). Our results demonstrate that the Bronsted catalyst plays a pivotal role in the catalytic process of HMF synthesis from inulin polymer.

A consistent modelling methodology for secondary settling tanks in wastewater treatment

The aim of this contribution is partly to build consensus on a consistent modelling methodology (CMM) of complex real processes in wastewater treatment by combining classical concepts with results from applied mathematics, and partly to apply it to the clarification-thickening process in the secondary settling tank. In the CMM, the real process should be approximated by a mathematical model (process model; ordinary or partial differential equation (ODE or PDE)), which in turn is approximated by a simulation model (numerical method) implemented on a computer. These steps have often not been carried out in a correct way. The secondary settling tank was chosen as a case since this is one of the most complex processes in a wastewater treatment plant and simulation models developed decades ago have no guarantee of satisfying fundamental mathematical and physical properties. Nevertheless, such methods are still used in commercial tools to date. This particularly becomes of interest as the state-of-the-art practice is moving towards plant-wide modelling. Then all submodels interact and errors propagate through the model and severely hamper any calibration effort and, hence, the predictive purpose of the model. The CMM is described by applying it first to a simple conversion process in the biological reactor yielding an ODE solver, and then to the solid–liquid separation in the secondary settling tank, yielding a PDE solver. Time has come to incorporate established mathematical techniques into environmental engineering, and wastewater treatment modelling in particular, and to use proven reliable and consistent simulation models.

Carbon Interdigitated Array Nanoelectrodes for Electrochemical Applications

Redox current amplification has been demonstrated using carbon interdigitated array (IDA) nanoelectrodes derived from precursor polymer microstructures through conventional photolithography and pyrolysis. This simple conversion process, also known as carbon-microelectromechanical systems, enables nanometer-level fabrication of carbon materials in a reproducible and an economic manner. We demonstrated that with carbon IDA nanoelectrodes fabricated in two mask processes a current amplification factor of 25 can be obtained. This high amplification factor is a result of the efficient recycling of redox species between the 1:1 aspect ratio carbon nanoelectrodes. This type of a current amplification value is hard to obtain when using more traditional flat nanometer level spaced noble metal IDA electrodes fabricated with more expensive nanopatterning processes such as E-beam lithography.

Ambient‐light sensor system with wide dynamic range enhanced by adaptive sensitivity control

Abstract— A new digital ambient‐light sensor system is presented which employs two linear light sensors with different sensitivities and automatically adjusts the sensitivity based on the illumination condition. The adaptation mechanism allows a very wide range of light intensity to be detected, and the input dynamic range of the system is substantially improved from 22.5 to 45.1 dB. The proposed method does not require any additional precision bits for output data. Due to the small number of the output bits and the simple conversion process, the system can be easily integrated on the display panel.