Simple Cipher Research Articles

Embers of autoregression show how large language models are shaped by the problem they are trained to solve

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) makes it important to recognize their strengths and limitations. We argue that to develop a holistic understanding of these systems, we must consider the problem that they were trained to solve: next-word prediction over Internet text. By recognizing the pressures that this task exerts, we can make predictions about the strategies that LLMs will adopt, allowing us to reason about when they will succeed or fail. Using this approach-which we call the teleological approach-we identify three factors that we hypothesize will influence LLM accuracy: the probability of the task to be performed, the probability of the target output, and the probability of the provided input. To test our predictions, we evaluate five LLMs (GPT-3.5, GPT-4, Claude 3, Llama 3, and Gemini 1.0) on 11 tasks, and we find robust evidence that LLMs are influenced by probability in the hypothesized ways. Many of the experiments reveal surprising failure modes. For instance, GPT-4's accuracy at decoding a simple cipher is 51% when the output is a high-probability sentence but only 13% when it is low-probability, even though this task is a deterministic one for which probability should not matter. These results show that AI practitioners should be careful about using LLMs in low-probability situations. More broadly, we conclude that we should not evaluate LLMs as if they are humans but should instead treat them as a distinct type of system-one that has been shaped by its own particular set of pressures.

A Secure Mutual Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol that Preserves Internet of Things (Iot) Modules

IoT systems need a high security to protect information exchanged between devices and users. Securing the information and providing authentication are the most significant features of end-user devices on vulnerable and open network infrastructure. Thus, it is more often and significant to reinforce and modernize the security protocol for IoT devices headed for security perception. The security concern of IoT devices can be fulfilled with effective cryptography algorithm techniques. Several private and public cryptography techniques provide an extensive choice of services to protect users’ information in the form of scrambled text, that can be authenticated only by authorized users or devices. Particularly, end user-device authentication is essential for the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT devices are linked via the internet and they are deployed in open and public places, which creates them susceptible activity by unauthorized agents. Thus, it is significant to design an effective and strong authentication protocol to protect the end user-device with affordable cost and rapid communication. In the proposed work, the linear matrix-based, block cipher cryptography protocol scheme is used. The protocol encrypts confidential data using cryptography to generate a different scenario of the same text. In contrast to simple block cipher algorithms based on linear matrix algorithms, symmetric cryptography reduces encryption time but is not concerned about security. The objective of the research paper is to establish secure links for endto-end communication with a proper and high speed authentication scheme.

Передача зашифрованных сообщений – вкраплений в художественном тексте с английского языка на русский

This article examines cases where translators are confronted with messagesm whose meaning is obscured by a simple cipher. Russian translators had to overcome certain difficulties while translating certain passages in the works of British (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie) and American (Edgar Allan Poe, Dan Brown) fiction writers. Substitution code (―The Gold-Bug‖, ―The Adventure of the Dancing Men‖), anagrams (―The da Vinci Code‖), as well as different kinds of text steganography (―The Gloria Scott‖, ―The Four Suspects‖) can be used to encrypt the information. Each case is illustrated with two examples. The translator has to depict not only the very process of deciphering a message, but also render its cryptic nature with the means of a target language (Russian). We show, that in half of the cases it is a mere translation of the deciphered text. It is a simpler way, because there is no need to create an analogue thereof. The grand purpose, however, remains unachieved. In two instances there were multiple translations of the same text (6 of ―The Gold-Bug‖ by E.A Poe and 9 of ―The Four Suspects‖ by A. Christie). This phenomenon can be explained not only by the popularity of the stories, but by the relatively small circulation of certain editions. We have undertaken a comparative analysis of these translations and have revealed discrepancies, concerning more and less significant translation units and, in some cases minor errors.

Efficient data confidentiality scheme for 5G wireless NOMA communications

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) has recently emerged as a promising multiple access technique for current and future mobile communication networks. Unlike conventional multiple access schemes, NOMA exploits the power domain to service a large number of users at different power levels, using the same time–frequency resources. However, this technology suffers from major security threats since users are able to decode the messages of other paired users utilizing the same resources. In this paper, we propose an efficient and lightweight cipher scheme for NOMA systems at the physical layer. Unlike previous schemes in the literature, the proposed solution combines cryptography and Physical Layer Security (PLS) to provide robust security at minimum cost by adopting a structure that requires a single round with a single operation. Moreover, it is generic in the sense that any simple cipher operation such as permutation, substitution, phase shuffling, or pseudo-random masking, can be utilized in order to secure the underlying NOMA frame symbols. Also, we propose a dynamic key derivation scheme that benefits from the dynamic properties of wireless channels. Simulation results and cryptanalysis show that the proposed solution achieves the desired security level and strikes a good balance between performance and security level.

Use Two Hybrid SCA-AOA and Fuzzy SCA-AOA Algorithms in Information Security

This research suggests the improving Sine Cosine algorithm and Arithmetic optimization algorithm (SCA-AOA), and the application in two directions: First, in special functions (N-P hard) problems; second, in code analysis and decryption for the method of encryption substitution of simple cipher. The proposed algorithm mathematically simulates the behavior of SCA and Arithmetic algorithm behavior in Mathematical. The measure of SCA-AOA has been measured on a set of test functions to know the power of its performance and efficiency, and verify and compare it with SCA and AOA, each one alone. The numerical results have proved that the proposed algorithm (SCA-AOA) is able to present excellent results as compared with SCA-AOA itself. The applied results have proved that the proposed algorithm is able to analyze and break code. It could also avoid the falling the local solution and reaching to the global optimum resolutions in majority of functions that have been applied on. The adoptive Fuzzy SCA-AOA has been proposed and used in analyzing cipher text and breaking the code by merging the proposed algorithm SCA-AOA with properties of fuzzy logic. Moreover, the simple encoding method is explained and used to encode the proposed text. The method of masking by images is explained and used to hide text. The standards are used to measure the image resolution and find the image resolution. The encrypted text was analyzed and returned to the explicit text using the proposed method, SCA-AOA and Fuzzy SCA-AOA both separately, and the code for the encryption was broken by the proposed method.

Secure MIMO D2D communication based on a lightweight and robust PLS cipher scheme

The Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology is one of the key enablers of the 5G system. This technology allows the concurrent transmission of data using multiple antennas, which increases the channel robustness, overall throughput and link capacity. The security of 5G systems is very critical and it has received serious attention from various research groups. To that end, physical layer security (PLS) has recently emerged as a promising candidate to enhance network security, and several PLS schemes have been proposed for MIMO systems. Most of these MIMO PLS solutions target data confidentiality, however, they suffer from a main limitation due to relying solely on the random parameters of the channel. To overcome this limitation, we propose a PLS cipher solution for D2D MIMO systems, which is based on the dynamic key structure and several other factors including a private key and a physical channel parameter. Both of these parameters are combined to produce a dynamic key, which is used to generate the cipher primitives that are used to encrypt or decrypt data frames. For every input frame, the cipher primitives are updated, and for each frame symbol, the selection cipher primitives are updated. The update process is designed to enhance the security level and to ensure the avalanche effect in a simple and lightweight manner. Consequently, the proposed technique achieves high immunity against existing attacks due to the dynamic property which complicates the attacker’s tasks. A high efficiency level is also attained since a single round with simple cipher operations are employed. The proposed scheme decreases the required latency, resources and overhead in comparison to security schemes at upper layers of the D2D MIMO communication system. Finally, we conducted several security and performance tests to evaluate the proposed solution and to prove its robustness and efficiency.

Encoding syriac letters in partition theory using extended Vigenere cipher

Since the topic of e-Abacus diagram appeared in 1978 through its application within the partition theory, where this representation was one of the ideas of cryptography, many researchers study this subject from a purely theoretical perspective without practical application to it. Many researchers have shown interest in it by starting to apply purely mathematically, but starting in the past few years they have been searching for ideas that serve the topic. This research deals with the Vigenere Cipher, which is one of the multi­alphabet ciphers and in the past it was one of the most popular ciphers. For its simplicity and resistance to frequency analysis tests for messages encoded with simple ciphers such as Caesar’s Cipher through. Its application to the Syriac letters, which is one of the oldest ancient languages, used exclusively when reading religious hymns, for Christians in some regions of the world and in other regions as a trading language. In 2017 it was carefully studied through the above diagram and made the application more confidential among its users in terms of trying to find a suitable agreement between the English language letters and Syriac. Special signs and symbols were used in the Syriac language to be able to address the problem of the difference in the number of letters between the two languages. As well as the possibility of using the Cipher between the letters of the Syriac language

Design, Construction, and Application of Transcription Activation-Like Effectors.

Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are modular proteins derived from the plant Xanthomonas sp. pathogen that can be designed to target unique DNA sequences following a simple cipher. Customized TALE proteins can be used in a variety of molecular applications that include gene editing and transcriptional modulation. Presently, we provide a brief primer on the design and construction of TALEs. TALE proteins can be fused to a variety of different effector domains that alter the function of the TALE upon binding. This flexibility of TALE design and downstream effect may offer therapeutic applications that are discussed in this section. Finally, we provide a future perspective on TALE technology and what challenges remain for successful translation of gene-editing strategies to the clinic.

High Capacity Data Hiding in Encrypted Image Based on Compressive Sensing for Nonequivalent Resources

To fulfill the requirements of data security in environments with nonequivalent resources, a high capacity data hiding scheme in encrypted image based on compressive sensing (CS) is proposed by fully utilizing the adaptability of CS to nonequivalent resources. The original image is divided into two parts: one part is encrypted with traditional stream cipher; the other part is turned to the prediction error and then encrypted based on CS to vacate room simultaneously. The collected non-image data is firstly encrypted with simple stream cipher. For data security management, the encrypted non-image data is then embedded into the encrypted image, and the scrambling operation is used to further improve security. Finally, the original image and non-image data can be separably recovered and extracted according to the request from the valid users with different access rights. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms other data hiding methods based on CS, and is more suitable for nonequivalent resources.

An automatic cryptanalysis of simple substitution ciphers using compression

ABSTRACTAutomatic recognition of correct solutions as a result of a ciphertext only attack of simple ciphers is not a trivial issue and still remains a taxing problem. A new compression based method for the automatic cryptanalysis of simple substitution ciphers is introduced in this paper. In particular, this paper presents how a Prediction by Partial Matching (PPM) text compression scheme, a method that shows a high level of performance when applied to different natural language processing tasks, can also be used for the automatic decryption of simple substitution ciphers. Experimental results showed that approximately 92% of the cryptograms were decrypted correctly without any errors and 100% with just three errors or less. Extensive investigations are described in this paper, in order to determine which is the most appropriate type of PPM scheme that can be applied to the problem of automatically breaking substitution ciphers. This paper shows how a new character-based PPM variant significantly outperforms other schemes including the standard Gzip and Bzip2 compression schemes. We also apply a word-based variant which when combined with the character-based method leads to further improved results.

Artificial-intelligence-based heuristic searching tools and knowledge representation to solve cryptography problems, puzzles, vehicle detection and path finding

The objective of this paper is to present different artificial-intelligence-based heuristic searching algorithms, such as the ones in this paper: the breadth-first search (BFS), depth-first search (DFS), Best-First Search, and A* and AO* searching techniques. The BFS and DFS help solve puzzles and simple Caesar cipher substitution problems. In this paper, plain text is obtained from the given cipher text using the BFS and DFS. The A* approach is used to solve puzzles and find the best path between a start city and a destination city. Finally, the AO* algorithm graph is drawn to find a vehicle in heavy traffic in cities. It is justified that the artificial intelligence tools discussed in this paper are successfully used to solve cryptographic problems, puzzles, path finding and vehicle detection.

Design, Assembly, and Characterization of TALE-Based Transcriptional Activators and Repressors.

Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are modular DNA-binding proteins that can be fused to a variety of effector domains to regulate the epigenome. Nucleotide recognition by TALE monomers follows a simple cipher, making this a powerful and versatile method to activate or repress gene expression. Described here are methods to design, assemble, and test TALE transcription factors (TALE-TFs) for control of endogenous gene expression. In this protocol, TALE arrays are constructed by Golden Gate cloning and tested for activity by transfection and quantitative RT-PCR. These methods for engineering TALE-TFs are useful for studies in reverse genetics and genomics, synthetic biology, and gene therapy.

Matrix-based robust joint fingerprinting and decryption method for multicast distribution of multimedia

This paper addresses the problem of unauthorized redistribution of multimedia content by malicious users (pirates). The solution proposed here is a new joint fingerprinting and decryption method which meets the requirements for both imperceptibility and robustness of fingerprints and scalability in terms of design and distribution of fingerprinted multimedia content. The proposed method uses a simple block cipher based on matrix multiplication to encrypt images which are then sent to all users via multicast transmission. Individual decryption keys are designed depending on the users’ fingerprints so that a different fingerprint will be introduced into the image during decryption for each unique decryption key. Encryption and fingerprinting are performed on DCT coefficients, which results in high robustness against compression, low-pass filtering, scaling, etc. The experimental results show that the proposed method is robust against collusion attacks and compression.

From dead leaf, to new life: TAL effectors as tools for synthetic biology

Whether rice, yeast or fly there is barely a model organism not yet reached by transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) and their derivative fusion proteins. Insights into fundamental biology are now arriving on the back of work in recent years to develop these proteins as tools for molecular biology. This began with the publication of the simple cipher determining base-specific DNA recognition by TALEs in 2009, and now encompasses a huge variety of established fusion proteins mediating targeted modifications to transcriptome, genome and, recently, epigenome. Straightforward design and exquisite specificity, allowing unique sites to be targeted even within complex eukaryote genomes, are key to the popularity of this system. Synthetic biology is one field that is just beginning to make use of these properties, with a number of recent publications demonstrating TALE-mediated regulation of synthetic genetic circuits. Intense interest has surrounded the CRISPR/Cas9 system within the last 12months, and it is already proving its mettle as a tool for targeted gene modifications and transcriptional regulation. However, questions over off-target activity and means for independent regulation of multiple Cas9-guide RNA pairs must be resolved before this method can be included in the synthetic biology toolbox. TALEs are already showing promise as regulators of synthetic biological systems, a role that is likely to be developed further in the coming years.

A Simple and Efficient Method for Assembling TALE Protein Based on Plasmid Library

DNA binding domain of the transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) from Xanthomonas sp. consists of tandem repeats that can be rearranged according to a simple cipher to target new DNA sequences with high DNA-binding specificity. This technology has been successfully applied in varieties of species for genome engineering. However, assembling long TALE tandem repeats remains a big challenge precluding wide use of this technology. Although several new methodologies for efficiently assembling TALE repeats have been recently reported, all of them require either sophisticated facilities or skilled technicians to carry them out. Here, we described a simple and efficient method for generating customized TALE nucleases (TALENs) and TALE transcription factors (TALE-TFs) based on TALE repeat tetramer library. A tetramer library consisting of 256 tetramers covers all possible combinations of 4 base pairs. A set of unique primers was designed for amplification of these tetramers. PCR products were assembled by one step of digestion/ligation reaction. 12 TALE constructs including 4 TALEN pairs targeted to mouse Gt(ROSA)26Sor gene and mouse Mstn gene sequences as well as 4 TALE-TF constructs targeted to mouse Oct4, c-Myc, Klf4 and Sox2 gene promoter sequences were generated by using our method. The construction routines took 3 days and parallel constructions were available. The rate of positive clones during colony PCR verification was 64% on average. Sequencing results suggested that all TALE constructs were performed with high successful rate. This is a rapid and cost-efficient method using the most common enzymes and facilities with a high success rate.

A Potential New Therapeutic Approach for Friedreich Ataxia: Induction of Frataxin Expression With TALE Proteins

TALEs targeting a promoter sequence and fused with a transcription activation domain (TAD) may be used to specifically induce the expression of a gene as a potential treatment for haploinsufficiency. This potential therapeutic approach was applied to increase the expression of frataxin in fibroblasts of Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) patients. FRDA fibroblast cells were nucleofected with a pCR3.1 expression vector coding for TALEFrat#8 fused with VP64. A twofold increase of the frataxin mRNA (detected by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR)) associated with a similar increase of the mature form of the frataxin protein was observed. The frataxin mRNA and protein were also increased by this TALE in the fibroblasts of the YG8R mouse model. The addition of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) or of valproic acid (VPA) to the TALE treatment did not produce significant improvement. Other TADs (i.e., p65, TFAP2α, SRF, SP1, and MyoD) fused with the TALEFrat#8 gene did not produce a significant increase in the frataxin protein. Thus the TALEFrat#8-VP64 recombinant protein targeting the frataxin promoter could eventually be used to increase the frataxin expression and alleviate the FRDA symptoms.

Image Encryption Using Chaotic Map and Block Chaining

In this paper, a new Chaotic Map with Block Chaining (CMBC) cryptosystem for image encryption is proposed. It is a simple block cipher based on logistic chaotic maps and cipher block chaining (CBC). The new system utilizes simplicity of implementation, high quality, and enhanced security by the combined properties of chaos and CBC cipher. Implementation of the proposed technique has been realized for experimental purposes, and tests have been carried out with detailed analysis, demonstrating its high security. Results confirm that the scheme is unbreakable with reference to many of the well-known attacks. Comparative study with other algorithms indicates the superiority of CMBC security with slight increase in encryption time.

A transcription activator-like effector toolbox for genome engineering

Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are a class of naturally occurring DNA-binding proteins found in the plant pathogen Xanthomonas sp. The DNA-binding domain of each TALE consists of tandem 34-amino acid repeat modules that can be rearranged according to a simple cipher to target new DNA sequences. Customized TALEs can be used for a wide variety of genome engineering applications, including transcriptional modulation and genome editing. Here we describe a toolbox for rapid construction of custom TALE transcription factors (TALE-TFs) and nucleases (TALENs) using a hierarchical ligation procedure. This toolbox facilitates affordable and rapid construction of custom TALE-TFs and TALENs within 1 week and can be easily scaled up to construct TALEs for multiple targets in parallel. We also provide details for testing the activity in mammalian cells of custom TALE-TFs and TALENs using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR and Surveyor nuclease, respectively. The TALE toolbox described here will enable a broad range of biological applications.

Targeting DNA With Fingers and TALENs.

Researchers have long recognized that the random introduction of new DNA into the genome could result in unpredictable genetic effects due to bilateral influences between transgenic and endogenous sequences. Hence, precise editing or replacement of mutant genes has been a major goal of gene therapy since its inception. That goal looked possible with the publication of studies demonstrating that targeted cleavage of chromosomal sequences and enhanced homologous recombination (HR) could be achieved using chimeric molecules composed of a nuclease domain and separate, designer DNA-recognition domains.1,2 Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are artificial endonucleases that consist of a FokI cleavage domain tethered to engineered Cys2His2 zinc-finger, DNA-binding polypeptides.3,4,5 ZFNs have gained considerable momentum and are widely considered the most mature nuclease technology in the gene therapy field.6 However, after 15 years in the spotlight, a new chimeric nuclease has emerged, Transcription Activator-Like (TAL) Effector Nucleases (TALENs).7,8,9,10 Here, we describe functional and design characteristics of ZFNs and TALENs and discuss their expanding role as tools for research and gene therapy.

A simple stream cipher with proven properties

Both stream ciphers and block ciphers can be used to provide data confidentiality service. Stream ciphers are preferred in many applications, since they can destroy statistical properties of natural languages to some extent. However, it seems hard to design a stream cipher with many proven security properties. The objective of this paper is to present a binary stream cipher which is secure with respect to a number of attacks, and has reasonable performance. The advantage of the stream cipher over existing ones is that it has more proven security properties.