Simple Auditory Reaction Time Research Articles

Time Course Effects of Different Intensities of Running Exercise on Cognitive and Motor Performances in Individuals With Intellectual Disability.

This study explored the acute effects of different running intensities on cognitive and motor performances in individuals with intellectual disability (ID). An ID group (age, M = 15.25years, SD = 2.76) and a control group without ID (age, M = 15.11years, SD = 1.54) performed visual simple and choice reaction times, auditory simple reaction time, and finger tapping tests before and after running at low or moderate intensity (30% and 60% of heart rate reserve [HRR], respectively). Visual simple reaction time values decreased (p < .001) after both intensities at all time points with higher (p = .007) extend after the 60% HRR intensity for both groups. After both intensities, the VCRT decreased (p < .001) in the ID group at all time points compared with preexercise (Pre-EX) while, in the control group, these values decreased (p < .001) only immediately (IM-EX) and after 10min (Post-10) of exercise cessation. Compared withs Pre-EX, in the ID group, the auditory simple reaction time values decreased (p < .001) at all time points after the 30% HHR intensity whereas, after the 60% HRR, these values decreased only at IM-EX (p < .001), Post-10 (p = .001) and Post-20 (p < .001). In the control group, auditory simple reaction time values decreased (p = .002) only after the 30% HRR intensity at IM-EX. The finger tapping test increased at IM-EX (p < .001) and at Post-20 (p = .001) compared to Pre-EX in both groups only after the 30% HHR intensity and for the dominant hand. The effect of physical exercise on cognitive performances in individuals with ID seems to depend on the cognitive test type as well as the exercise intensity.

Auditory and visual reaction times among children of chronic smokers and non-smokers: A comparative study

Background: Tobacco consumption is the primary cause for cancers in men and women in India. Second hand smoking also has toxins in the similar concentration affecting children in particular leading to many health-related conditions including neurological disorders. The present study was done with the hypothesis that passive smoking in children causes delay in their reaction time when compared to the children of non-smokers which indicates cognition deficit. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study are as follows: (1) Comparison of the visual simple reaction time (VSRT) and visual choice reaction time (VCRT) among the children of chronic smokers and non-smokers and (2) to compare the auditory simple reaction time (ASRT) and auditory choice reaction time (ACRT) among the children of chronic smokers and non-smokers. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. After obtaining necessary permission and consents, 30 children aged between 8 and 14 years with exposure to passive smoking as cases and 30 children of non-smoking parents as controls were included in the study. Audio-visual reaction timer was used. Results: Student’s “t” test was used for analysis. Mean value of VSRT showed 248.3 ms among controls and 277.7 ms in cases; VCRT among controls was 277.4 ms and 309.1 ms in cases (P &lt; 0.05). Means of ASRT in controls was 213 ms and 250.4 in cases; ACRT in controls was 244 ms and among cases was 272.4 ms (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Significant delay in VSRT, VCRT, and ASRT was seen among the children exposed to tobacco smoke. ACRT also showed delayed response but not statistically significant.

COMPARISON OF SIMPLE VISUAL AND AUDIOTORY REACTION TIMES OF MARTIAL ARTS ATHLETES

&lt;p&gt;Many fitness skills are required to be successful in martial arts sports. It is known that the reaction time is distinctive for performance in all martial arts, although the specific importance of different motoric features in sports branches is variable. The aim of this study is to compare simple visual and auditory reaction times of martial arts athletes. For this purpose, 48 male athletes between the ages of 15 and 25 who have been actively doing sports for at least 1 year in boxing, judo, karate, muay thai, kickboxing and taekwondo branches were voluntarily included in the study. Height, body weight, simple visual and auditory reaction time measurements were made by obtaining the age and year of starting sports of the athletes. There was no statistically significant difference between the visual and auditory reaction times according to the participants' age, body mass index and sports age variables (p&amp;lt;0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the visual reaction times according to the success level variable of the participants, but no significant difference was found between the auditory reaction times (p&amp;lt;0.05). In terms of the sport branch variable of the participants, a statistically significant difference was found between the visual and auditory reaction times (p&amp;lt;0.05). Accordingly, it can be said that the visual reaction times of the athletes improve as the level of success increases, and the visual and auditory reaction times are more important in martial arts athletes (muay thai, karate taekwondo, kickboxing and boxing) where quickness, movement frequency and movement speed are important. As a result, it is thought that martial arts athletes who want to increase their level of success should include reaction time studies in their training programs. However, it is suggested that it would be beneficial to apply such studies to larger groups and to include women.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0940/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

EFFECT OF CEREBRAL LATERALIZATION ON VISUAL AND AUDITORY SIMPLE REACTION TIME AND REACTION ASYMMETRIES

The aim of the study is to examine the effect of cerebral lateralization on visual and auditory simple reaction time and reaction asymmetry in young adults. For this purpose, 52 individuals were divided into 3 groups according to hand preference and their audio-visual reaction times were measured and compared in both hands. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS 22.0 program. After testing for normality and homogeneity, one-way analysis of variance and LSD correction were performed for multiple groups. According to the data obtained, it was determined that hand preference had no effect on reaction time and reaction asymmetry (p&gt;0.05). As a result, it can be said that lateralization has no effect on reaction time and reaction asymmetry.&#x0D; &#x0D; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0958/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Association of quality of sleep with cardiovascular parameters, body mass index, and cognition in young adults

Background: Sleep of good quality and quantity is important for the physical and mental health of an individual. In recent times, there have been increasing reports on the poor quality of sleep and sleep-related disorders among the general population, more so among young adults owing to various social, physiological, and psychological reasons. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the quality of sleep among young adults and to assess its extent of correlation with cardiovascular parameters, body mass index (BMI), and cognitive status of these individuals. Materials and Methods: Two hundred young adults aged 18–23 years were recruited in the study. Blood pressure (BP) and basal heart rate (HR) were recorded using an automated BP apparatus and the height and weight of the participants were measured to calculate their BMI. Sleep quality and extent of daytime sleepiness were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score, respectively. Cognitive status in terms of attention and psychomotor speed of the study participants was assessed by simple visual reaction time (VRT) and simple auditory reaction time (ART). Pearson correlation coefficient test was performed to assess the correlation between the study parameters. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Statistically significant positive correlations (P < 0.001) were observed between PSQI scores, ESS scores and BP, HR, BMI, and simple reaction time (RT). Similarly, significant negative correlations (P < 0.001) were observed between sleep hours and PSQI scores, ESS scores, BP, HR, BMI, and reaction time (RT). Conclusion: Poor quality of sleep is associated with increased BP, increased BMI, and decreased cognition in young adults.

Effects of Habitual Physical Activity Level (PAL) on Simple Visual and Auditory Reaction Time in Healthy Indian Adults

Aim To find the correlation between physical activity level(PAL) and simple visual and auditory reaction time(SVRT and SART), which are tests for cognition .&#x0D; Material and Method: One hundred(100) healthy volunteers of both the genders(males 52 and females 48), aged between 18 and 50 years were recruited. Reaction time (RT), is defined the elapsed time between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent behavioral response to occur. Subjects were presented with red light for VRT and pure tone sound stimuli for ART. Reaction time is a measure of the coordination between the sensory and motor system occurs. The physical activity level (PAL) was determined by administering a physical activity level questionnaire developed by the Division of Nutrition, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore. The PAL of an individual classified as follows: sedentary&lt;1.4 moderately active 1.55 to 1.75, and heavily active .1.75.&#x0D; Result: Statistical analysis of data was done by one-way ANOVA with Post-hoc by Turkey HSD test. The results were found to be significant. There is a negative correlation between the SVRT and PAL with R2 value of 0.006; SART and PAL with R2 value of 0.001 .&#x0D; Conclusion: In this study we observed that when there is increase in the PAL, there is significantly faster ART and VRT. Therefore, more physically active individuals have better reaction times and are more coordinated at motor tasks when compared to less physically active.

A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE REACTION TIME IN TENSION TYPE HEADACHE.

The study evaluated the visual and auditory reaction time (simple and choice) in tension type headache patients and healthy controls.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Study included 21 Tension type headache (TTH) patients in the age group of 21- 49 years and 21 age and sex matched controls. Simple and choice auditory and visual reaction time was recorded using Medicaid Systems RTM-604. The results were statistically analyzed and were recorded as mean ± standard deviation and Student’s unpaired t-test was applied to check the level of significance.&#x0D; Results: The mean values of simple visual reaction time (VRT) and auditory reaction time (ART) were not significantly different in Tension type headache patients and controls. The visual and auditory choice reaction time was longer in TTH patients as compared to controls although not statistically significant.&#x0D; Conclusion: Cognitive and psychomotor impairment has been reported in headache patients. Our findings also indicate delayed central processing in TTH patients and these findings need to be further validated in larger sample size.&#x0D; Keywords: Simple and choice Reaction time; Tension Type Headache

THE INVESTIGATION OF VISUAL AND AUDITORY REACTION TIME IN RACKET SPORTS BY SKILLS AND SEDENTARY

Objective: Performance in racquet sports is closely related to both physical and psychomotor skills. Reaction time is one of the variables assessed in psychomotor skills and is the primary predictor of psychomotor performance evaluation. This study was designed to compare visual and auditory reaction time between badminton, table tennis and tennis players and non-sport sedentary. In addition, in this study, it was researched whether the gender of the athletes was effective on the response time of the players to auditory and visual stimuli. Methods: The study included 56 volunteers, including 36 athletes and 20 sedentary who actively participated in sports for at least 2 years in the badminton, table tennis and tennis skills between the ages of 18 and 30 years. Age, height, body weight, simple visual reaction time and simple auditory reaction time were measured. Results: When visual and auditory reaction times of racquet athletes and sedentary were compared, there was no significant difference between athletes in different branches, whereas sedentary had significantly higher visual and auditory reaction times than all branches (p 0,05). However, both visual and auditory reaction times of sedantery women were found to be longer than that of males (p <0.05). Conclusion: The results have led to the belief that racquet sports develop neurocognitive brain functions. Article visualizations:

Comparative Study of Simple Choice Auditory Reaction Time of University Sports and Sedentary Female Students

Simple choice auditory reaction time plays a vital role in daily life including sports. The balanced reaction of both sides of the human helps in achieving the highest movement output. The purpose of the study is to compare simple reaction time between university sports and sedentary female students based on preferred and non-preferred hand. Subjects were selected from Jashore University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh. They were bachelor and master students and were between 19-26 years old. There were 20 students in each group of sports and sedentary female students. Data was collected using the AVR machine. An average of 5 trials was calculated as the time score in millisecond. The result shows that in simple choice auditory reaction time of hands between sports and sedentary female students in the preferred hand, sport female mean = 18.25 ms and SD = 2.07 ms and sedentary female students’ mean = 20.45 ms and SD = 1.67 ms with t(0.05)(38)= -3.695 and p = 0.001.On the other hand, in the non-preferred hand Sport female mean = 20.20 ms and SD = 1.80 ms, and Sedentary female mean = 21.70 ms and SD = 0.98 ms with t(0.05)(38) = -3.382 and p= 0.002. Moreover, in the simple choice auditory reaction time between the preferred and non-preferred hand of sports and sedentary female players’ preferred hand mean = 19.35 ms and SD = 2.167 ms, and non-preferred hand mean = 20.35 ms and SD = 1.616 ms, t(0.05)(39) = -5.639 and p= 0.00. So it is concluded that University sports female students are superior to sedentary female students in simple choice auditory reaction time in both the hands. Further, University female students’ preferred hand is faster in simple choice auditory reaction time than that of non-preferred hand.

Cognitive load of walking in people who are blind: Subjective and objective measures for assessment

BackgroundAlthough walking without vision seems to carry a high cognitive cost, few studies have measured the cognitive load involved in this activity in blind people. The aim of this study was to assess the cognitive load of walking in blind people, using gait analysis, a dual task paradigm and a subjective assessment of cognitive load. MethodsIn a quantitative quasi-experimental design, 25 blind adults walked 40 meters. In one trial, participants walked normally (control condition). In another, they walked while performing an auditory simple reaction time task, and in the third trial they walked, performed the simple reaction time task and avoided obstacles. In addition to the simple reaction time task performance, walking speed was recorded, and participants provided a subjective assessment of cognitive load after each trial. Performance of participants aged less than 60 years were compared with those aged over than 60 years. ResultsWalking significantly reduced performance of the simple reaction time task; carrying out the simple reaction time task while walking significantly reduced walking performance and increased the subjective assessment of cognitive load; and simple reaction time task performance decreased and subjective assessment increased when obstacles were present. Few significant age effects were found. SignificanceWalking without vision involves a cognitive load that increases when the environment becomes complex. Each of the three methods used is relevant when assessing the cognitive load involved in walking in blind people, and could be useful in rehabilitation intervention. The results obtained allowed recommendations to be suggested for the design of technological mobility devices.

Attentional demands associated with augmented visual feedback during quiet standing.

To investigate how additional visual feedback (VFB) affects postural stability we compared 20-sec center-of-pressure (COP) recordings in two conditions: without and with the VFB. Seven healthy adult subjects performed 10 trials lasting 20 seconds in each condition. Simultaneously, during all trials the simple auditory reaction time (RT) was measured. Based on the COP data, the following sway parameters were computed: standard deviation (SD), mean speed (MV), sample entropy (SE), and mean power frequency (MPF). The RT was higher in the VFB condition (p < 0.001) indicating that this condition was attention demanding. The VFB resulted in decreased SD and increased SE in both the medial-lateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) planes (p < .001). These results account for the efficacy of the VFB in stabilizing posture and in producing more irregular COP signals which may be interpreted as higher automaticity and/or larger level of noise in postural control. The MPF was higher during VFB in both planes as was the MV in the AP plane only (p < 0.001). The latter data demonstrate higher activity of postural control system that was caused by the availability of the set-point on the screen and the resulting control error which facilitated and sped up postural control.

Comparative study of simple auditory reaction time between congenitally total blind people and normally sighted controls

Background: Time interval between the application of a stimulus and the appearance of appropriate voluntary response by a subject is known as reaction time. Three responses are involving in this. They are stimulus processing, decision-making, and response programming. Recently, sports physiology is the main field which uses reaction time. A practical implication of reaction time has great implication and may be of great consequence, for example, a slower reaction time in driving might have grave results. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of this were to compare the speed of the central nervous system and coordination between motor and sensory systems in congenitally total blind people and visually normal subjects using simple auditory reaction time. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 cases of congenitally total blind people and 25 normal sighted individual were compared for the simple auditory reaction time at Andhajan Mandal, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad, and B J Medical College, Ahmedabad. Results: Mean auditory reaction time and shortest auditory reaction time are decreased in congenitally total blind people as compared to same-aged normal-sighted controls. Conclusion: Simple auditory reaction time is decreased in congenitally total blind people as compared to normal-sighted people. Training with auditory cues plays an important role in this condition.

Left and right reaction time differences to the sound intensity in normal and AD/HD children

ObjectivesRight hemisphere, which is attributed to the sound intensity discrimination, has abnormality in people with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). However, it is not studied whether the defect in the right hemisphere has influenced on the intensity sensation of AD/HD subjects or not. In this study, the sensitivity of normal and AD/HD children to the sound intensity was investigated. MethodsNineteen normal and fourteen AD/HD children participated in the study and performed a simple auditory reaction time task. Using the regression analysis, the sensitivity of right and left ears to various sound intensity levels was examined. ResultsThe statistical results showed that the sensitivity of AD/HD subjects to the intensity was lower than the normal group (p < 0.0001). Left and right pathways of the auditory system had the same pattern of response in AD/HD subjects (p > 0.05). However, in control group the left pathway was more sensitive to the sound intensity level than the right one (p = 0.0156). ConclusionsIt can be probable that the deficit of the right hemisphere has influenced on the auditory sensitivity of AD/HD children. The possible existent deficits of other auditory system components such as middle ear, inner ear, or involved brain stem nucleuses may also lead to the observed results. The development of new biomarkers based on the sensitivity of the brain hemispheres to the sound intensity has been suggested to estimate the risk of AD/HD. Designing new technique to correct the auditory feedback has been also proposed in behavioral treatment sessions.

Comparative study of simple auditory reaction time in blind and blindfolded sighted individuals

Background: The ability of blinds to adapt themselves to cope with environmental stimuli depends on the quickness of response which in turn depends on sensory perception and central processing. Aims and Objectives: In this study, simple auditory reaction time has been used to evaluate the processing speed of the central nervous system and coordination between sensory and motor systems in congenitally blind and sighted subjects. Materials and Methods: 30 congenitally blind braille readers and 30 age and gender matched controls were included in the study. Simple auditory reaction time was evaluated. Results: The auditory reaction time is significantly reduced, in congenitally blind participants compared to blindfolded sighted participants. Conclusion: Congenitally blind subjects outperformed blindfolded sighted subjects with respect to auditory reaction time.

Related Factors and Predictors of Cognitive Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease on Maintenance Hemodialysis in Nigeria.

Background:Previous studies suggest a high frequency of cognitive impairment (CI) in persons with chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, factors associated with CI and predictors of CI in persons with CKD remain largely unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with CI and predictors of CI in CKD patients on maintenance hemodialysis.Materials and Methods:The first stage of the study included recruitment of 100 apparently healthy participants aimed at determining the reference values. The second stage of the study included eighty CKD patients on maintenance hemodialysis. The iron psychology (FEPSY) was used to assess the memory, psychomotor speed, concentration, and attention using simple auditory reaction time (ART) and visual reaction time (VRT) tasks, recognition memory tests (RMT), finger tapping task (FTT), and binary choice task (BCT).Results:Using normative values generated in this study, 41 (51.3%) and 43 (53.8%) CKD patients had abnormal scores on ART dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) sides, respectively. Forty (50%) and 42 (52.5%) patients had abnormal scores on VRT D and ND sides, respectively. Twenty-one (26.3%) and 68 (85%) had abnormal scores on BCT and computer-assisted visual scanning task, respectively. Sixty-four (80%) and 65 (81.3%) had abnormal scores on RMT (words) and RMT, respectively. Fifty-two (65%) and 48 (60%) patients had abnormal scores on D and ND sides of (FTT), respectively. Factors associated with psychomotor speed impairment were duration of CKD from diagnosis (P = 0.0001 and 0.043 in D and ND ART, respectively), duration on dialysis (P = 0.0001 across board in D and ND ART as well as in D and ND VRT, respectively), and plasma urea (PU) and plasma creatinine (PCr) (P < 0.05). Factors found to be associated with memory impairment included age (P = 0.045 and 0.025 on words and figures RMT, respectively), PU (P = 0.002 and 0.005 on words and figures RMT, respectively), and PCr (P = 0.012 and 0.040 on words and figures RMT, respectively). Duration on dialysis (P = 0.032) and PCr (P = 0.001) were associated with attention and concentration. Only psychomotor speed was independently predicted by duration of CKD.Conclusion:Factors associated with psychomotor speed impairment were duration of CKD, duration on dialysis, and PU and PCr while age, PU, and PCr were associated with memory. Duration on dialysis and PCr were associated with attention and concentration. Only psychomotor speed was independently predicted by duration of CKD.

Common genetic influences on intelligence and auditory simple reaction time in a large Swedish sample

Intelligence and cognitive ability have long been associated with chronometric performance measures, such as reaction time (RT), but few studies have investigated auditory RT in this context. The nature of this relationship is important for understanding the etiology and structure of intelligence. Here, we present a bivariate twin analysis of simple auditory RT and psychometric intelligence (measured by the Wiener Matrizen Test). The sample consisted of 1,816 complete twin pairs and 4623 singletons enrolled in the Swedish Twin Registry, who performed the tests online. The heritabilities were 0.54 and 0.21 for intelligence and RT, respectively, and the phenotypic correlation was −0.17, 47% of which was explained by common genetic variance. These results are comparable to those found for visual RT and for other cognitive tests, and add RT in the auditory modality to the small literature on common genetic influences across intelligence and other cognitive and chronometric variables.

Secular Slowing of Auditory Simple Reaction Time in Sweden (1959-1985).

There are indications that simple reaction time might have slowed in Western populations, based on both cohort- and multi-study comparisons. A possible limitation of the latter method in particular is measurement error stemming from methods variance, which results from the fact that instruments and experimental conditions change over time and between studies. We therefore set out to measure the simple auditory reaction time (SRT) of 7,081 individuals (2,997 males and 4,084 females) born in Sweden 1959–1985 (subjects were aged between 27 and 54 years at time of measurement). Depending on age cut-offs and adjustment for aging related slowing of SRT, the data indicate that SRT has increased by between 3 and 16 ms in the 27 birth years covered in the present sample. This slowing is unlikely to be explained by attrition, which was evaluated by comparing the general intelligence × birth-year interactions and standard deviations for both male participants and dropouts, utilizing military conscript cognitive ability data. The present result is consistent with previous studies employing alternative methods, and may indicate the operation of several synergistic factors, such as recent micro-evolutionary trends favoring lower g in Sweden and the effects of industrially produced neurotoxic substances on peripheral nerve conduction velocity.

Simple reaction time to the onset of time-varying sounds.

Although auditory simple reaction time (RT) is usually defined as the time elapsing between the onset of a stimulus and a recorded reaction, a sound cannot be specified by a single point in time. Therefore, the present work investigates how the period of time immediately after onset affects RT. By varying the stimulus duration between 10 and 500 msec, this critical duration was determined to fall between 32 and 40 milliseconds for a 1-kHz pure tone at 70 dB SPL. In a second experiment, the role of the buildup was further investigated by varying the rise time and its shape. The increment in RT for extending the rise time by a factor of ten was about 7 to 8 msec. There was no statistically significant difference in RT between a Gaussian and linear rise shape. A third experiment varied the modulation frequency and point of onset of amplitude-modulated tones, producing onsets at different initial levels with differently rapid increase or decrease immediately afterwards. The results of all three experiments results were explained very well by a straightforward extension of the parallel grains model (Miller and Ulrich Cogn. Psychol. 46, 101-151, 2003), a probabilistic race model employing many parallel channels. The extension of the model to time-varying sounds made the activation of such a grain depend on intensity as a function of time rather than a constant level. A second approach by mechanisms known from loudness produced less accurate predictions.

A Comparative Study of Simple Auditory Reaction Time in Blind (Congenitally) and Sighted Subjects

Background:Reaction time is the time interval between the application of a stimulus and the appearance of appropriate voluntary response by a subject. It involves stimulus processing, decision making, and response programming. Reaction time study has been popular due to their implication in sports physiology. Reaction time has been widely studied as its practical implications may be of great consequence e.g., a slower than normal reaction time while driving can have grave results.Objective:To study simple auditory reaction time in congenitally blind subjects and in age sex matched sighted subjects. To compare the simple auditory reaction time between congenitally blind subjects and healthy control subjects.Materials and Methods:Study had been carried out in two groups: The 1st of 50 congenitally blind subjects and 2nd group comprises of 50 healthy controls. It was carried out on Multiple Choice Reaction Time Apparatus, Inco Ambala Ltd. (Accuracy±0.001 s) in a sitting position at Government Medical College and Hospital, Bhavnagar and at a Blind School, PNR campus, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India.Observations/Results:Simple auditory reaction time response with four different type of sound (horn, bell, ring, and whistle) was recorded in both groups. According to our study, there is no significant different in reaction time between congenital blind and normal healthy persons.Conclusion:Blind individuals commonly utilize tactual and auditory cues for information and orientation and they reliance on touch and audition, together with more practice in using these modalities to guide behavior, is often reflected in better performance of blind relative to sighted participants in tactile or auditory discrimination tasks, but there is not any difference in reaction time between congenitally blind and sighted people.

Effect of number of stimuli on auditory reaction time in healthy subjects of Bhavnagar region

Background: Present study aimed to see effect of number of stimuli on auditory reaction time. Reaction is purposeful voluntary response to different stimuli as auditory stimuli. Auditory reaction time is time required to response to auditory stimuli. Materials and Methods: The auditory reaction time was measured by the reaction time instrument in subjects. Simple reaction time and choice reaction time measured. During the reaction time testing, auditory stimuli were given for three times and minimum reaction time was taken as the final reaction time for that sensory modality of that subject. The results were statistically analyzed and were recorded as mean ± standard deviation and Student's paired t-test was applied to check the level of significance. Results and Conclusion: The study shows that simple auditory reaction time is less than choice auditory reaction time. Mental processes are involved in identification of stimulus, response selection, and programming and this takes certain time. Response to stimuli would be faster if number of stimuli is lesser in number. In routine life, many works done on information of auditory stimuli. Person should be careful while driving in talking with others or in mobiles. Training reduces reaction time. In medical examination, there are identification of instruments, graphs, bones, and viva questions as well. Student can practice and decrease mental processing time for identification of all this and can respond quickly.