Similar Rules Research Articles

Conditioning w.r.t. random sets – Part 2: combination rules

Part 2 of this article is devoted to the analysis of a new class of combination rules on belief functions generated by conditioning w.r.t. random sets and their linear convex combinations. Each such rule obeys two requirements: the consensus requirement with the conjunction rule means that this rule coincides with Dempster's rule on non-conflicting sources of information, and the consensus requirement with a mixture rule means that the result must be a specialization of their mixture combination. We show that this new class of combination rules is closed under convex combinations of such rules and their compositions. This allows us to implement the conflict management using the introduced functionals for measuring the specialization relation on belief functions. We also introduce similar rules for idempotent combination rules on credal sets obeying the similar consensus requirements and study the results obtained using various examples.

Aniline Derivatives Containing 1-Substituted 1,2,3-Triazole System as Potential Drug Candidates: Pharmacokinetic Profile Prediction, Lipophilicity Analysis Using Experimental and In Silico Studies

Background: The triazole ring is an attractive structural unit in medicinal chemistry, and chemical compounds containing this type of system in their structure exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activity. They are used in the development of new pharmaceuticals. One of the basic parameters considered in the initial phase of designing potential drugs is lipophilicity, which affects the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of drugs. Methods: The study aimed to assess the lipophilicity of fifteen new triazole derivatives of aniline using reversed phase thin layer chromatography (RP-TLC) and free web servers. Based on in silico methods, the drug similarity and pharmacokinetic profile (ADMET) of synthesized molecules were assessed. Results: A relationship was observed between the structure of the title compound, including the position of substitution in the aniline ring, and the experimental values of lipophilicity parameters (logPTLC). Most of the algorithms used to determine theoretical logP values showed less sensitivity to structural differences of the tested molecules. All obtained derivatives satisfy the drug similarity rules formulated by Lipinski, Ghose and Veber. Moreover, in silico analysis of the ADME profile showed favorable values of parameters related to absorption.

Advanced heat transfer analysis using RSM-BBD for MHD hybrid nanofluid flow over a nonuniform stretching sheet with viscous dissipation

The recent studies focus on optimizing conditions to maximize the heat transfer rate while minimizing energy consumption, a key goal for various industries in both production processes and Automotive industry efficiency. Hybrid nanofluids play a crucial role in improving heat transfer phenomena. This study examines the enhanced heat transfer properties of a water-based hybrid nanofluid containing Al2O3 and SiO2 nanoparticles as it flows through a nonlinear stretching sheet in a porous medium. The convective flow is further influenced by a magnetic field and thermal radiation, adding complexity to the flow dynamics. To simplify the analysis, dimensional physical quantities are converted to non-dimensional parameters using appropriate similarity rules. These transformed equations are then numerically solved using the bvp4c function in MATLAB. To achieve optimal heat transfer rates, a robust statistical method known as response surface methodology (RSM) is employed, and validation is performed through an analysis of variance. Graphical representation is used to examine parametric behaviour, and a brief physical description is provided. Key findings include: the hybrid nanofluid shows a 10.61% increase in heat transfer rate compared to the base fluid at R = 0.2; the drag force coefficient for the Al2O3/H2O nanofluid is reduced by 13.98% compared to other hybrid nanofluids; and an increase in the nonlinear stretching sheet parameter improves velocity distribution while reducing temperature distribution. This study can be used in automotive transmission systems to enhance heat dissipation and lubrication, improving the efficiency and durability of the transmission.

Multiregional transcriptomic profiling provides improved prognostic insight in localized non-small cell lung cancer

Lung Cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths in the USA and worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harbors high transcriptomic intratumor heterogeneity (RNA-ITH) that limits the reproducibility of expression-based prognostic models. In this study, we used multiregional RNA-seq data (880 tumor samples from 350 individuals) from both public (TRACERx) and internal (MDAMPLC) cohorts to investigate the effect of RNA-ITH on prognosis in localized NSCLC at the gene, signature, and tumor microenvironment levels. At the gene level, the maximal expression of hazardous genes (expression negatively associated with survival) but the minimal expression of protective genes (expression positively associated with survival) across different regions within a tumor were more prognostic than the average expression. Following that, we examined whether multiregional expression profiling can improve the performance of prognostic signatures. We investigated 11 gene signatures collected from previous publications and one signature developed in this study. For all of them, the prognostic prediction accuracy can be significantly improved by converting the regional expression of signature genes into sample-specific expression with a simple function—taking the maximal expression of hazardous genes and the minimal expression of protective genes. In the tumor microenvironment, we found a similar rule also seems applicable to immune ITH. We calculated the infiltration levels of major immune cell types in each region of a sample based on expression deconvolution. Prognostic analysis indicated that the region with the lowest infiltration level of protective or highest infiltration level of hazardous immune cells determined the prognosis of NSCLC patients. Our study highlighted the impact of RNA-ITH on the prognostication of NSCLC, which should be taken into consideration to optimize the design and application of expression-based prognostic biomarkers and models. Multiregional assays have the great potential to significantly improve their applications to prognostic stratification.

Statistical analysis on the rate of heat transfer of radiative water‐based hybrid nanofluid flow over an elongating surface due to velocity slip and melting heat condition

AbstractThe performances of the heat transfer due to dissipative heat likely magnetic dissipation is a challenging field of research because of it's diversifies applications in industries and engineering. Particularly, nowadays, in biomedical field of research the implementation of dissipation along with thermal radiation is vital. Based upon the current scenario, the present investigation leading to the role of magnetic dissipation vis‐à‐vis thermal radiation on the water‐based hybrid nanofluid past an electro‐magnetized elongating surface associated with melting boundary conditions. The adaptation of the transformed rule particularly, similarity rules are useful to convert the proposed set of problems in to ordinary. Further, shooting‐based numerical technique is proposed to handle the governing equations. The interesting and novel approach in this topic is the use of robust statistical technique, that is, response surface methodology for the optimizing Nusselt number for the use of various factors. Moreover, the validation is obtained by conducting a hypothetical testing using analysis of variance (ANOVA) which conforms a best output model for appropriate response. Further, the major outcomes of the study are depicted as; the unsteadiness parameter decelerates the velocity profile of the hybrid nanofluid for the interaction. However, the increasing particle concentration favours in enhancing the heat transport phenomenon.

Nonarbitrability and Mandatory Rules: Brothers, Not Twins

Notwithstanding the lack of clear legislative intent, Belgian judges have unilaterally prohibited the arbitration of exclusive distribution disputes, unless a specific Belgian pro-distributor statute was applied or unless similar substantive foreign rules were applied. However, in 2023, the Court of Cassation finally reversed its jurisprudence. Yet, the syllogism underlying this longawaited reversal remains unsatisfactory. It mistakenly equates a conflict-of-laws issue concerning mandatory rules with questions of nonarbitrability under international arbitration law. Such an overly simplistic assimilation is inappropriate in many respects. It dilutes the tailored legal standard applicable to international arbitration into a lesser question of applicable rules. It unduly prevents a subject matter from entering ratione materiae into the arbitration field. Upon closer examination, it conflates two substantively different gateways to arbitration: the nonarbitrability doctrine (Article V(2)(a) of the New York Convention) and the public policy exception (Article V(2)(b) thereof). In so doing, it needlessly erodes confidence in the arbitral process, which is based on parties’ autonomy, and violates the principles of judicial non-interference in international arbitral proceedings and of competence-competence. In essence, regardless of the pro-arbitration outcome in the case at hand, this flawed syllogism violates the New York Convention’s straightforward language and pro-arbitration ethos by potentially generating unnecessary, unforeseeable, and improper exceptions to arbitration.

Analysis of heat and mass transfer rates in conducting Casson fluid flow over an expanding surface considering Ohmic heating and Darcy dissipation effects

In a recent scenario, the flow of Casson fluid via porous media has practical applications in various engineering processes, such, as the design of cooling systems for electronic devices, oil recovery in porous reservoirs, and polymer extrusion processes, etc. The proposed investigation illustrates the thermal and solutal transfer rates in a conducting Casson fluid flow over an expanding surface. However, the emphasis goes to the behavior of the Ohmic heating and Darcy dissipation when considering the transverse magnetic field and porous matrix. The governing flow phenomena with their dimensional form are altered into a non-dimensional set of equations with the help of suitable similarity rules. Further, an adequate numerical simulation is adopted to solve the transformed equations using the in-house bvp4c function in MATLAB. The physical parameters involved in the flow problem and their behavior on the governing flow phenomena are presented graphically and described briefly. Prior to this investigation, the conformity of the current numerical output obtained for the heat transfer rate was validated with the earlier work with a good correlation. Moreover, the major outcomes are; the non-Newtonian Casson parameter retards the axial and transverse velocity profile and the shear rate also decreases significantly. The Eckert number caused by the inclusion of the dissipative heat encourages the fluid temperature throughout.

Deciphering Chemical Rules for Drug Penetration into Strongyloides.

Background: Strongyloidiasis, a parasitic infection, presents a significant public health challenge in tropical regions due to the limited repertoire of effective treatments. The screening of chemical libraries against the therapeutically relevant third-stage larvae (L3) of the model parasite Strongyloides venezuelensis yielded meager success rates. This situation is reminiscent of Gram-negative bacteria, where drug entry is a limiting factor. Methods: Here, we set out to determine whether similar barriers are in place and establish whether structural and property requirements exist for anti-strongyloides drug discovery. We focused on dyes as their uptake and effects on viability can be independently assessed in the multicellular parasite, thus providing a means to study the possibility of similar entry rules. We tested different dyes in in vitro assays on L3s. Results: We found that staining was necessary to reduce parasite viability, with some dyes achieving anti-strongyloides effects at concentrations similar to those of the reference drug, ivermectin (IV). Some dyes also showed activity against female adults at concentrations well below that of ivermectin. Unfortunately, the most potent dye, Methylene Blue, was unable to prevent the infection in a preliminary in vivo mouse model assay, presumably due to fast dye clearance. Structural analysis showed that positive charges facilitated the access of the compounds to the L3 tissue, thus providing a structural tool for the introduction of activity. For female adults, low globularity is additionally required. As a proof of concept, we added a positive charge to an inactive compound of one of our chemical libraries and re-determined the activity. Conclusions: These findings allow us to establish structural rules for parasite entry that could be of interest for future drug screening or drug development campaigns. These rules might also be applicable to other related parasites.

The Hydrodynamic Similarity between Different Power Levels and a Dynamic Analysis of Ocean Current Energy Converter–Platform Systems with a Novel Pulley–Traction Rope Design for Irregular Typhoon Waves and Currents

In the future, the power of a commercial ocean current energy convertor will be able to reach the MW class, and its corresponding mooring rope tension will be very good. However, the power of convertors currently being researched is still at the KW class, which can bear less rope tension. The main mooring rope usually has a single cable and a single foundation. To investigate the dynamic response and rope tension of an MW-class ocean current generator mooring system, here, a similarity rule is proposed for (1) coefficients without any fluid–structure interaction (FSI) using the Buckingham theorem and (2) ones with FSI. The overall hydrodynamic drag and moment including the hydrodynamic coefficients in these two situations are represented in a Taylor series. Assuming similarity between the commercial MW-class and KW-class ocean current convertors, all hydrodynamic parameters of the MW-class system are estimated based on the known KW-class parameters and based on the similarity formula. In order to overcome the extreme tension of the MW-class system and to provide good stability, in this paper, we propose a pulley–rope design to replace the traditional single-traction-rope design. The static and dynamic mathematical models of this mooring system subjected to the impact of typhoon waves and currents are proposed, and analytical solutions are obtained. We find that the pulley–rope design can significantly reduce the dynamic rope tensions of the mooring system. The effect of the length ratio of the main traction rope, rope A, to the seabed depth on the dynamic tension of stabilizing converter rope D is significant. The length ratio is within a safe range, and the maximum rope dynamic tension is less than the fracture strength. In addition, if the rope length ratio is over the critical value, the larger the ratio, the higher the safety factor of the rope. In summary, the pulley–rope design can be safely used in an MW-level ocean current generator system.

Analysis of Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects with chemical reaction on Williamson nanofluid flow over permeable stretching sheet

This study warrants a broad analysis on the simultaneous effects of Brownian and thermophoresis on the chemically reacting Williamson nanofluid flow via a permeable expanding sheet. The analysis includes the properties of slip velocity and thermal radiation, providing a more representative picture of the physical phenomena. The differential equations governed by demonstrating the fluid flow phenomena are renewed to a set of nonlinear differential equations utilizing similarity rules. These transformed equations are subsequently handled numerically adopting the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The results reveal the significant control of Brownian motion together with thermophoresis and additionally, the inclusion of velocity slip and thermal radiation remarkably affect the velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions. Parametric studies show the validation of the present system to variations in the Williamson fluid parameter, slip parameter, radiative heat parameter, Brownian motion parameter, and thermophoresis parameter.

Improving heat transfer efficiency via optimization and sensitivity assessment in hybrid nanofluid flow with variable magnetism using the Yamada–Ota model

Abstract The study aims to investigate the heat transfer efficiency in a hybrid nanofluid flow consisting of silver–molybdenum tetra sulphide (Ag–MoS4) with variable magnetism. The Yamada–Ota model is incorporated to account for viscous dissipation and heat source/sink effects, providing a comprehensive understanding of the fluid flow characteristics. However, the dissipative heat along with thermal radiation combined with the hybrid particles enriches the flow properties. The proposed model is simplified to its corresponding non-dimensional form for using proper similarity rules, and the set of transformed problems is handled numerically by employing the in-house MATLAB function bvp5c. The research utilizes a new statistical approach based on response surface methodology (RSM) and sensitivity evaluation to enhance the overall heat transmission performance. The work is conducted to obtain the relevant data on heat transfer rate. The concentration of nanoparticles, thermal radiation, and heat source are selected as the key parameters affecting the heat transfer efficiency. RSM is employed to optimize these parameters and determine the optimal conditions for enhanced heat transfer rate. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate the efficiency of individual parameters on heat transportation. The findings of this study demonstrate that the hybrid nanofluid flow of Ag–MoS4 exhibits improved heat transfer efficiency compared to conventional fluids. Further, the Yamada–Ota conductivity model is also influential in enhancing the heat transfer properties.

Entropy Analysis in Magnetized Blood-Based Hybrid Nanofluid Flow via Parallel Disks

Magnetized hybrid nanofluid combined with ferrite and silver in a blood-based liquid presents their vital role in several aspects such as artificial heart pumping system, drug delivery process, the flow of blood in the artery, etc. This is because the high heat transportation rate of the nanofluid is caused by the inclusion of nanoparticles. The current investigation is based on the characteristic of particle concentration comprised of Fe3O4 and Ag in the base liquid blood that passed in between two infinite parallel disks filled with porous matrix. The electrically conducting fluid associated to maximum of 1.5% of volume concentration from each of the solid particles affects the flow phenomena. However, the impact of thermal radiation vis-à-vis the heat dissipation provides efficient heat transport properties with the inclusion of the effective thermal conductivity assumed from the Hamilton-Crosser model. The proposed conductivity model describes the role of particle shapes on the enhanced thermal properties. Further, numerical treatment is obtained for the transformed designed problem following similarity rules that are used for the conversion of the governing equations into their non-dimensional form. The computation of various flow profiles leads to get the entropy generation due to the irreversibility processes. Along with the fluid velocity and temperature distributions, the study is carried out for the entropy as well as the computation of Bejan number and afterwards the simulation of the shear and heat transportation rate are also depicted graphically. The main finding of the proposed study is that solid particle concentrations have a substantial impact to increasing fluid velocity in magnitude, resulting in a narrower wall thickness at both channel walls. Thermal radiation was shown to be more effective at increasing entropy generation and Bejan value.

The sulfurization precipitation and competition mechanisms of Cu(II) and As(V) in electrolyte towards efficient recovery of copper

The sulfide precipitation has been widely used to recover Cu(II) and remove As(V) in copper smelting electrolyte based on the Cu(II)-As(V) separation. However, the recovery efficiency was undesirable due to the inaccurate control of process parameters. It was necessary to investigate the process and mechanisms of sulfurization precipitation for accurate adjustment. Herein, under the single and mixed solutions of Cu(II) and As(V), the process parameters were investigated and the precipitation mechanisms were explored. And when using actual electrolytes, the corresponding sulfurization process and mechanisms were also revealed. The sulfurization results of single component solutions suggested that Cu(II) was rapidly precipitated in one step, but As(V) firstly generated intermediate, then it was gradually reduced to As(III) for a longer time and quickly precipitated in the form of amorphous. This phenomenon caused the significantly faster removal speed of Cu(II) than that of As(V). For their mixed solutions, only a small amount of As(V) were removed by adsorbing the precipitate at the low S/Cu molar ratios (RS/Cu), and Cu(II) and As(V) could achieve a good separation. Simultaneously, it revealed that the sulfidation competitive mechanisms were related to the solubility product constant (Ksp) and initial As(V) concentrations. In addition, the similar rules were also observed in actual electrolytes. Moreover, under RS/Cu = 1.2 and reaction time of 10 min, the arsenic content of sulfide precipitates in the actual electrolyte was less than 2.5%, which showed a great separation also could be obtained for the actual electrolyte. This result met the requirement of Cu(II) recovery. It can provide a good reference for adjusting sulfidation parameters in the actual process to achieve efficient copper recovery, reduce the production of hazardous waste containing arsenic at the source and realize the cleaner production of copper smelting system.

Thermodynamic analysis of MHD Prandtl-Eyring fluid flow through a microchannel: A spectral quasi-linearization approach

In designing efficient micro devices, particularly microchannels used in cooling electronic components and biomedical microfluidic systems, The foremost application explored is the design and optimization of microchannels employed in the electronic device cooling systems. To possess these microchannels from overheating and damaging their gentle electronic components, exact fluid flow and heat transmission regulation are required. To better design cooling systems, engineers can use mathematical models of Prandtl-Eyring fluid flows to antedate temperature and velocity profiles. The entropy generation also helps in optimizing the design for better fluid transport efficiency. Therefore, the present aim is to characterize the impact of dissipative heat along with magnetization in Prandtl-Eyring non-Newtonian fluid via microchannel. The novelty of the study is the assumption of convective thermal boundary conditions that show efficient heat transport phenomena. A set of similarity rules is adopted for the transformation of the governing equations, and a spectral quasi-linearization technique is then utilized for the solution of the designed miniature. One of the special attractions of the proposed study is the analysis of entropy, which is obtained due to the irreversibility processes within the system. However, irreversibility occurs because of heat transfer, diffusion processes, viscous dissipation, etc. The physical behavior of the pertinent factors is deployed graphically, whereas the validation of the result in a particular case is displayed in tabular form. We use a second law analysis to determine the origins of irreversibility in the thermal system. It is evident that an increase in fluid parameters results in a reduction in entropy generation. An augmentation in the Biot number substantially intensifies the Bejan number. The findings suggest that the magnetic parameter and fluid parameter α have a diminishing effect on velocity.

Establishment and evaluation of dynamic viscoelasticity constitutive model for asphalt mixtures based on PCA model: Utilizing coal-based synthetic natural gas slag and phosphogypsum whisker as substitute fillers

To promote the secondary utilization of solid waste in asphalt pavement and reduce resource waste and environmental damage, the fine solid waste powder from the secondary treatment of solid waste was used as a substitute filler to prepare asphalt mixtures. To more precisely characterize the effects of filler type and substitution ratio on the dynamic viscoelastic mechanical characteristics of asphalt mixtures, the dynamic modulus test was conducted on asphalt mixtures, while the dynamic modulus master curve of asphalt mixtures was established based on the time-temperature equivalent principle and the Sigmoidal function. The improved generalized Sigmoidal (IGS) model, five-parameter fractional Zener (FFZ) model, six-parameter fractional Zener (SFZ) model and ten-parameter fractional Zener (TFZ) model were used to construct the shrinkage frequency curves of different asphalt mixtures under different constitutive relationships, whereas the applicability of the constitutive models was further evaluated by the principal component analysis (PCA) model. The research results showed that the dynamic modulus and phase angle of the mixture exhibited a similar change rule with the variation of temperature and frequency, and the use of solid waste-based fillers could effectively reduce the effect of frequency variation on the viscoelasticity of the mixture. The dynamic modulus master curve constructed by Sigmoidal function could accurately describe the functional relationship between the dynamic modulus with loading frequency and temperature, and the variation trend of dynamic modulus in a wider frequency range was flattened with the increase in frequency, and this change rule was not affected by the substitution ratio of the filler, while the use of solid waste-based filler could reduce the dependence of the mixture on the temperature. Compared to several fractional constitutive models, the IGS model exhibited a higher fitting accuracy for the dynamic viscoelasticity of several mixtures, and with the use of solid waste-based fillers, the deviation of fitting curves gradually decreased. A comparative study showed that the fractional constitutive model was difficult to accurately describe the dynamic viscoelasticity of the mixture, and the IGS model was preferred to be recommended as a calculation model to investigate the constitutive relationship on the dynamic viscoelasticity of the mixture.

Self-excited force characteristics and flow mechanisms of a 5:1 rectangular cylinder in torsional vortex-induced vibration and flutter

In this paper, the self-excited force characteristics, flow rules and vibration mechanisms of a 5:1 rectangular cylinder in torsional vortex-induced vibration (VIV) and flutter were investigated through wind tunnel tests and numerical simulations. The nonlinearity of the self-excited lifting moment is not monotonous but exhibits a peak within a specific reduced wind speed and amplitude range. The amplitude-dependent characteristics of dimensionless work and aerodynamic damping are the primary reasons for non-divergent vibration, which is mainly influenced by the amplitude-dependent phase difference. The reduced wind speed significantly affects the formation zone length and convection speed of the leading-edge vortex, thereby determining the distribution of surface pressure phase difference and dimensionless work. As the reduced wind speed increases, there is a positive and negative alternation in dimensionless work, leading to the occurrence of torsional VIV and flutter. While the torsional amplitude does not affect the distribution of phase difference, it merely influences the formation zone length, resulting in amplitude-dependent dimensionless work and accounting for the non-divergent vibration. The characteristics of vortex convection, pressure phase variation and dimensionless work of the 5:1 rectangular cylinder in torsional VIV and flutter follow similar rules, indicating that the two vibration forms share the same inherent essence.

Inertial drag combined with non‐uniform heat generation/absorption effects on the hydromagnetic flow of polar nanofluid over an elongating permeable surface due to the impose of chemical reaction

AbstractThe pivotal role of Brownian and thermophoresis in investigating the flow characteristic of polar nanofluid is important nowadays due to various engineering applications. The enhanced thermal and transport properties in the field of biomedical nanomedicine for hyperthermia treatments, and for enhancing the efficiency of heat exchange processes in cooling electronic devices, heat exchangers, and automotive engines the use of Brownian and thermophoresis is important. Therefore, the present study reveals the importance of Darcy–Forchheimer inertial drag combined with the space‐ and temperature‐dependent heat generation/absorption on the flow of polar nanofluid over an elongating surface. The surface is considered to be permeable for which the hydromagnetic flow in the presence of thermal radiation specifically, Brownian and thermophoresis affects the flow phenomena significantly. The proposed flow model designed with the aforementioned physical properties is standardized into the set of nonlinear ordinary equations by the implementation of suitable similarity rules. Further, the characteristics of various physical quantities are deployed by solving the system by using traditional Rung–Kutta fourth‐order technique. Further, the analysis of several factors is deployed briefly via graphically, and simulation of rate coefficients is presented through tables. The important outcomes of the study are deployed as the inclusion of thermal and solutal buoyancy enhances the velocity distribution, whereas reverse impact is observed for the increasing inertial drag. Also, space‐ and temperature‐dependent heat source augments the temperature profile but Lewis number decelerates the fluid concentration significantly.

Elements of evidence in civil jurisdiction and notary proceedings

This article covers research in the comparative aspect of the process of procuring evidence in civil proceedings and notarial proceedings, specific features of the elements of evidence in the notarial process, the peculiarities of the rules for determining the factual material to be established when a specific notarial act is performed, and the submission of evidence to support them. The essence of the proceduralists’ scientific discussion regarding the definition of the concept of evidence, its elements and subjects, as well as the obligations of evidence are covered. On the basis of the analysis of the positions of the authors expressed in the science of civil procedural law, which substantiate the opposite approaches to the mentioned issues, it is determined that the basis of this scientific discussion is the disagreement of views on the court as a subject of evidence. It is recognized that filling the terms “evidence” and “proving” with different meanings is not convincing, is not based on current procedural legislation and does not meet the interests of law enforcement practice. The article proves that the exclusion of the court from the subjects of evidence (even in relation to such an element as the collection of said evidence) contradicts the rules of evidence provision established in the current civil procedural legislation. It is concluded that such elements of evidence as indication of facts, determination of evidence, collection of evidence, research of evidence, evaluation of evidence are characteristic of civil proceedings. At the same time, it is advisable to determine the composition of subjects not for the entire procuring evidence process as a whole, but separately for each of the specified elements. For example, the court is not the subject of presenting evidence, but is the subject of research and evaluation of evidence. Evidence in a notarial process is considered as a procedural activity of notarial bodies and interested subjects of notarial proceedings, aimed at establishing legal facts necessary for the issuance of a legal and substantiated notarial act. The article substantiates that the establishment of the presence or absence of certain legal facts, with which the possibility of applying the relevant norm is connected, is carried out only within the scope of the procuring evidence process, according to special rules that provide for the rights and obligations of the subjects of notarial proceedings regarding submission, research and evaluation evidence, and have significant differences from similar rules in civil proceedings due to the undisputed nature of notarial activity.

Behaviour of effective heat transfer rate in radiating micropolar nanofluid over an expanding sheet with slip effects

The enhancement in the heat transfer rate is one of the vital aspects nowadays for the main objective of various industries to get better quality as well as the longevity of the product. Not only in industries but also in various areas such as in drug delivery, peristaltic pumping process, etc. it is found that this will be benefited by the utility of the various nanofluids that gives rise to enhanced thermal conductivity. Therefore, the present investigation leads to analyse the performance of effective heat transfer rate considering the flow of radiating micropolar nanofluid through a permeable expanding sheet embedding within a permeable medium. Precisely, the consideration of slip boundary conditions of both velocity and thermal profile enhances the flow phenomena. The main focus of the study is the consideration of Gherasim model viscosity and Hamilton-Crosser model which energies the thermal properties. Shooting based “Runge-Kutta fourth-order” technique is useful for the solution of governing equation followed by the transformation of these equations into dimensional form to the non-dimensional for with the help of suitable similarity rules. Further, a robust statistical approach i.e. “response surface methodology” is adopted to get optimized heat transfer rate for various factors in two different conditions such as injection and suction. However, the validation is presented through hypothetical test comparing the variances. Moreover, the important outcomes are: Nanoparticle concentration encourages the flow properties along with the heat transport phenomena. The thermal energy due to the enhanced thermal radiation accelerates the heat transmission rate for both the case of suction/injection.

Pickleball: A Standard Review of Injury Prevalence and Prevention in a Rapidly Growing Sport.

Pickleball is the fastest growing sport in the United States. People of all ages participate in the sport, with the most being aged 35 years or older. Pickleball is a paddle and racket sport with a smaller court size, lighter racket, and similar rules as tennis. From 2019 to 2021, the number of pickleball players increased from 3.3 to 4.8 million. Historically, as a sport grows in popularity, there tends to be a linear increase in injuries. This review compiles data from retrospective studies containing emergency department data and case reports of specific injuries sustained playing pickleball. One factor that could be perceived as favorable concerning injury risk is the smaller court size compared with tennis, although no correlation has been found between court size and rate of injury. The most common injuries presenting to the emergency department among pickleball players were muscle strains, joint sprains, and fractures. Men were three times more likely to sustain muscle strains and joint sprains while women were three times more likely to sustain fractures. As the sport continues to grow, the tracking of injury types and mechanisms of injury will become important in informing injury prevention strategies and improved safety for players.