Similar Series Research Articles

Macroeconomics As Systems Theory

This essay is the penultimate draft of Chapter 1 of a book that carries the working title Macroeconomics as Systems Theory: Emergence, Institutions, and Economic Process. This book examines the material of macroeconomic theory by looking through a different analytical window from what most theorists use. The conventional analytical window shows a national economy as a collection of such aggregate variables as output, employment, investment, and a price level, and seeks to develop theoretical relationships among those variables. The macro level of an economy is accessed directly through the variables created through the national income and product accounts and similar series of aggregate data. In contrast, I treat the relation between micro and macro theories as a relation between the parts of something and the entirety of that thing. Hence, the analytical object to which macro theory pertains entails a higher order of complexity than that of micro theory. Where micro variables are aptly characterized as objects of choice, macro variables are not. To the contrary, macro variables are products of emergent interaction and spontaneous ordering. Furthermore, there is no position of “policymaker” who stands outside the macro system, for all economizing action occurs inside the economic system.

A Forecasting Approach to Online Change Detection in Land Cover Time Series

We present a method for online detection of land cover change based on remotely sensed time series. Change is detected by monitoring deviations between observations and forecasts made using the time series historical data and similar time series in the geographical region. This method and several others were applied to MODIS 8-day surface reflectance data for problems of detecting settlement expansion in Limpopo Province, South Africa, and detecting deforestation in New South Wales, Australia. The proposed method had significantly shorter median detection delay (DD) for equivalent rates of false alarms compared with the other evaluated methods. We obtained a median DD of seven samples for settlement detection and 14 samples for deforestation detection corresponding to 56 days and 112 days, respectively. This is compared with a median DD of 224 and 544 days for the best other methods evaluated. We suggest that the proposed method is an excellent candidate for land cover change detection where rapid detection is essential.

Implicit Sensing of Building Occupancy Count with Information and Communication Technology Data Sets

Occupancy count, i.e., the number of people in a space or building, is becoming an increasingly important measurement to model, predict, and minimize operational energy consumption. Explicit, hardware-based, occupancy counters have been proposed but wide scale adoption is limited due to the cost and invasiveness of system implementation. As an alternative approach, researchers propose using data from existing information and communication technology (ICT) systems to infer occupancy counts.In the reported work, three different data streams, security access data, wireless connectivity data, and computer activity data, from ICT systems in a medium sized office building were collected and compared to the counts of a commercially available occupancy counter over 59 working days. The occupancy counts from the ICT systems are compared to the commercial counter with and without calibration to determine the ability of the data sets to measure occupancy. Various transformations were explored as calibration techniques for the ICT data sets. Training sets of 24, 48, and 120 hours were employed to determine how long an external calibration system would need to be installed.The analysis found that calibration is required to provide accurate counts. While each ICT data set provides similar magnitudes and time series behavior, incorporating all three data streams in a two layer neural network with 1 week of training data provides the most accurate estimates against 5 performance metrics. Whilst 1 week of data provides the best results, 24 hours is sufficient to develop similar levels of performance.

Enzymatic synthesis of lignin derivable pyridine based polyesters for the substitution of petroleum derived plastics

Following concerns over increasing global plastic pollution, interest in the production and characterization of bio-based and biodegradable alternatives is rising. In the present work, the synthesis of a series of fully bio-based alternatives based on 2,4-, 2,5-, and 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid-derived polymers produced via enzymatic catalysis are reported. A similar series of aromatic-aliphatic polyesters based on diethyl-2,5-furandicarboxylate and of the petroleum-based diethyl terephthalate and diethyl isophthalate were also synthesized. Here we show that the enzymatic synthesis starting from 2,4-diethyl pyridinedicarboxylate leads to the best polymers in terms of molecular weights (Mn = 14.3 and Mw of 32.1 kDa when combined with 1,8-octanediol) when polymerized in diphenyl ether. Polymerization in solventless conditions were also successful leading to the synthesis of bio-based oligoesters that can be further functionalized. DSC analysis show a clear similarity in the thermal behavior between 2,4-diethyl pyridinedicarboxylate and diethyl isophthalate (amorphous polymers) and between 2,5-diethyl pyridinedicarboxylate and diethyl terephthalate (crystalline polymers).

The Extended Fama-French Three Factor Model : Revisited

This paper is aimed to validate the four-factor asset pricing model as an improvement towards the standard Fama-French three-factor model. Using U.S. monthly stock returns data from period January 1963 to December 2010 , we construct 25 portfolios and t he four-factor model includes the market factor (beta), the size factor (SMB), the book-to-market factor (HML), and the ‘momentum' factor (MOM). Similar time series method as in Fama and French (1993) are employed to elaborate the three-factor model and the four-factor model regression. Our findings show that the four-factor model to some extent has significant capability in explaining the variations in average excess stock returns. Although the R 2 extracted from the four-factor model is just slightly higher than the three-factor model, yet it provides suggestive for the robustness of the four-factor model. In addition , our robustness test shows that January seasonal effect is absorbed by the risk factors including the market factors, SMB, HML, and MOM factor. The consistency of the four-factor model in explaining the U.S stock market return variations for the newest data, provide relevance to apply this model in emerging markets data in order to give guidance for investor in understanding the market condition.

Arabinoxyloglucan Oligosaccharides May Contribute to the Antiadhesive Properties of Porcine Urine after Cranberry Consumption.

Cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon) juice is traditionally used for the prevention of urinary tract infections. Human urine produced after cranberry juice consumption can prevent Escherichia coli adhesion, but the antiadhesive urinary metabolites responsible have not been conclusively identified. Adult female sows were therefore fed spray-dried cranberry powder (5 g/kg/day), and urine was collected via catheter. Urine fractions were tested for antiadhesion activity using a human red blood cell (A+) anti-hemagglutination assay with uropathogenic P-fimbriated E. coli. Components were isolated from fractions of interest using Sephadex LH-20 gel filtration chromatography followed by HPLC on normal and reversed-phase sorbents with evaporative light scattering detection.Active urine fractions were found to contain a complex series of oligosaccharides but not proanthocyanidins, and a single representative arabinoxyloglucan octasaccharide was isolated in sufficient quantity and purity for full structural characterizationby chemical derivatization and NMR spectroscopic methods. Analogous cranberry material contained a similar complex series of arabinoxyloglucan oligosaccharides that exhibited antiadhesion properties in preliminary testing. These results indicate that oligosaccharides structurally related to those found in cranberry may contribute to the antiadhesion properties of urine after cranberry consumption.

Study on Ranunculaceae herbal decoction pieces using X-ray diffraction

The powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD) technique was used to investigate fourteen kinds of Ranunculaceae herbal decoction pieces(RHDP) recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia and to explore a novel PXRD quality control method for RHDP. The results indicated that only three RHDP-Paeoniae Radix Alba, Paeoniae Radix Rubra, and Moutan Cortex, contained calcium oxalate monodydrate(COM), whereas no COM existed in other eleven kinds of RHDP. The difference in PXRD for Paeoniae Radix Alba and Paeoniae Radix Rubra from different growing areas were investigated. The quantitative analysis method for COM was discussed by considering the water-boiling manufacturing process of herbal decoction pieces. The water-boiling experiments revealed that the PXRD peaks from COM crystals in RHDP were enhanced significantly after boiling. Paeoniae Radix Alba, Paeoniae Radix Rubra, Moutan Cortex, Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata, Aconiti Radix, Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix, and Anemone Raddeanae Rhizoma exhibited a similar series of broader peaks in the 2θ region of 15° to 35°, whose origins were discussed on the basis of chemical constituents RHDP reported by other researchers. These diffraction broader peaks most likely originated from periodic orientation of benzene ring in organic molecular crystals of aconitine-and paeonolum-based alkaloids and glycosides chemical constituents, subsequently, possibly from some other organic constituents. The PXRD technique can be used to rapidly identify Cimicifuga heracleifolia with an amorphous dispersion peak and C. dahurica with a sharp-peak feature. Climatidis Radix et Rhizoma exhibited a series of sharp PXRD peaks. The PXRD method can provide a valuable quality control method for RHDP.

North Korea's juche ideology: indigenous communism or traditional thought?

ABSTRACT This article examines the content of North Korea's juche ideology by analyzing official texts in comparison with Confucian classics and new religious movements in South Korea. The comparison revealed a series of similarities that vividly demonstrate that juche ideas have absorbed core elements of Korean and East Asian philosophical traditions.

Double-column foot osteotomy to correct flexible valgus foot deformity in children with spastic cerebral palsy

Background Mobile (flexible or correctable) hindfoot valgus deformity is common in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). It is accompanied by short lateral and long medial foot column. Patients and methods Eleven ambulatory children (20 feet) having spastic CP (two hemiplegic and nine diplegic) and presenting with mobile (flexible) hindfoot valgus deformity were evaluated neurologically, orthopedically, and radiographically and operated upon in the National Institute of Neuromotor System between September 2012 and September 2013. Double-column foot osteotomy with medial cuneiform closing-wedge resection and cuboid opening-wedge resection without attacking the calcaneus was performed in all of them. Results The results were followed up clinically and radiographically over a period ranging from a year and a half (18 months) to 2 years (24 months), with an average of a year and 9 months (21 months), and were graded into four categories as excellent, good, fair, and poor according to the total calculated score. According to the suggested grading system, there were eight excellent results, eight good results, four fair results, and no poor results. Conclusion Double-column foot osteotomy shortening the medial foot column and lengthening the lateral foot column to correct moderate to severe hindfoot valgus in ambulatory children with spastic CP compared favorably with similar series and offered option for achieving foot alignment, improving pain and skin problems, and avoiding the problems associated with arthrodesis. Level of evidence: the study is type IV therapeutic level of evidence.

Comparing indicators of recreational fishing in Port Phillip Bay, Australia, from 2008 to 2011 with variability from a background period (2003–07)

Understanding the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on marine environments that support recreational fisheries requires suitable monitoring data. Although catch rates are frequently considered to inform resource status for commercial fisheries, similar time series data are generally unavailable for recreational fisheries. This study is based on 9 years of data from boat-based recreational fishing surveys in Port Phillip Bay, Australia. Harvest rates and length distributions of the retained catches for three target species were statistically compared over 4 years following commencement of shipping channel dredging (2008–11) with variability from a background period (2003–07). Mean harvest rates were generally within historical ranges, with increases for snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) and King George whiting (Sillaginodes punctatus) and decreases for sand flathead (Platycephalus bassensis). Length–frequency distributions were not significantly different to the background period, except for increased mean length of snapper and King George whiting in 2011. This study demonstrates that data obtained from sampling recreational fishers can provide valuable information to monitor harvested resources and maintain social amenity for recreational fisheries during periods of anthropogenic disturbance. Trends in harvest rates from recreational fishing surveys may also complement catch rates from commercial fisheries for assessments of multisector fisheries or stand-alone assessments for recreational-only fisheries.

MRI in 30 cats with traumatic brain injury.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the MRI findings in cats following traumatic brain injury (TBI), and establish which features identified might correlate with prognosis. The magnetic resonance images of 30 cats with clinical signs attributed to the brain following TBI were retrospectively reviewed to assess the imaging features seen and their correlation with outcome. Twenty-one of 30 cats had a good outcome (full recovery or minor ongoing neurological deficits); the other nine either died or had ongoing neurological deficits that significantly affected quality of life. There was evidence of parenchymal injury in only 20/30 cats, including 8/9 that had a poor outcome. The frequency of bilateral or multifocal parenchymal lesions on T2-weighted imaging, and mass effect, particularly caudal transtentorial herniation, was statistically significantly higher in patients with a poorer outcome. Extra-axial haemorrhage was not identified. Concurrent soft tissue injury was noted in all cats, with a poorer prognosis statistically associated with a peripharyngeal pattern of injury and orbital trauma. The number of cases with MRI-identified brain pathology, the patterns of injuries identified and the specific imaging features that appear to have effects on prognosis differ in this series of cats from those published in similar case series of dogs. Further work is needed to establish if cat-specific guidelines are needed to assess brain MRI following trauma.

Multifrequency model of Earth tidal deformations within framework of three-body problem

The Earth tidal deformation is studied. Earth is considered as a visco-elastic axially symmetrical body with a solid core. For the description of the visco-elastic Earth part the linear theory of visco-elasticity is used. It is assumed that the Earth - Moon center of mass moves on the constant elliptic orbit around the Sun, that is considered as attractive center. From the d’Alembert - Lagrange principle the system of motion equations is obtained. Then the displacement vector is expanded in series of Earth’s oscillation modes. The system of ordinary differential equations for modal variables is obtained. This system describes process of oscillations, but in real situation we can consider these deformations as quasi-stationary ones. Hence, we can discard inertial members in equations. We can expand right parts of equations in series by orbit’s eccentricities of the Earth - Moon center of mass and of the Earth (Moon). Then we can look, that the right parts of the equations are the series with coefficients depending of angles combinations, hence modal variables can be represented also as the similar series. From these conditions we can find approximately of Sun - Moon’s tidal frequencies. We find well known frequencies, corresponding periods as year, half year, month, half month, day, half day, frequencies combinations, near above mentioned and large quantity of other combinations.

Generalized method of Feynman-Pines diagram technique in the theory of energy spectrum of two-level quasiparticle renormalized due to multi-phonon processes at cryogenic temperature

Theory of the spectrum of localized two-level quasi-particle renormalized due to interaction with polarization phonons at cryogenic temperature is developed using the generalized method of Feynman-Pines diagram technique. Using the procedure of partial summing of infinite ranges of the main diagrams, mass operator is obtained as a compact branched chain fraction, which effectively takes into account multi-phonon processes. It is shown that multi-phonon processes and interlevel interaction of quasiparticle and phonons cardinally change the renormalized spectrum of the system depending on the difference of energies of two states, which either resonates with phonon energy or does not. The spectrum of non-resonant system contains renormalized energies of the main states and two similar infinite series of groups of phonon satellite levels. The spectrum of a resonant system contains a renormalized ground state and infinite series of satellite groups.

Hares and Small Rodent Cycles: a 45-year Perspective on Predator-prey Dynamics in the Yukon Boreal Forest

ABSTRACT Long-term research is required in ecology to determine patterns of population changes, to suggest limiting factors, and to determine if and how climate change is affecting populations and their communities. In the Kluane region of the Yukon we have monitored control populations of snowshoe hares, mice, and voles from 1973 to 2017 (the longest of any similar time series anywhere in North America) and here we ask what we have observed and learned from these time series. The amplitude of hare cycles may be decreasing over this period. In contrast, the 3–4-year cycles of red backed voles (Myodes rutilus) are becoming more dramatic and the amplitude of their peak years are increasing. Four species of Microtus voles fluctuated independently of red-backed voles prior to 1998, but their peak years became synchronous thereafter, with the dominant species changing from peak to peak. The deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) fluctuated irregularly, completely disappearing from the catch for 5 years in the ear...

Management and Outcome of 11 Pregnancies in Women with Polycythemia Vera

Background: Unlike to Essential Thrombocythemia, Polycythemia Vera (PV) is rare in women of childbearing age, with only few previous pregnancies reported in literature; a positive outcome of pregnancy has been described in about 2/3 of cases and maternal complications in about 1/4 of delivery.Aims and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed outcome and complications in a series of 11 pregnancies in 7 females with PV. These patients were diagnosed and managed between 2000 and 2017 in 3 Italian Centers. PV diagnosis was perfomed or revised according to WHO 2016 criteria. Different therapeutic approaches have been assessed prior and during each pregnancy.Results: Median age at diagnosis and at conception were 24.3 and 30.1 years, respectively. According to molecular status, all patients presented JAK2V617F mutations. Four patients (57.1%) had two pregnancies. All patients received phlebotomies as required, with a median hematocrit (Ht) level at the time of conception of 45.2% (range: 41.4-46.8). Median values of WBC and PLT at conception were 9.9 x 109/l (range: 6.7-18.3) and 510 x 109/l (250-917). Only one patient presented a history of thrombosis (2 TIA) occurred before first pregnancy. Three (42.8%) females presented cardiovascular risk factors at the time of conception, while a thrombophilic predisposition was documented in 3 patients (42.8%).Among the 11 pregnancies, 8 (72.7%) ended with a full term delivery, while 2 (18.2%) were complicated by a fetal loss in the first trimester and by an Intrauterine growth retardation with preterm delivery. It is worth of note that the fetal loss was reported in the patient with prior arterial thrombosis and concomitant signs of myeloproliferation (mild leukocytosis, Ht level > 45% and PLT level > 900 x 109/l), while the intrauterine growth retardation was reported in a patient with Ht level > 45%, despite the typical hemodiluition of pregnancy. The remaining pregnancy was characterized by maternal complications, consisting of an extra-tubal pregnancy with consequent laparoscopic surgery approach and fetal death. The global live birth rate was 81.8 %.Anti-thrombotic treatment was administered in all but one pregnancy, consisting of low-dose acetil salicylic acid (ASA) already started since PV diagnosis and continued during pregnancy in 6 pregnancies (54.5%), or a combination of ASA and Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) during the second and last trimester of pregnancy and post-partum in the remaining 4 pregnancies (36.3%). Two patients were also treated with interferon-alfa during their pregnancy. One patient was receiving hydroxyurea at the time of conception, which was immediately stopped.Conclusions: Our data indicate that PV patients may develop pregnancy complications in about 1/4 of cases (27.2%), but the risk of fetal loss (18.2%) is lower than recently reported in similar series of PV females. The vast majority of our patients received ASA +/- LMWH during pregnancy and post-partum, suggesting an important role of anti-thrombotic treatment in reducing incidence of fetal complications. The history of prior thrombosis and the signs of myeloproliferation at conception and at delivery seem to be associated to development of fetal complications. Considering the current guidelines for the management of PV, in particular the more aggressive control of Ht (with Ht target < 45%), it is possible that the large application of this approach also in PV pregnancies could further improve the rate of fetal complications. Larger collaborative multicenter studies, in order to better clarify the optimal management of pregnancy in PV, are warranted. DisclosuresBreccia:Pfizer: Honoraria; BMS: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Incyte: Honoraria. Gambacorti-Passerini:Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy.

Sequential processing in the classic oddball task: ERP components, probability, and behavior.

This study compared the ERP components and behavior associated with the auditory equiprobable and classic oddball tasks, to relate the cognitive processing stages in those paradigms and continue the development of the sequential processing schema. Target and nontarget ERP data were acquired from 66 healthy young adults (Mage = 20.1, SD = 2.4years, 14 male) who completed both equiprobable (target p=0.5) and oddball tasks (target p=0.3). Separate temporal PCAs were used to decompose the ERP data in each task and condition, and the similarity of the components identified in each condition was examined between tasks. Probability effects on component amplitudes and behavior were also analyzed to identify task differences in cognitive demands. A highly similar series of components was identified in each task, closely matching the schema: targets elicited N1-3, N1-1, PN, N2c, P3b, SW1, SW2; whereas nontargets elicited N1-3, N1-1, PN, N2b, P3a, SW1, SW2. N1-1 and PN amplitudes increased as stimulus probability decreased, irrespective of the condition. N2b, P3b, SW1, and SW2 amplitudes also varied between tasks, illustrating task-specific demands on those processing stages. These findings complemented the behavioral outcomes, which demonstrated greater accuracy and control in the classic oddball task. Overall, this study demonstrated comparable processing in the auditory equiprobable and classic oddball tasks, extending the generalizability of the schema and enabling further integration of the ERP theory associated with these tasks. This study also clarifies stimulus probability effects on the schema, providing important insight into the functionality of common ERP components.

“Dependence of Mesomorphism in Combination with Fluoro and Chloro Groups”

A novel azoester homologous series with chloro lateral group and a fluoro terminal end group was synthesized and characterized for mesomorphic properties. It consists of thirteen azo ester derivatives from trans-4-n-alkoxy cinnamic acid with 4-hydroxy-3-chloro phenyl azo-3-chloro-4-fluoro benzene. Mesomorphic property commences from C4homologue as smectic.C1 to C3 member of the series are non-mesomorphic. C4 to C18 homologous are enantiotropic smectic A phase. The nematic mesophase is totally absent. Texture and transition temperatures of the homologues are determined by an optical polarizing microscopy equipped with heating stage. 1H NMR, IR spectra, mass spectra, of some member is included. The spectroscopic analysis supports the molecular structure. A phase diagram is used to illustrate the mesomorphic behaviour across the series. Mesophaselength for smectic is varying from18.0°C to 69.00C. Mesomorphic properties of the novel azoester series are compared with structurally similar series.

FURTHER CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTIPLE FOOD PROTEIN INTOLERANCES OF INFANCY, AN ENTITY DISTINCT FROM FPIES

Introduction FPIES is a non-IgE-mediated food allergy presenting in the first year of life with vomiting and diarrhea, up to 80% reacting to more than one food. Among patients who have multiple intolerances are a group that have intolerances to protein hydrolysate-based formulas but do well on elemental formulas. First described in 1995 as “multiple food protein intolerance of infancy” with serious nutritional problems, McWilliams reported a similar case series of twenty-four infants in JACI: In Practice 2016. Case Description Thirteen patients, including two sibling pairs, were followed for multiple non-IgE-mediated food intolerances. Average age of onset was 2.3 months, ten patients developed symptoms by one month. Vomiting was the presenting symptom in 77% (69% with diarrhea, 46% with lethargy), 69% had sleep issues, and 85% had significant mucous in stool. Eight of thirteen had parental complaint of hematochezia. The most common intolerances were rice, squash, banana, and avocado. All patients had intolerances to at least 5 foods (maximum 31), resulting in 62% with suboptimal weight gain. 90% of formula fed patients required an elemental formula. None have had total resolution (69% followed ≥ 2 years old; longest for 8 years). Discussion Patients with multiple food intolerances and symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, and lethargy are often treated as having FPIES. However, our patients have a different presentation, including hematochezia, mucous in stools and behavior changes. These are important to recognize as they follow different patterns of intolerances, require elemental formulas, develop suboptimal growth, and have slower resolution of symptoms.

A fast LSH-based similarity search method for multivariate time series

Due to advances in mobile devices and sensors, there has been an increasing interest in the analysis of multivariate time series. Identifying similar time series is a core subroutine in many data mining and analysis problems. However, existing solutions mainly focus on univariate time series and fail to scale as the number of dimensions increase. Although, dimensionality reduction can reduce the impact of noisy information, the number of dimensions may still be too large. In this paper, an efficient approximation method is proposed based on locality sensitive hashing. It is a two-step solution which firstly retrieves candidate time series and then exploits their hash values to compute distance estimates for pruning. To probabilistically guarantee the result accuracy, an extensive error analysis has been conducted to determine appropriate LSH parameters. In addition, we also apply the proposed method to the PkNN classification and hierarchical clustering workloads. Finally, extensive experiments are conducted using both the real multivariate time series and the high-dimensional representations generated from univariate datasets in different query processing and data analysis workloads. Empirical results have verified the findings from the error analyses and demonstrated their benefits in terms of query efficiency when dealing with a collection of multivariate time series.

The formation and stability of buried polar CO2 deposits on Mars

Shallow Radar soundings of the south polar layered deposits (SPLD) have revealed buried CO2 ice with as many as three distinct layers separated by thinner layers of water ice (Bierson et al., 2016). This layering is suggestive of formation by cyclical processes such as obliquity, eccentricity and advance of perihelion. If obliquity is the main driver, then there were many opportunities for CO2 deposits to have formed within the last 3.5-4 Myr. To persist, however, CO2 deposits must be followed by the deposition of an insulating layer of porous water ice that can seal in the CO2 to survive the obliquity maxima that follow. We suggest that the existing deposits were formed within the last 350 kyr. Each obliquity minimum was quickly followed by a period in which perihelion occurred in the northern summer (southern winter) solstice. Under these conditions, an enhanced deposition of low porosity, fine-grained water ice could occur on the winter pole. A similar series of depositions and burials by water ice could have occurred between 2.75 and 2.2 million years ago, but these deposits were unlikely to have survived the many high obliquity swings that occurred between 2.2 Ma and 400 ka. The formation and burial of CO2 ice could also have occurred in similar fashion earlier during the last ∼ 100 Myr in which the southern polar layered deposits were formed. Although at current times the geothermal flux may be too low to cause basal melting of CO2 deposits, in earlier times, deposits formed in deeper scarps and valleys could have led to basal CO2 melting and sequestration into the regolith. By extension, basal melting and sequestration in the regolith may provide an explanation for the fate of the thick CO2 atmosphere (pCO2 ≳ 0.5 bar) implied by climate models of early Mars.