Similar Letters Research Articles

Penggunaan Media Gambar dalam Mengatasi Kesulitan Membaca Siswa Kelas II di SD Swasta Islam Nursyamsiani Desa Bintang Meriah Kecamatan Batang Kuis

This research is entitled "The Use of Image Media in Overcoming Reading Difficulties for Grade II Students at Nursyamsiani Islamic Private Elementary School, Bintang Meriah Village, Batang Kuis District." The objectives are to: 1) Identify the forms of reading difficulties of grade II students; 2) Knowing the effectiveness of image media in overcoming these difficulties; 3) Identify obstacles in the use of image media; and 4) Reveal teachers' efforts in overcoming these obstacles. This research is qualitative-descriptive, involving the principal and homeroom teacher as subjects. Data collection is carried out through observation, interviews, and data analysis. The results of the study showed: 1) Reading difficulties include recognition of similar letters and difficulty in prociting a combination of letters; 2) Image media helps overcome reading difficulties; 3) Constraints include image size, limited facilities, and funds; 4) Teachers' efforts include providing opportunities to see pictures in turns and re-explain the material. This result is expected to encourage an increase in teachers' creativity in the use of learning media to increase interest and effectiveness in learning.

UPAYA GURU DALAM MENGATASI KESULITAN MEMBACA SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

In facing the challenges students face in reading, teachers need to be proactive in providing guidance to help them overcome obstacles that hinder the learning process. This research aims to explain the reading problems faced by students and the teachers' efforts to solve them in class II of SDN 002 Bagan Besar, Dumai City. The method applied in this research is a qualitative approach. Researchers used various data collection techniques including observation, interviews and document analysis involving research subjects consisting of class II B homeroom teachers and class II B students at SDN 002 Bagan Besar, Dumai City. The research results showed that there were class II B students who experienced difficulties in reading, such as lack of reading fluency, frequent mistakes, difficulty in distinguishing similar letters, and errors in pronouncing words or sound symbols. The efforts taken by teachers to overcome the reading difficulties of class II students at SDN 002 Bagan Besar, Dumai City, have been quite effective. Teachers use interesting and interactive learning methods, such as picture letter books, and strengthen students' self-confidence and motivation through praise. In addition, teachers do not blame students and provide special remedial programs to improve their reading skills

Comparing the register of seventeenth-century Dutch business letters to private letters: formulaic language and French-origin items

Abstract In this article, we examine, quantitatively and qualitatively, Dutch business letters written by merchants, focusing on formulaic phrases and French suffix borrowing. The letters are part of the Prize Papers, the collection of documents confiscated by the English during times of warfare. We compare these business letters to private letters from the same source, and address the question whether the business letters constitute a particular register. The business letters, written by upper and upper-middle ranked male merchants from the seventeenth century, appear to differ from private letters written by people with a similar social profile. Frequent formulae highly characteristic of seventeenth-century private letters occur to a much lesser extent, if at all, in the business letters. Other formulae, some including Romance origin items (Laus deo, saluut, cordiale), occur more frequently in the business letters. The frequency of verbs with the French-origin suffix -eren is found to be higher in the business letters than in the private letters. Functional explanations are presented for these register differences: formulaic language is correlated with writing experience, and the use of French-origin items may be connected to the common vocabulary used in international trading networks. Similarities in phrasing are also revealed in a qualitative analysis of examples of private and business letters by the same writer. This finding demonstrates how similar private and business letters often were, thus challenging the idea of distinct registers.

Enhanced license plate recognition using deep learning and block-based approach

This study investigates the effectiveness of current deep learning techniques in license plate detection and makes essential contributions. Instead of classifying the characters on Turkish license plates with a single classifier, the characters are divided into blocks of numbers and letters using various image processing techniques, and a separate classifier is used for each block. The proposed approach improves character classification accuracy and license plate recognition accuracy. This approach eliminated the possibility of misclassifying similar letters and numbers and improved the character classification accuracy from 95.9% to 99.6%. In addition, a new character feature dataset was created, and a deep learning model was trained on this dataset. Integrating this model into the system increased the classification accuracy to 99.7%. The YOLOv8 object detection model, trained using CUDA technology, achieved a mAP of 98.9%. The overall accuracy of the whole system in license plate recognition reached 97.3%. This study proves the effectiveness of current deep learning methods and the proposed block-based character recognition approach in license plate recognition.

Visual letter similarity effects in Korean word recognition: The role of distinctive strokes.

While the impact of visual letter similarity on word recognition in the Latin script has been extensively documented using masked priming techniques, research into non-Latin scripts such as Hangul remains limited. Hangul letters are systematically formed by adding one or two strokes to the base form, creating a pool of visually similar letters in the inventory. This study investigated the role of added distinctive strokes in word recognition by employing two experimental tasks: a lexical decision task (Experiment 1) and a same-different word matching task (Experiment 2). The results of Experiment 1 revealed a visual similarity effect only for primes without distinctive strokes, indicating an asymmetry in the priming effects. Conversely, Experiment 2 showed that visually similar primes facilitated target word processing regardless of the presence of the distinctive stroke, indicating no asymmetric priming effect. These findings suggest initial uncertainty of letter identity during Korean word processing and the processing of distinctive strokes in differentiating visually similar words.

Parafoveal letter identification in Russian: Confusion matrices based on error rates.

In the present study, we introduce parafoveal letter confusion matrices for the Russian language, which uses the Cyrillic script. To ensure that our confusion rates reflect parafoveal processing and no other effects, we employed an adapted boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) that prevented the participants from directly fixating the letter stimuli. Additionally, we assessed confusability under isolated and word-like (crowded) conditions using two modern fonts, since previous research showed that letter recognition depended on crowding and font (Coates, 2015; Pelli et al., 2006). Our additional goal was to gain insight into what letter features or configurational patterns might be essential for letter recognition in Russian; thus, we conducted exploratory clustering analysis on visual confusion scores to identify groups of similar letters. To support this analysis, we conducted a comprehensive review of over 20 studies that proposed crucial properties of Latin letters relevant to character perception. The summary of this review is valuable not only for our current study but also for future research in the field.

Dissociating the Effects of Visual Similarity for Brand Names and Common Words.

Abstractionist models of visual word recognition can easily accommodate the absence of visual similarity effects in misspelled common words (e.g., viotin vs. viocin) during lexical decision tasks. However, these models fail to account for the sizable effects of visual similarity observed in misspelled brand names (e.g., anazon produces longer responses and more errors than atazon). Importantly, this dissociation has only been reported in separate experiments. Thus, a crucial experiment is necessary to simultaneously examine the role of visual similarity with misspelled common words and brand names. In the current experiment, participants performed a lexical decision task using both brand names and common words. Nonword foils were created by replacing visually similar letters (e.g., anazon [baseword: amazon], anarilllo [amarillo, yellow]) or visually dissimilar letters (e.g., atazon, atarillo). Results showed sizeable visual letter similarity effects for misspelled brand names in response times and percent error. Critically, these effects were absent for misspelled common words. The pervasiveness of visual similarity effects for misspelled brand names, even in the presence of common words, challenges purely abstractionist accounts of visual word recognition. Instead, these findings support instance-based and weakly abstractionist theories, suggesting that episodic traces in the mental lexicon may retain perceptual information, particularly when words are repeatedly presented in a similar format.

Official Correspondence: New Challenges of Nowadays and Application Requirements

The aim of the article is to find out the specifics of modern official correspondence in Ukraine through the prism of modern challenges, new requirements and standards. Research methods ground on the general scientific studying of the problem. In the course of processing the professional literature of this scientific article, the review and analytical method is applied, as well as with the help of comparative analysis, a congruous research of the syntactic content of phrases in English and Ukrainian business letters is conducted. The use of the induction method makes it possible to make necessary generalisations and conclusions. The scientific study is built on the principles of objectivity and integrity. The scientific novelty consists in determining the main communicative requirements, linguistic and structural peculiarities of modern official letters. Main conclusions. Under the influence of recent events in Ukraine, official correspondence has acquired new features due to the changes in conditions and forms of communication, in particular, it is characterised by manifestations of empathy, openness and frankness, taking into account the fact that it is not always possible to adhere to working hours by maximum clarity of the formulated tasks. At the same time, the existing standards, and the legislative and regulatory framework regarding the design of official letters are being improved. Communications are moving to a remote plane, and electronic documentation is gaining advantages. Along with Ukrainian, English is becoming more and more functional for use. A comparative analysis of the language content of business letter phrases written in these languages shows that the structure of official letters remains unchanged regardless of the country to which they are sent, which makes it possible to create a conventional template of a letter to English-speaking partners and use it. Such typification of texts is suitable for further usage, provides an opportunity to significantly save time for writing similar letters in future. However, the role and advantage of the Ukrainian language functioning within Ukraine remains indisputable.

Visual similarity effects in the identification of Arabic letters: evidence with masked priming

Abstract Research using masked priming and parafoveal preview techniques has shown that visual letter similarity has an impact on word processing during the initial stages in Latin-derived scripts. However, these effects appear to be absent in Arabic. One reason for this discrepancy could be attributed to the distinctive features of the Arabic script, which includes numerous letters sharing a basic form while varying in the location or number of diacritics. To shed light on this issue, the present study employed Arabic letters rather than words in two masked priming experiments: an alphabetic decision task and a letter-matching task. Both experiments showed that visually similar letters were more effective as primes than visually dissimilar letters. These findings suggest that the processes of letter identification in Arabic and Latin scripts may be roughly alike, implying that differences in visual letter similarity across scripts may arise at later stages of processing.

FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL IDEAS OLDER PRESCHOOL CHILDREN WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

This article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of the problem of the development of mathematical concepts of older preschoolers with intellectual disabilities. The peculiarities of thinking as a cognitive process of the individual are analyzed. The basis of the thinking process is always analysis and synthesis. Analysis is a necessary condition for the scientific interpretation of facts. It requires completeness, depth and accuracy. This is the first stage of studying any phenomenon. Synthesis, as a thinking process, can occur at different levels in human activity, starting from a simple mechanical connection of parts of a whole to the creation of a scientific theory based on the generalization of individual facts and research materials. It can be carried out both on the basis of perception and on the basis of memories and ideas. Although opposite in nature, the operations of analysis and synthesis are actually closely related.
 The psychological features of older preschool children are analyzed. During this period of development, the child’s cognitive sphere is significantly enriched and developed; perception becomes more conscious and purposeful; voluntary and involuntary attention, the ability to analyze and the ability to reproduce what was previously learned develop; there is a transition from visual-active to visual-figurative thinking; verbal and logical thinking begins to develop; generalized ways of thinking are formed: comparison, search for similarities, differences, classification, analysis, combination; the grammatical structure of the native language is mastered.
 The psychological characteristics of mathematical representations of children with intellectual disabilities are provided. Such children in older preschool age have no desire to engage in intellectual games, there is an increased interest in mobile, non-targeted games. The pace of perception is slowed down, the volume is narrow. They can hardly distinguish the main or general thing in the picture, in the text, grasping only individual parts and not understanding the internal connection between the parts, they often confuse graphically similar letters, numbers, objects. All mental operations (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, abstraction) are not sufficiently formed. A distinctive feature of thinking is uncriticalness, the inability to independently evaluate one’s work.
 The methodological foundations of the empirical study of the development of mathematical concepts of older preschoolers with intellectual disabilities are substantiated. The obtained indicators of the formation of mathematical representations of older preschoolers with intellectual disabilities are experimentally analyzed; specifics of combinatorial and conceptual thinking of children with intellectual disabilities; indicators of the development of thinking operations of children of older preschool age.

Initial Reading Difficulties in Second-Grade Elementary School Students

Beginning reading is an ability that students must master in elementary school. In the implementation process, students who still have difficulty in beginning reading are sometimes found. These difficulties become an obstacle in the student's learning process because success in mastering reading skills at the initial reading stage will impact the development of subsequent reading skills. This research aims to analyze the types of initial reading difficulties in students, the factors that influence initial reading difficulties in students, and the efforts made by teachers to overcome initial reading difficulties in second-grade elementary school students. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. Data collection techniques are done through interviews, observation, tests, and documentation. The study results showed that three second-grade students had difficulty reading initially. In research, it is known that the types of initial reading difficulties in students are: (a) not fluent in reading, (b) many errors in reading, (c) difficulty distinguishing similar letters, (d) inability to understand symbols sounds. Factors that influence students' initial reading difficulties are physiological, intellectual, environmental, and psychological factors. Efforts made by teachers to overcome students' initial reading difficulties are: (a) giving assignments to students, (b) providing additional hours after school, (c) preparing reading learning media such as alphabet letter posters, letter cards, and books that support students' initial reading ability, (d) teaching using the alphabet method.

Kegiatan literasi untuk anak-anak di Dusun Brengosan Donoharjo Ngaglik Sleman Yogyakarta

Purpose − This activity aims to help elementary school-age children in Dusun Brengosan Donoharjo Sleman Yogyakarta who have problems with reading. For some children, online learning and periodic assignments made by the school are difficult to follow. The impact of this learning is that there are some children who do not master early reading and comprehension of reading content.
 Method − The method of this service activity is tutorial. Participants consisted of 7 children consisting of 2 children in grade 1 SD, 1 child in grade 3, 3 children in grade 4, and 1 child in grade 5. This activity is carried out every Sunday for 2 consecutive weeks . The first week is an assessment of all children's reading abilities (5-6 December 2021). Second week (December 12-13 2021), reading skill tutorial activities.
 Findings − The result of this activity is the increasing ability of 1st and 5th graders to distinguish similar letters. For grades 3 and 4, they understand the core concepts of the reading and can retell it in their own language. Children participating in literacy activities also showed high motivation in participating in activities from start to finish in all sessions. Parents and children expressed that they wanted this activity to continue. This activity is a supporting activity for the village program in the form of village literacy which is funded by a combination of funding sources from Tamanssiwa's Bachelor of Science University and Mitra Kas.

Detecting generative artificial intelligence in scientific articles: Evasion techniques and implications for scientific integrity

BackgroundArtificial intelligence (AI) tools, although beneficial for data collection and analysis, can also facilitate scientific fraud. AI detectors can help resolve this problem, but their effectiveness depends on their ability to track AI progress. In addition, many methods of evading AI detection exist and their constantly evolving sophistication can make the task more difficult. Thus, from an AI-generated text, we wanted to: (1) evaluate the AI detection sites on a text generated entirely by the AI, (2) test the methods described for evading AI detection, and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of these methods to evade AI detection on the sites tested previously. HypothesisNot all AI detection tools are equally effective in detecting AI-generated text and some techniques used to evade AI detection can make an AI-produced text almost undetectable. Materials and methodsWe created a text with ChatGPT-4 (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) and submitted it to 11 AI detection web tools (Originality, ZeroGPT, Writer, Copyleaks, Crossplag, GPTZero, Sapling, Content at scale, Corrector, Writefull et Quill), before and after applying strategies to minimise AI detection. The strategies used to minimize AI detection were the improvement of command messages in ChatPGT, the introduction of minor grammatical errors such as comma deletion, paraphrasing, and the substitution of Latin letters with similar Cyrillic letters (a and o) which is also a method used elsewhere to evade the detection of plagiarism. We have also tested the effectiveness of these tools in correctly identifying a scientific text written by a human in 1960. ResultsFrom the initial text generated by the AI, 7 of the 11 detectors concluded that the text was mainly written by humans. Subsequently, the introduction of simple modifications, such as the removal of commas or paraphrasing can effectively reduce AI detection and make the text appear human for all detectors. In addition, replacing certain Latin letters with Cyrillic letters can make an AI text completely undetectable. Finally, we observe that in a paradoxical way, certain sites detect a significant proportion of AI in a text written by a human in 1960. DiscussionAI detectors have low efficiency, and simple modifications can allow even the most robust detectors to be easily bypassed. The rapid development of generative AI raises questions about the future of scientific writing but also about the detection of scientific fraud, such as data fabrication. Level of evidenceIII Control case study.

Analisis Kesulitan Membaca Permulaan Pada Siswa Dasar Kota Bekasi

This research was motivated by the learning difficulties experienced by class IA students at SDN Teluk Pucung VI Kota Bekasi in the initial reading material. This study is aimed to determine the ability of students for beginning reading and the types of difficulties faced by students in beginning reading. The method used in this research is a qualitative research with a case study approach. The data collection techniques used are field observation, indept interviews, and documentation. The model analysis and interpretation of data using interactive model proposed by Miles and Hubermen, namely: data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that 6 students were able to read the beginning but still had difficulty, and 1 student could not read the beginning. The types of difficulties experienced by students include (1) difficulty distinguishing similar letters, (3) not being able to understand sound symbols, (3) having a deficiency in visual memory, (4) having a lot of reading errors, and (5) not being able to read fluent reading. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the students of class SDN Teluk Pucung VI Kota Bekasi still have difficulty reading the beginning. Collaboration between teacher and parents are needed for the sake of the students in the future time

Analysis of Early Reading Difficulties for Elementary School Students

This study aims to identify and define the beginning reading teaching and learning process. Some factors contributed to students’ first reading challenges and the teacher's strategies for overcoming those issues in grade II SDN 10 Koto Balingka. Eleven children with reading difficulties were identified as part of the study data gathered during the initial observation of the teaching and learning process in the classroom. In the 2023–2024 school year, it was known that several children had trouble starting to read in the second grade of SDN 10 Koto Balingka. This paper utilized a case study methodology and a qualitative technique with a descriptive qualitative design. Interview results served as the study's primary data sources, and secondary data came from research materials like books, notes, school-related information, learning reports, and documentation—specifically, photographs and audio recordings—related to students' understanding exercises. Perceptions, meetings, and documentation are used in the information-gathering processes. The instruments utilized in this study were guidelines for documentation, observation, and interviews. Data reduction, presentation, and conclusion were made in the data analysis step. The findings from this study show 1) The teacher's initial reading learning process emphasizes conjunctions in the form of simple sentences, using spelling and syllable methods. 2) Difficulty factors that hinder students from beginning reading in second grade consist of internal and external factors. Internal factors include students' physical intelligence, interest, and motivation. External factors include family factors and school factors. 3) Provide additional time for students who still have difficulty reading, teach them to read again by learning to read at home, pay more attention to students who still have difficulty reading at first, teach using various methods, and prepare interesting learning materials. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that in the teaching and learning process, there are students' difficulties in beginning reading, including (1) Difficulty in pronouncing consonants; (2) It is difficulty reading digraph letters; (3) It is difficult to distinguish similar letters; (4) Eliminating letters when we read words; (5) Difficulty in reading affixed words; (6) Not using punctuation marks; (7) reading haltingly so that there are many errors in reading; and (8) difficulty in understanding the contents of the reading. Difficulty factors that hinder students in beginning reading in grade II at SDN 10 Koto Balingka consist of students' internal and external factors. Internal factors include (1) Physical factors from students; (2) intelligence factors; (3) Interests; and (4) student motivation. External factors from students include (1) family factors and (2) school factors. The solutions given to overcome the difficulties of class II students at SDN 10 Koto Balingka in the beginning reading are: (1) Providing additional time for students who still have difficulty reading at first; (2) Teaching them to read again by learning to read at home; (3) The teacher pays more attention to students who still have difficulty reading at first; (4) Teaching using various methods; and (5) Preparing interesting learning material.

Al Qa??idu assyah?ratu Li Tarqiyati Mah?rat al Istim?’: Dir?sah Tajr?biyyah Qabliyyah bi Ma’hadi T?jil ‘Alawiyy?n

The students’ drawbacks in listening skill, at the Ma’had Tajul Alawiyyin, has become a problem that must be solved, as it is a fundamental and significant skill in learning the Arabic language. This study aims to find out whether the implementation of al qasaid as syahirah in the book Maslak Al-Nabil can improve the listening skill or not at the Tajul Alawiyyin islamic boarding school. This research is important as it is that one of the method that can be used to overcome the students’ weaknesses in identifying the difference between the sounds of the audible letters, the sounds of similar letters, and understanding Arabic vocabulary] As for the research methods, it used the quantitative research method which focuses in finding out the effectiveness of teaching listening skill through the famous al qasaid as syahirah. The data was analyzed by using (t-Test). After the treatment, the researchers concluded that the use of al qasaid as syahirah is effective to improve students’ listening skill from the results obtained within the experimental group in the pre- and post-test which suggested that the mean score is significantly different with the control class. Therefore, the implementation of al qasaid as syahirah gives a significant effect for teaching and learning process of the Arabic listening skill.

Identify the Writing Ability of 5-6 Years Old

<em>This descriptive quantitative research is intended to observe the stimulation used and identify writing skills in children aged (5-6) years, then analyze according to the stages of writing development in children in PAUD Mentari Jaya, OKU Regency. With a total sample of 9 children. Data was collected through observation, interview and documentation techniques. Referring to previous research, data collection in this study used more complex instruments. The results showed that the children's writing ability was at a very well-developed stage, indicated by a score of 3.8 for holding a tripod grasp writing instrument. The ability to copy the cross marks a score of 3.7. The ability to copy triangular shapes gets a score of 3.6. A score of 3.3 for the ability to recognize between large and small curve lines. The ability to make scribbles such as shapes, marks, and directed lines gets a score of 3.4. A score of 3.3 for being able to write letters randomly to form a word. A score of 3.3 for the ability to distinguish similar letters. A score of 3.8 for the ability to trace simple writing. A score of 3.7 on the ability to copy simple text. And a 3.4 in the ability to write his name correctly. It was concluded that the writing ability based on the average score of each child and based on the ability of each indicator varied. Some indicators have developed well, and some still need further stimulation.</em>

ANALISIS KESULITAN MEMBACA PERMULAAN PADA SISWA KELAS II DI SEKOLAH DASAR

Reading is one aspect of language skills that students must have. Reading at the beginning level is an activity to learn to recognize written language and students are required to voice the symbols of language sounds. The purpose of this study was to analyze the form of difficulty and factors causing the difficulty of learning to read grade 2 elementary school students in Tasikmalaya Regency. The research method used is qualitative descriptive, data collection is carried out through student reading tests which are confirmed by observation and interview process. The sample in this study was 2 male students and 1 female student who had been given a reading test. The results of this study state that the form of difficulty and the factors causing the difficulty of learning to read each student are different. Based on the test results that students followed, the forms of reading learning difficulties experienced were: difficulty recognizing letters, distinguishing similar letter shapes, combining letters into words, and wrong pronunciation by replacing letters. The factors causing students' difficulty learning to read are divided into two factors, namely internal factors.

EFFORTS TO COLLECT TAX WITH A PRIVATE LETTER IN INCREASING TAX REVENUE

One source of state revenue that plays a very important role in increasing national development and aims to increase the prosperity and welfare of citizens is tax. Forced Letter (SP) is an order to pay tax debt and tax collection fees. A forced letter is issued if the tax bearer does not pay off the tax debt and a letter of reprimand or warning letter or other similar letter has been issued to him. This study aims to determine the efforts to collect taxes with forced letters in increasing tax revenues at KPP Pratama Pekalongan and to find out how effective tax collection by forced letters is in increasing tax revenues at KPP Pratama Pekalongan. This study uses a normative juridical approach, uses descriptive qualitative research specifications, and uses data collection techniques with primary and secondary data types.The results showed that efforts to collect taxes with forced letters in increasing tax revenue at KPP Pratama Pekalongan were carried out according to procedures, in the implementation of Tax Debt Collection with Forced Letters against Tax Underwriters at the Pekalongan Primary Tax Service Office encountered several obstacles, including because the tax bearer changed -change and not updated by the taxpayer and the tax collection department is less assertive in dealing with it taxpayers who do not want to pay on time. The effectiveness of tax collection by forced letter, based on tax collection by forced letter in 2020 tax revenue was 52,822,510,688, but the disbursement of tax arrears obtained was only 3,075,931,087 (6% contribution), while in 2021 tax revenue was 35,986,957,621 , but the disbursement of tax arrears amounted to 6,100,666,734 (17% contribution).

Abstract P4-07-34: CO2 laser, radiofrequency, and promestriene in treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause in breast cancer survivors. Clinical and histological aspects of a randomized control trial

Abstract Background: 74% of women have urogenital symptoms classified as Genito-urinary Syndrome of menopause (GSM) during breast cancer treatment. Promestriene is effective and safe in the treatment of GSM. However, some women and oncologists are not comfortable with long-term use. Therefore, new options for and alleviating GSM have been considered, such as microablative fractional CO2 laser (CO2L) and microablative fractional radiofrequency (RF). Objective: To compare the effect of promestriene, CO2L, and RF treatments of GSM in women with breast cancer in the use of antiestrogens therapy, concerning clinical and histological findings of vulvar vestibule. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a Multi-arm randomized controlled trial (NCT04081805). Were eligible for the study 100 women with breast cancer using adjuvant endocrine therapy referring moderate to severe symptoms of GSM (itching, dyspareunia, fissures, thinning of vaginal rugae, and tropism reduction). After providing written informed consent, they were evaluated according to pre and post-treatmentpost-treatment protocol by filling the VAS of GSM and by clinical evaluation including a standardized gynecological exam with vestibular biopsy. Women were then randomized to either CO2L, RF or promestriene groups. The CO2L and RF groups received 3 consecutive monthly outpatient vulvovaginal energy applications. The CT was oriented for domiciliary use of promestriene, 1g/d for 21 days and, subsequently, twi4 month seek for 4 months. The follow-up visit was performed 120 days after interventions and also included an evaluation of global patient impression of improvement (5 points Likert scale). Results: 94 women were randomized as follows: 32 in the CO2L group, 32 in the RF and 30 in the promestriene. 70 patients concluded the treatment and had adequate pre and post-treatment material to analyze, 23 CO2L, 21 RF and 26 promestriene. Pre-treatment demographic and clinical data are presented on table 1. The evolution of GSM according to each treatment is demonstrated on table 2. Was also reported a high satisfaction after the treatment protocol in all groups evaluated by Likert Scale:CO2L 4,783 (0,518), RF 4,150 (0,813), CT 4,280 (1.13), p=0,055. The histological parameters were presented on table 3. Histological atrophy was surprisingly identified in only 4 women (5.7%), pre-treatment. No injuries to the histological structure of the vulvar vestibule or relevant clinical adverse events were identified post-treatments. Conclusion: CO2L, RF, and promestriene provided significant and similar improvement of GSM in women with breast cancer using anti-estrogens. The use of energies did not cause structural tissue damage or relevant clinical complications. Table 1. Clinical and demographic parameters before treatment Mean (standard deviation); BMI body mass index, Tukey test: Similar letters (a, b) mean similar results. Chi-Square Table 2. Evolution of GSM (VAS) after treatment with CO2L, RF, and promestriene Mixed ANOVA. VAS - Visual Analog Scale of GSM Symptoms, values expressed in mean (SD) Table 3. Histological parameters according groups and pre and post-treatment Citation Format: Angela Flavia L. Waitzberg, Andreia Fabiana V. Franco, Ana Maria Bianchi-Ferraro, Roberto Marcela, Gabriela Cantarelli, Chayane Dedonatto, Marisa Patriarca, Rita Dardes, Neila Speck, Zsuzsanna Jarmy-di Bella, Marair Sartotti, Joaquim Almeida. CO2 laser, radiofrequency, and promestriene in treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause in breast cancer survivors. Clinical and histological aspects of a randomized control trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-07-34.