Silymarin Content Research Articles

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN MILK THISTLE SEED VARIETIES IN SULAIMANI, IRAQ

This study was conducted using two different varieties of milk thistle, var. marianum, and var. albiflorum. The plant samples were collected from the Sulaimani region to determine silymarin content, bioactive constituents, and antioxidant activity. HPLC analysis showed that var. marianum contains a high amount of silymarin (365.680±3.815 mg/g). Silybin B, Silychristin A, and Silybin A were the major flavonolignans in these varieties—the var. marianum contains silybins B, silychristin A, and silybin A (174.880±6.495, 86.720±2.113, and 54.960±2.483 mg/g) respectively. The hexane extract analysis of milk thistle seeds of the marianum and albiflorum varieties identified 26 (95.229±1.318) and 19 (94.547±6.541) phytochemical compounds, respectively. Both varieties contain a higher amount of oleic acid, which was found to be 14.800±0.481 and 31.940±0.726 in both varieties, respectively. This study evaluates the scavenging effect of milk thistle plants using a DPPH assay. The result indicated that the var. marianum had a maximum scavenging effect of 72.944% compared to the var. albiflorum, (61.846%). The stronger IC50 was obtained by var. marianum with 17.027±0.064 µg/mL.

Use of Directed Lactic Fermentation to Obtain Plant-Based, Upcycled Beverage from Milk Thistle Endosperm

This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of using milk thistle endosperm (MTE) extract with a protein content of >2 g/100 mL to obtain a fermented product, an alternative to milk beverages. Directed lactic fermentation with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus was carried out. The course of the process was monitored. The changes in pH, the saturation of the medium with dissolved oxygen, and temperature were measured. The values of the main nutritional parameters, silymarin content, amino acid profile/content, and the PDCAAS value (Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score) were determined in the extract before and after fermentation. The lactic acid fermentation of the MTE extract took place in four phases, with the activity of L. rhamnosus being the most intense between 4 and 8 h into the process. As a result of fermentation, there were changes in the total amino acid content in the tested medium, suggesting the catabolism of aspartic acid, arginine, proline, and isoleucine via LAB took place. Particularly significant was the increase in the content of lysine and valine (4.95 and 4.68 g/100 g of total AA, respectively), which are the limiting amino acids in MTE. Although MTE contained approximately 1% silymarin, no presence of this flavonolignan complex was found in the extracts.

Physiological and biochemical characteristics of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn) as affected by some plant growth regulators.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn) is a globally and widely used medicinal plant that contains silymarin. This plant has antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular-protective, and neuroprotective effects. Plant quality, yield, and phytochemicals, especially silymarin content, change under various conditions like drought stress. Therefore, this research studied plant growth regulators (PGRs) like salicylic acid, spermidine, and brassinosteroid to increase plant tolerance to drought stress. Experimental treatments include different levels of irrigation (25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% field capacity), and foliar spraying including salicylic acid (75 and 150 mg/L), spermine (70 and 140 mg/L), and brassinosteroid (1 and 1.2 μM), separately, and water as a control and a secondary factor. The results revealed that the highest amount of leaf phenolic compounds was observed in the highest drought stress level (25%) and 75 mg/L salicylic acid application. Furthermore, brassinosteroid at different concentrations and salicylic acid (75 mg/L) increased leaf flavonoid content compared to other treatments. In 50% field capacity, foliar application of salicylic acid (150 mg/L) significantly increased seed yield by approximately 75% compared to control under the same stress level. Brassinosteroid application (1 μM) under 75% field capacity significantly increased the seed's taxifolin amount by 159%. Additionally, salicylic acid noticeably increased the silychristin concentration. The concentration of silydianin in the seed has also been increased under drought stress and foliar spraying with PGRs. Compared to the control, using spermidine below 75% field capacity caused an increase in its concentrations by over seven times. The highest silybin A amount was obtained in 50% field capacity and foliar150 mg/L salicylic acid. Taxifolin, silychristin, silydianin, silybinin B, iso-silybinin A, and iso-silybinin B compounds were identified in the seed extract. Generally, foliar spraying using plant growth regulators increased the number of silymarin compounds under drought stress conditions and field cultivation conditions.

RETRACTION: Biochemical profile of milk thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) with special reference to silymarin content.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1990.].

Agricultural phenotype and silymarin content variations of cultivated milk thistle in Korea

Agricultural phenotype and silymarin content variations of cultivated milk thistle in Korea

Metabolic profiling of milk thistle different organs using UPLC-TQD-MS/MS coupled to multivariate analysis in relation to their selective antiviral potential

IntroductionSilybum marianum commonly known as milk thistle is one of the most imperative medicinal plants due to its remarkable pharmacological activities. Lately, the antiviral activities of S. marianum extract have been studied and it showed effectiveness against many viruses.ObjectiveAlthough most previous studies were concerned mainly with silymarin content of the fruit, the present study provides comprehensive comparative evaluation of S. marianum different organs’ chemical profiles using UPLC-MS/MS coupled to chemometrics to unravel potentially selective antiviral compounds against human coronavirus (HCoV-229E).MethodologyUPLC-ESI-TQD-MS/MS analysis was utilized to establish metabolic fingerprints for S. marianum organs namely fruits, roots, stems and seeds. Multivariate analysis, using OPLS-DA and HCA-heat map was applied to explore the main discriminatory phytoconstituents between organs. Selective virucidal activity of organs extracts against coronavirus (HCoV-229E) was evaluated for the first time using cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay. Correlation coefficient analysis was implemented for detection of potential constituents having virucidal activity.ResultsUPLC-MS/MS analysis resulted in 87 identified metabolites belonging to different classes. OPLS-DA revealed in-between class discrimination between milk thistle organs proving their significantly different metabolic profiles. The results of CPE assay showed that all tested organ samples exhibited dose dependent inhibitory activity in nanomolar range. Correlation analysis disclosed that caffeic acid-O-hexoside, gadoleic and linolenic acids were the most potentially selective antiviral phytoconstituents.ConclusionThis study valorizes the importance of different S. marianum organs as wealthy sources of selective and effective antiviral candidates. This approach can be extended to unravel potentially active constituents from complex plant matrices.

The effects of silymarin consumption on inflammation and oxidative stress in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Owing to the rich phytochemical content of Silymarin, it may effectively manage inflammation and oxidative stress. We, therefore, aimed to examine the existing evidence on the effect of Silymarin consumption on inflammation and oxidative stress factors by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. A systematic literature search up to September 2023 was completed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science, to identify eligible RCTs. Heterogeneity tests of the selected trials were performed using the I2 statistic. Random effects models were assessed based on the heterogeneity tests, and pooled data were determined as weighted mean differences with a 95% confidence interval. Fifteen RCTs were included in this meta-analysis. Our findings showed that Silymarin consumption significantly decreased CRP (WMD, - 0.50mg/L; 95% CI, (- 0.95 to - 0.04); p = 0.03), MDA (WMD, - 1.19nmol/mL; 95% CI, (- 1.99 to - 0.38); p = 0.004), and IL-6 (WMD, - 0.44pg/ml; 95% CI, (- 0.75 to - 0.12); p = 0.006). Silymarin consumption had no significant effects on IL-10, TAC, and GSH. A significant non-linear relationship was observed between the duration of the intervention and MDA changes. Silymarin can help reduce inflammation in patients with diabetes and thalassemia by reducing MDA as an oxidative stress marker and CRP and IL-6 as inflammatory markers.

Milk thistle extracts could enhance the UV-protection efficiency and stability of mineral filters in sunscreen formulations

This paper was aimed to determine the total silymarin content, total antioxidant capacity, free radical scavenging activity of methanolic extracts obtained by ultrasonic assisted extraction of defatted milk thistle fruits, as well as to evaluate the sunscreen activity of the cream formulation containing milk thistle extract (MTE) using in vitro SPF method. Antibacterial and antibiofilm effect of extract was also evaluated. Moreover, the probable mode of action for the antioxidant activity of the extract detected via the in vitro assay was explored through molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The total amount of silymarin in MTE was determined spectrophotometrically as silibinin equivalent. While the total antioxidant capacity of MTE and cream containing MTE was determined by the copper ions (Cu2+) reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method, the radical scavenging capacity was determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) method. Total tocopherol content was determined spectrophotometrically. In the present study, the amount of silymarin in the MTE was determined as 330.19 ± 1.95 mg silibinin equivalent/g-extract. The CUPRAC and DPPH values of MTE were calculated to be 2.49 ± 0.03, 0.675 ± 0.0006 mmol TE/g-extract, respectively, while the CUPRAC and DPPH values of the cream containing MTE were 0.327 ± 0.003, 0.156 ± 0.0006 mmol TE/g-cream, respectively. The total tocopherol content of the oils of milk thistle fruits was found to be 383.43 mg/kg oil. According to microbial tests results the MIC values of S. aureus and E. coli was detected 0.15625 and 0.3125, respectively. And inhibition rate of extract on biofilm formation on P. aeruginosa PAO1 was found 33 % rate. The molecular docking study demonstrated that the major constituent, silibinin, had a high potential of binding to the human peroxiredoxin 5. On the other hand, the MD simulation of the enzyme-silibinin complex revealed that the compound could be unstable in the binding region of the enzyme. The addition of MTE, which has antioxidant properties, to creams improved its effectiveness on sun protection and contributed to obtaining high SPF values. At the end of day 28 under accelerated test conditions, the combination of ZnO and MTE exhibited greater ability for sun protection compared to the cream containing ZnO as a sun filter agent. Additionally, milk thistle extracts is an ideal filter agent as an ingredient in sunscreens.

Deep learning-based elaiosome detection in milk thistle seed for efficient high-throughput phenotyping.

Milk thistle, Silybum marianum (L.), is a well-known medicinal plant used for the treatment of liver diseases due to its high content of silymarin. The seeds contain elaiosome, a fleshy structure attached to the seeds, which is believed to be a rich source of many metabolites including silymarin. Segmentation of elaiosomes using only image analysis is difficult, and this makes it impossible to quantify the elaiosome phenotypes. This study proposes a new approach for semi-automated detection and segmentation of elaiosomes in milk thistle seed using the Detectron2 deep learning algorithm. One hundred manually labeled images were used to train the initial elaiosome detection model. This model was used to predict elaiosome from new datasets, and the precise predictions were manually selected and used as new labeled images for retraining the model. Such semi-automatic image labeling, i.e., using the prediction results of the previous stage for retraining the model, allowed the production of sufficient labeled data for retraining. Finally, a total of 6,000 labeled images were used to train Detectron2 for elaiosome detection and attained a promising result. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of Detectron2 in detecting milk thistle seed elaiosomes with an accuracy of 99.9%. The proposed method automatically detects and segments elaiosome from the milk thistle seed. The predicted mask images of elaiosome were used to analyze its area as one of the seed phenotypic traits along with other seed morphological traits by image-based high-throughput phenotyping in ImageJ. Enabling high-throughput phenotyping of elaiosome and other seed morphological traits will be useful for breeding milk thistle cultivars with desirable traits.

Methanol Extracts from Cirsium japonicum DC. var. australe Kitam. and Their Active Components Reduce Intracellular Oxidative Stress in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Cirsium japonicum DC. var. australe Kitam. has been used as an herbal remedy and often involves using the whole plant or roots. However, the bioactivities of different parts of the plant have been far less explored. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidative ability of methanol extracts from the flowers, leaves, stems, and roots of the Cirsium plant and their possible active components against juglone-induced oxidative stress in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The results showed that the highest dry weight (12.3 g per plant) was observed in leaves, which was followed by stems (8.0 g). The methanol extract yields from the flowers, leaves, and roots were all similar (13.0-13.8%), while the yield from stems was the lowest (8.6%). The analysis of the silymarin contents in the extracts indicated that the flowers, leaves, stems, and roots contained silychristin and taxifolin; however, silydianin was only found in the leaves, stems, and roots. The flower, leaf, and stem extracts, at a concentration of 10 mg/L, significantly reduced juglone-induced oxidative stress in C. elegans, which was potentially due to the presence of silychristin and taxifolin. Overall, C. japonicum DC. var. australe Kitam. contains a significant amount of silymarin and exhibits in vivo antioxidative activity, suggesting that the prospects for the plant in terms of health supplements or as a source of silymarin are promising.

Antioxidant Profile of Origanum dictamnus L. Exhibits Antiaging Properties against UVA Irradiation

Skin aging mainly occurs due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Extrinsic aging is a consequence of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Meanwhile, natural products exhibit protective properties against skin aging as well as photoaging. In this context, the research on natural anti-aging agents is greatly advanced, and in recent years, numerous plant-based products have been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant profile of Origanum dictamnus L. extract as well as its antiaging effects on 2D cultures of fibroblasts and keratinocytes under UVA irradiation to unravel the potential role of Origanum dictamnus L. in cosmetology. In an attempt to explore the antioxidant profile of the extract, we employed well-established enzymatic assays (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, and TPC) and a phytochemical screening by LC/MS. According to our findings, the Origanum dictamnus L. extract possesses high scavenging activity (DPPH, ABTS), high phenolic content (TPC), and high Fe(III)-reduction activity (FRAP). Moreover, the LC/MS analysis revealed that the extract was rich in flavonoids, holding a high content of curcumin, kampferol, silymarin, cyanidin-3-glucoside, deosmin, rutin, and quercetin. To gain insight into the bioactivity of Origanum dictamnus L. extract in cell aging, the expression of various genes that are implicated in the skin aging process in keratinocytes and fibroblasts was studied. The gene expression analysis revealed that the extract increases cell proliferation in the cells exposed to UVA irradiation and concomitantly modulates the expression of genes related to the aging process in keratinocytes (KLK7, OCLN, GBA1) and fibroblasts (SIRT2, FOXO3, COL3A1) under the same conditions.

Bioactive Substances and Microbiological Quality of Milk Thistle Fruits from Organic and Conventional Farming

The agricultural policy of the European Union is currently focused on increasing the area of organic farming. Medicinal plants, including milk thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.), are particularly suitable for this type of cultivation. The aim of this study was to compare milk thistle fruits from organic and conventional farming in terms of the content of silymarin and individual flavonolignans, oil content, microbiological purity, as well as antimicrobial activity of the silymarin extract, mainly in relation to microorganisms responsible for skin infections. The raw material of Silybi mariani fructus obtained from organic farming did not differ in terms of silymarin and oil content compared to the raw material from conventional cultivation. However, it differed in the composition of silymarin and the level of microbiological contamination. Raw material from organic farming was mostly characterized by a higher proportion of the sum of silydianin and silychristin in the silymarin complex than the sum of silybinin A and silybinin B. In the samples from conventional cultivation, only genotypes with a predominance of silybinins were present. Although the total number of microorganisms (TAMC) and yeasts and molds (TYMC) on fruit from organic farming were several times higher than on fruit from conventional farming, it was still within the standards set for food products. All raw materials were free of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. In addition, it was shown that the silymarin extract from organic farming was generally characterized by greater antimicrobial activity, especially in relation to Staphylococcus aureus, which is resistant and troublesome in skin infections.

Impact of exogenous salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide on vitamins, essential nutrients and silymarin content of milk thistle grown at two different altitudes of balochistan under cadmium stress

Cadmium (Cd+2), a potentially toxic element, inhibits growth and development of several plant species, especially medicinal plants. However, exogenous supplementation of various hormones, compounds and signaling molecules helps to mitigate the impact of Cd+2 toxicity. Medicinal value of plants in today's era cannot be undermined. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (milk thistle) is one of most important and valuable medicinal plant; its silymarin content is widely being used to treat liver diseases. The present study was conducted during October 2019–March 2020 to analyze the potential impact of exogenous supplementation with 0.25 μM salicylic acid (SA) and 10 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) priming, foliar and their combinational treatments on various attributes of milk thistle at two diverse ecological zones of Balochistan province of Pakistan, i.e., Quetta (Qta) and Turbat (Tbt) under Cd+2 toxicity. So far, no study conducted considering these two ecological zones of Pakistan with respect to cadmium toxicity on milk thistle nutritional and physio-biochemical attributes. The design of the experiment was randomized complete block design (RCBD) under factorial with three replication each treatment. Results portrayed that SA and H2O2, priming, foliar spray and combinational treatments were quite effective in alleviating the negative impacts of Cd+2 toxicity. The essential nutrients, i.e., nitrate (NO3−), calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+) and vitamins viz., ascorbic acid (AsA), niacin and riboflavin were affected by Cd+2 induced toxicity; however, the substantial impact of SA and H2O2 helped to reduce the Cd+2 toxicity and boosted up plant nutrients vitamin content. In a nutshell, exogenous treatments of SA and H2O2 enhanced the yield potential by increasing the weight of hundred seeds, enhancing the accumulation of silymarin content in milk thistle seeds which is of prime significance for its medicinal importance in treatment of liver diseases. Therefore, the data obtained in this study highly recommends priming (P) and foliar (F) spray along with combinational treatment of SA and H2O2 as the best strategy to ameliorate Cd+2 toxicity in plants, which will ultimately lead to better growth and yield of the plants.

Milk Thistle Oil Extracted by Enzyme-Mediated Assisted Solvent Extraction Compared with n-Hexane and Cold-Pressed Extraction.

Silymarin and milk thistle oil have unique biological benefits; however, applying silymarin to milk thistle oil remains a challenge. In this research, the content of silymarin in milk thistle oil conditions using enzyme-mediated solvent extraction was investigated and optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions using enzyme-mediated solvent extraction were as follows: the enzyme-added content was 3.06 mg/mL, the enzymatic hydrolysis temperature was 55.09 °C, and the enzymatic hydrolysis time was 66.28 min. Oil extracted by the enzyme-mediated assisted solvent was further compared with those extracted with n-hexane and cold pressing. Results indicated that the oil extraction using the enzyme-mediated assisted solvent had a lower acid value (2.20 ± 0.01 mg/g) and the highest α-tocopherol content (0.62 ± 0.00 mg/g), total phenols (7.67 ± 0.01 mg/g), and flavonoids (1.06 ± 0.13 mg/g). Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of milk thistle oils was further investigated. The results showed that the enzyme-mediated assisted solvent-extracted oil had the strongest antioxidant capacity with lower lipid oxide content. Therefore, enzyme-mediated solvent extraction is an excellent method for extracting milk thistle oil.

Impact of Ultraviolet C on Silymarin Content and Structure of Milk Thistle Medical Seeds

Impact of Ultraviolet C on Silymarin Content and Structure of Milk Thistle Medical Seeds

Simple and effective method for the extraction of silymarin from Silybum marianum (L.) gaertner seeds

IntroductionOne of the top 10 herbal remedies used in both developing and developed countries is milk thistle. The authors previous work showed that most milk thistle tinctures commercially available to herbal practitioners did not contain the required amount of its active ingredient silymarin. The aim of this project is to develop an easy and effective method for the preparation of milk thistle tinctures which guarantees an adequate therapeutic dosage of silymarin for the treatment of liver-associated diseases. MethodsWhole and ground whole seeds as well as whole and ground pericarp were macerated at room temperature with 70 % v/v hydro-alcoholic solution using a plant material to solvent ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 for 1, 3 and 7 days. The total silymarin content was quantified by HPLC and expressed as the mean (mg/L) ± standard deviation. ResultsThe above method yielded 36.23 ± 6.38 mg/mL, 38.02 ± 1.44 mg/mL and 40.93 ± 1.23 mg/mL of silymarin when ground whole seeds, whole and ground whole pericarps were macerated for 7 days using a plant material to solvent ratio of 1:1. No significant statistical differences was observed (P = 0.66 and P = 0.06) ConclusionAn efficient and easy method for silymarin tincture production was achieved by macerating ground whole seeds with 70 % v/v hydro-alcoholic solution and an herb to solvent ratio of 1:1 for 7 days. However, all the investigated 7-days extractions yielded concentrations of silymarin that met the recommended content of active ingredient of at least 25 mg/mL.

Milk Thistle Oilseed Cake Flour Fractions: A Source of Silymarin and Macronutrients for Gluten-Free Bread.

The utilization of plant by-products as functional food ingredients has received increasing attention in the last decade. One such by-product generated during milk thistle oil pressing is oilseed cakes, which could be used as a novel food ingredient. Therefore, the study aimed at investigating the effects of the addition of milk thistle oilseed cake (MTOC) flour fractions obtained via dry sieving, differing in particle size (unsieved; coarse: >710 µm; medium: 315–710 µm; and fine: <315 µm), on the quality of gluten-free bread and stability of silymarin during breadmaking. The 10% addition of the fractions into gluten-free bread increased the protein, fibre, fat, ash and silymarin content. The breads with the coarse fraction had the highest content of fibre, whereas the breads with the fine fraction excelled in protein, fat and ash content. The medium fraction was characterized as the richest source of silymarin, whilst the fine fraction was the poorest. Silymarin constituents were slightly released during dough rising but also partially decomposed during baking; moreover, silydianin was the most susceptible and degraded the most. The enriched breads had better sensory and textural properties compared to the control bread. The results suggest that MTOC flour fractions can improve the potential health benefits and nutritional profile of gluten-free bread.

Effect of Salinity and Plant Growth Promoters on Secondary Metabolism and Growth of Milk Thistle Ecotypes.

Simple SummaryThe present study shed light on the effect of salinity on the plant growth and secondary metabolites of medicinally important milk thistle plant ecotypes. At the same time, we also studied the effect of external supplementation with ascorbic acid, thiourea, and moringa leaf extract on improving growth-related attributes and secondary metabolites under salinity stress. Various parameters were studied related to stress alleviation. Ascorbic acid, followed by moringa leaf extract, was the most effective in improving growth under salt stress conditions. The present study demonstrated that milk thistle could withstand moderate doses of salt stress, while externally supplemented media improved all the growth parameters by increasing the accumulation of secondary metabolites.Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.)) is a wild medicinal herbal plant that is widely used in folk medicine due to its high content of secondary metabolites (SMs) and silymarin; however, the data regarding the response of milk thistle to salinity are still scarce and scanty. The present study evaluated the effect of salinity on a geographically diverse population of milk thistle and on the role of medium supplementation (MS) with ascorbic acid, thiourea, and moringa leaf extract in improving the SMs and growth-related attributes under salinity stress (SS). For germination, a 120 mM level of salinity was applied in the soil during the seedling stage. After salinity development, predetermined levels of the following compounds were used for MS: thiourea (250 µM), moringa leaf extract (3%), and ascorbic acid (500 µM). The data regarding growth attributes showed that SS impaired plant growth and development and increased SM production, including alkaloids, anthocyanin, and saponins. Moreover, ascorbic acid, followed by moringa leaf extract, was the most effective in improving growth by virtue of increased SMs, especially under salt stress conditions. The present study demonstrated that milk thistle could withstand moderate doses of SS, while MS improved all the growth parameters by increasing the accumulation of SMs.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE ACTIVE COMPONENT OF SILYMARIN IN SILYBUM MARIANUM SEED POWDER FROM VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS

Many studies have proved that bioactive components of Silybum marianum powder have excellent hepatoprotective action. The silymarin is a mixture of mainly three flavonolignans, for example, silybin, silydianin and silychristin, with silybin being the most active. The active substances work upon the membrane of the liver cell preventing its destruction and favoring the reconstruction of the cell which is already in the process of destruction. In this study, we measured the quantitative of total silymarin in the powder of Silybum marianum from various geographical areas. Results showed that silymarin content varied according to the geographical location. The quantitative dosing of the silymarin extract existing in the Silybum marianum powder samples from the analyzed geographical areas was performed by the UV spectrophotometric method on soxhlet extraction and they fall within the parameters described in the European Pharmacopoeia.

Разработка мучного кондитерского изделия геродиетического назначения

A protein component was modeled based on a mixture of milk protein concentrate and high-protein flour from sunflower shrot, which has a complete set of amino acids that meet the requirements for a reference protein. The use of a simulated protein component in the muffin recipe composition is proposed, which contributes to an increase in the content of complete protein. A modification of the muffin's carbohydrate profile has been carried out, which consists in replacing wheaten flour with a composition containing rye-oat flour, as well as in excluding a part of sugar and introducing an ingredient that does not cause a hyperglycemic effect - a sweetener trehalose. The introduction of milk thistle seedling sublimate provides the content of silymarin - a natural composition of biologically active substances in the finished product. This allows the developed product to be positioned as goods of gerodietetic purpose.