Silvery-black Porgy Juveniles Research Articles

Lysine and methionine supplementation in high soy protein content diets for silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles.

A two-month feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) by soybean protein (SP) alone or in combination with lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met) supplementation in practical diets for silvery-black porgy juveniles (16.7±0.1 g). Seven isoproteic (ca. 50% crude protein) and isoenergetic (ca. 22.4 MJ kg-1) diets were formulated in which 45% (SP45), 60% (SP60) and 75% (SP75) of FM protein were replaced by SP and the control diet (FM) was prepared with FM as the major source of protein. In SP45+, SP60+ and SP75+ diets, 45 to 75% of FM was replaced by SP with supplementing blends of Lys and Met. Growth performance, feed utilization, and protein and lipid digestibility decreased with increasing dietary SP levels (p<0.05). Fish fed SP75 had the highest whole body lipid content, but with the lowest whole body arginine, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine and taurine concentrations (p<0.05). Supplementing Lys and Met in SP based diets did not improve growth performance, suggesting that the anti-nutritional factors in soybean protein products rather than Met and Lys deficiency might limit FM substitution with SP in silvery-black porgy juveniles.

Effects of dietary different lipid sources on plasma metabolites in silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles

In the current study the plasma metabolites of silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles fed different lipid sources were analyzed in order to bio-monitoring the fish health condition. In this regard, an eight-week feeding trial was conducted using seven isonitrogenous (50%) and isolipidic (20%) experimental diets namely: FO, CO (canola oil), SO (sunflower oil), T (tallow), FC (fish oil + canola oil, 50:50), FS (fish oil + sunflower oil, 50:50) and FT (fish oil + tallow, 50:50). Fish fed with SO diet had the highest liver lipid content. Liver n−9 monounsaturated fatty acids, n−6 and n−3 poly unsaturated fatty acids were highest in fish fed the CO, SO and FO, respectively (P < 0.05). Fish fed FO and T diets had the highest plasma total cholesterol, whereas fish fed CO and SO diets had the highest plasma triglyceride and VLDL levels (P < 0.05). Plasma ALP and ALT were highest in fish fed SO and FO groups, respectively. Fish fed FS diet had the highest plasma TBARS concentration, whereas plasma CAT activity was highest in fish fed FO and FS diets. The results of this study demonstrated that different dietary lipid sources can drastically change fatty acid profile of the liver which consequently can alter different metabolic pathways that can affect plasma metabolite health indices in silvery-black porgy juveniles.

Effects of soy protein base diet supplemented with lysine and methionine on digestive enzymes activity and hematological parameters in silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles

The effect of dietary partial replacement of fish meal (FM) by soybean protein (SP) alone or in combination with lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met) supplementation were tested in a 60-days feeding trial for silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles. Seven isoproteic (ca. 50% crude protein) and isoenergetic (ca. 22.4 MJ/kg) diets were formulated in which 45% (SP45), 60% (SP60) and 75% (SP75) of FM protein were replaced by SP and the control diet (FM) was prepared with FM as the major source of protein. In SP45+, SP60+ and SP75+ diets, 45 to 75% of FM was replaced by SP with supplementing blends of Lys and Met (98% of purity). The activities of the trypsin, lipase and α-amylase were higher in fish fed SP diets with crystalline amino acids supplementation than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Fish fed SP75 and SP75+ diets had the lowest red blood cell count and hematocrit level (P < 0.05). The results of the current study indicated that anti-nutritional factors in a soy-protein based diet rather than lysine and methionine deficiencies may have adverse effects on digestive enzymes activities and health condition in silvery-black porgy juveniles.

Dietary soybean lecithin affects growth performance, fillet biochemical composition and digestive enzyme activity in Sparidentex hasta juvenile

ABSTRACT An eight-week study was conducted on silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles to evaluate four isoproteic, isolipidic and isoenergetic different diets (50% crude protein, 20% crude lipids, 18.5 MJ kg−1) containing graded levels of soybean lecithin (SBL) (0, 30, 60 and 90 g kg−1 diet) at the expense of fish oil (FO). Fish fed the 60 g SBL kg−1 diet had significantly higher weight gain (32.4%) and feed intake (8.8 g fish−1) than the control group (SBL 0) (P < 0.05). The fillet fatty acid (FA) profiles were correlated with the FA profile of the experimental diets. Fish fed with SBL-supplemented diets had higher fillet phosphatidylcholine levels than the control group (P < 0.05). Plasma total immunoglobulin was higher in fish fed 60 and 90 g SBL kg−1 diets than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Total protease activity was higher in fish fed the 90 g SLB kg−1 diet than other treatments (P < 0.05). Results indicated that substitution of dietary FO with SBL diet up to 67% (60 g SLB kg−1 diet) improved somatic growth performance and profoundly affected the fillet fatty acid profile in silvery-black porgy juveniles.

Effects of dietary essential amino acid deficiencies on the growth performance and humoral immune response in silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles

A 6-week feeding trial was conducted for determining the effects of dietary essential amino acids (EAA) deficiencies on growth performance and non-specific immune responses in silvery-black porgy juveniles (4.7 ± 0.1 g initial weight). Eleven isoproteic (ca. 47%) diets were formulated including a control diet containing the optimum quantity of EAA, and ten EAA-deficient diets. All diets contained 36% fish meal and 18.5% crystalline EAA and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) as the main source of dietary proteins. All the EAA and NEAA incorporated in the crystalline amino acids mixture of the control diet simulated the amino acids profile of the fish meal. The other 10 EAA-deficient diets were formulated by the deletion of each of the 10 EAA (crystalline form) from the control diet and replaced by a mixture of NEAA for the adjustment of dietary nitrogen contents. At the end of the experiment, fish fed with threonine-deficient diet showed the lowest survival rate (p < .05), whereas growth performance decreased in fish fed all EAA-deficient diets, although the reduction in body growth varied depending on the EAA considered. Plasma total protein decreased in all experimental groups except for fish fed the phenylalanine-deficient diet. Fish fed with arginine- and lysine-deficient diets had the lowest plasma C3, C4, lysozyme, total immunoglobulin and total superoxide dismutase activity (p < .05). Present results indicated that lysine, methionine and threonine were the most limiting EAA in terms of growth performance; however, arginine, threonine and lysine were the most limiting EAA for innate immunity responses in silvery-black porgy juveniles.

Establishing the optimum dietary essential amino acid pattern for silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles by deletion method

A 6-week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary essential amino acid (EAA) pattern for silvery-black porgy juvenile based on the AA deletion method. Eleven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated containing 60% of fish meal nitrogen and 40% of crystalline AA nitrogen. In the control diet, the EAA profile was made similar to fish meal protein. Ten other diets were formulated similar to the control diet but replacing 40% of each EAA by a mixture of non-essential amino acids. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight of 4.7 g) were handfed with the experimental diets, three times a day, to visual satiation, for 42 days. At the end of the trial, final body weight of all EAA-deficient groups was lower than that of control group, ranging from 6.3% of reduction with arginine-deficient diet to 39.4% of reduction with lysine-deficient diet, relatively to the control group. Based on the relationship between nitrogen retention and EAA intake of the control and EAA-deficient diets, the optimal dietary EAA profile for silvery-black porgy juveniles was estimated to be (g 16/g N): arginine 5.3, lysine 6.0, threonine 5.2, histidine 2.5, isoleucine 4.6, leucine 5.4, methionine + cysteine 4.0 (in a diet containing 0.6 cysteine), phenylalanine + tyrosine 5.6 (in a diet containing 1.9 tyrosine), tryptophan 1.0 and valine 4.6.

Dietary docosahexaenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratios effects on hemato-immunological and plasma biochemical parameters in silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted in juvenile silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) (initial mean weight 20.1 ± 0.1 g, mean ± SD) to estimate the optimum dietary docosahexaenoic to eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) ratio. Triplicate groups of fish (12 fish in each replicate) were kept into 15 cylindrical polyethylene tanks (250 L) at 18.7 °C and handfed by one of the five diets which formulated with graded ratios of DHA/EPA (0.2, 0.4, 0.9, 2.0, 3.3) two times daily. In the fillet and liver, DHA and DHA/EPA ratios significantly increased with increasing dietary DHA concentrations (P < 0.05). Fish fed the 0.2 DHA/EPA ratio diets had the highest hemolytic activity (P < 0.05). Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substance concentration, catalase activity, total antioxidant capacity, total cholesterol, and triglyceride significantly decreased with increasing dietary DHA/EPA ratios (P < 0.05). It is concluded that health status of silvery-black porgy juveniles were not influenced by dietary graded ratios of DHA/EPA.

Dietary replacement of fish meal by soy products (soybean meal and isolated soy protein) in silvery-black porgy juveniles (Sparidentex hasta)

A two month feeding trial was conducted in silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles (initial mean body weight, 16.7g) to determine the amount of soy products (SP) that could replace fishmeal (FM) in formulated diets without reducing growth performance. Six isoproteic (ca. 50%) and isoenergetic (ca. 22.4MJkg−1) diets were formulated in which 15% (SP15), 30% (SP30), 45% (SP45), 60% (SP60) and 75% (SP75) of FM was replaced by SP, whereas the control diet (FM) was prepared with FM as the major source of protein. Feed intake, growth performance, feed utilization and digestibility of dry matter, protein and lipid significantly decreased by increasing dietary SP supplementation (P<0.05). Fish fed with the SP75 diet showed signs of hyperlipidemia such the highest hepatosomatic index (HSI), high whole body lipid content as well as high plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein levels (P<0.05). Whole body lysine, histidine, methionine and phenylalanine concentrations were lowest in fish fed with the SP75 diet (P<0.05). Concentrations of glycine and taurine decreased in the whole body with increasing dietary SP level. The activity of the trypsin, lipase and α-amylase significantly decreased in pyloric caeca, anterior, mid and posterior intestine of fish with increasing dietary SP inclusion (P<0.05). Fish fed with the SP75 diet showed signs of anemia such as decrease in red blood cell counts and hematocrit, but increase in the mean cell volume. Plasma inorganic phosphorous and alkaline phosphatase decreased and increased, respectively with increasing dietary SP level (P<0.05). The broken-line regression method using feed conversion ratio (FCR) and weight gain (WG) data allowed us to estimate that the maximum replacement of FM with SP in silvery-black porgy diets was between 16.5 and 27.3%. Statements of relevanceSilvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta, Valenciennes 1830) is a commercially valuable carnivorous fish species in Oman Sea and Persian Gulf region for supporting marine aquaculture activities. Thus, the aim of present study was to provide insight into the potential ability of silvery-black porgy in using plant proteins sources, by evaluating the effects of dietary replacement of fish meal by soy products (soybean meal and isolated soy protein) in this fish.

Optimal dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios for silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles

Four isonitrogenous diets containing different carbohydrate:lipid (CHO:L) ratios (0.3, 0.6, 1.1 and 1.8) were tested in triplicate groups (16 fish per replicate) of silvery-black porgy juveniles for 8 weeks. Growth performance was not affected by different dietary CHO:L ratios (P > 0.05); however, the viscerosomatic index, the intraperitoneal fat, whole-body lipid, energy and n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids levels increased with decreasing dietary CHO:L ratios (P < 0.05). Fish fed with 1.8 CHO:L diet had the lowest apparent digestibility coefficients of protein and lipid, as well as the lowest plasma haemolytic and lysozyme activities (P < 0.05). Red blood cell counts and plasma glucose levels were higher in fish fed with 1.1 and 1.8 CHO:L ratio diets than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Plasma alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase, as well as the level of lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity in the liver and plasma increased as dietary CHO:L ratios decreased (P < 0.05). The results of the current study indicated that the diets with CHO:L ratios between 0.6 and 1.1 are optimal for silvery-black porgy, whereas higher ratios may result in hyperglycaemia and immune suppression, and lower CHO:L ratios may lead to oxidative stress and liver dysfunction.

Partial or total replacement of dietary fish oil with alternative lipid sources in silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta)

An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial (50%) or total (100%) replacement of dietary fish oil with alternative lipid sources in silvery-black porgy. Seven isonitrogenous (50%) and isolipidic (20%) experimental diets were formulated namely: FO (fish oil), CO (canola oil), SO (sunflower oil), T (tallow), FC (fish oil+canola oil, 50:50), FS (fish oil+sunflower oil, 50:50) and FT (fish oil+tallow, 50:50). Fish fed the T and FT diets statically had lower final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate than other groups (P<0.05); Fish fed FT diet had the highest feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). Fish fed the CO and SO diets had the highest and the lowest whole body and muscle protein content, respectively (P<0.05). Fillet and liver n−9 monounsaturated fatty acids, n−6 and n−3 poly unsaturated fatty acids were highest in fish fed the CO, SO and FO, respectively (P<0.05). Apparent digestibility coefficient of protein and lipid, hemolytic and bactericidal activities were lowest in fish fed the T diet (P<0.05). From the above results, it is suggested that the vegetal oil sources are recommended for total and partial replacement of FO in silvery-black porgy diets, whereas tallow is not advisable as an alternative lipid source in this species. Statements of relevanceIt is essential to introduce alternative lipid sources, to meet increasing global demands of aquafeeds for the sustainability of aquaculture industry. Thus, the aim of present study was to provide insight into the possibility of the use of alternative lipid sources in diet for silvery-black porgy juveniles by evaluating the growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and hemato-immunological parameters.

Dietary n−3 LC-PUFA requirements in silvery-black porgy juveniles (Sparidentex hasta)

Abstract To determine the effects of n − 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n − 3 LC-PUFAs) in juvenile silvery-black porgy ( Sparidentex hasta ), an eight-week feeding trial was conducted using five isonitrogenous and isolipidic semi-purified diets containing graded levels of n − 3 LC-PUFAs (0.1, 0.6, 1.2, 1.9 and 4.2%). Specific growth rate, body weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved by increasing the dietary LC-PUFA content from 0.1% to 1.2%, and remained stable at higher n − 3 LC-PUFA levels. Apparent digestibility of nutrients did not change among different groups; however, fish fed 0.1% n − 3 LC-PUFAs showed the lowest lipid and protein retention values. The whole body and liver fatty acid profiles were correlated with the fatty acid profile of diets, especially for total monounsaturated fatty acids, DHA, EPA, ARA/EPA, DHA/EPA and n − 3/n − 6 ratios. Hemoglobin content and hemolytic and bactericidal activities were highest in fish fed 1.2% n − 3 LC-PUFAs. Fish fed 0.1% n − 3 LC-PUFAs had the highest hepatosomatic index, a change in the liver fatty acid profile, an increase in plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein and alkaline phosphatase concentrations; as well as a decrease in plasma glucose, which indicated signs of n − 3 LC-PUFA deficiency in this group. The broken-line regression method using FCR and WG data allowed us to estimate that the minimum nutritional requirement for n − 3 LC-PUFAs in silvery black porgy juveniles was between 0.6 and 0.8% in diets containing 15% lipids. Statements of relevance Silvery-black porgy ( Sparidentex hasta , Valenciennes 1830) is a commercially valuable carnivorous fish species in Oman Sea and Persian Gulf region for supporting marine aquaculture activities. Thus, the aim of present study was to provide insight into the nutritional requirements of silvery-black porgy, by evaluating the effects of dietary n − 3 LC-PUFA levels on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and health indices in silvery-black porgy juveniles.