Silver Halide Emulsions Research Articles

Preparation of Panchromatic Silver Halide Emulsion to Fabricate High Efficiency Multiplexed Volume Phase Holograms for Solar Concentration Application

Volume Phase Gratings (VPG) are often recorded using holographic emulsions such as photopolymer, Dichromated Gelatin (DCG), and silver halide. We employed silver halide emulsion to record the VPG in monochromatic red wavelength for solar concentration purposes. According to the Braggs condition, the recorded VPG's diffraction efficiency reaches its peak at the recorded angle and wavelength. For solar applications, we needed high diffraction efficiency over a wide angle and wavelength range. So, we captured multiplexed single VPG in our own panchromatic silver halide emulsion. The procedure of making panchromatic silver halide emulsion is described in depth. This technique is unique in that it achieves peak diffraction efficiency at broad wavelength and wide angle in a single multiplexed VPG. The panchromatic multiplexed VPG produced a high diffraction efficiency in wide-angle response with overall visible wavelengths. This study describes the high diffraction efficiency multiplexed VPG in its own manufactured panchromatic silver halide emulsion for solar concentrating applications.

Spectroscopic Benchmarks by Machine Learning as Discriminant Analysis for Unconventional Italian Pictorialism Photography.

Up to the 1930s, the Italian pictorialism movement dominated photography, and many handcrafted procedures started appearing. Each operator had his own working method and his own secrets to create special effects that moved away from the standard processes. Here, a methodology that combines X-ray fluorescence and infrared analysis spectroscopy with unsupervised learning techniques was developed on an unconventional Italian photographic print collection (the Piero Vanni Collection, 1889-1939) to unveil the artistic technique by the extraction of spectroscopic benchmarks. The methodology allowed the distinction of hidden elements, such as iodine and manganese in silver halide printing, or highlighted slight differences in the same printing technique and unveiled the stylistic practice. Spectroscopic benchmarks were extracted to identify the elemental and molecular fingerprint layers, as the oil-based prints were obscured by the proteinaceous binder. It was identified that the pigments used were silicates or iron oxide introduced into the solution or that they retraced the practice of reusing materials to produce completely different printing techniques. In general, four main groups were extracted, in this way recreating the 'artistic palette' of the unconventional photography of the artist. The four groups were the following: (1) Cr, Fe, K, potassium dichromate, and gum arabic bands characterized the dichromate salts; (2) Ag, Ba, Sr, Mn, Fe, S, Ba, gelatin, and albumen characterized the silver halide emulsions on the baryta layer; (3) the carbon prints were benchmarked by K, Cr, dichromate salts, and pigmented gelatin; and (4) the heterogeneous class of bromoil prints was characterized by Ba, Fe, Cr, Ca, K, Ag, Si, dichromate salts, and iron-based pigments. Some exceptions were found, such as the baryta layer being divided into gum bichromate groups or the use of albumen in silver particles suspended in gelatin, to underline the unconventional photography at the end of the 10th century.

Recording of Holographic Solar Concentrator in Ultra Fine Grain Visible Wavelength Sensitive Silver Halide Emulsion

Recording of Holographic Solar Concentrator in Ultra Fine Grain Visible Wavelength Sensitive Silver Halide Emulsion

The Effect of Short-Wave UV Radiation in Recording Holographic Structures on Gelatin-Containing Recording Media (Overview)

The review discusses the possibility of obtaining highly effective relief-phase structures on silver halide photographic emulsions and dichromated gelatin layers by irradiating initially recorded holographic structures with short-wave UV radiation.

Application of Technologies of Silver Halide Photographic Emulsions to Nuclear Plates in New Era

Application of Technologies of Silver Halide Photographic Emulsions to Nuclear Plates in New Era

Preparation of Silver Halide Emulsion Containing Structural Defects in the Grain

Preparation of Silver Halide Emulsion Containing Structural Defects in the Grain

Nuclear emulsions for dark matter detection

On silver halide (AgX) emulsion grains (∼200 nm in diameter) for neutrino detection in OPERA project, a latent image center composed of a cluster of ≧4 Ag atoms is formed with ∼18 electron-hole pairs by current photographic process in each grain. According to the analysis in this paper, AgX emulsion grains (∼40 nm) for dark matter detection should behave quite differently, forming a latent image center under such extraordinary condition that as many as ∼1000 electrons and surplus positive holes are created for ∼10 femtoseconds (fs) in each grain, causing violent recombination and re-halogenation of Ag clusters. Therefore, it is necessary to strongly reduce the recombination and re-halogenation of Ag clusters in the nuclear emulsions for dark matter detection. Further proposals are made on the design of nuclear emulsions for dark matter detection.

Color Holographic Wavefront Printing Technique for Realistic Representation

This paper presents design and implementation of a color wavefront holographic printer. The printer output is a white light viewable volume hologram composed as a two-dimensional (2-D) array of elemental holograms. The three-dimensional (3-D) input data for the printer are encoded as computer generated holograms (CGHs) displayed in succession on an amplitude type spatial light modulator. The printer optical head extracts and demagnifies the beam with the 3-D object information from the beam diffracted by the modulator to produce a small size elemental hologram. This allows for mosaic delivery of exposures at primary colors with each elemental hologram acting as a single color channel. Computer generation of digital contents is accelerated by design of a phase-added stereogram approach based on partitioning of each CGH. Bright 3-D reconstruction with a motion parallax at saturated colors from holograms of test objects is presented. The holograms are printed on a silver-halide emulsion. The achieved high quality proves feasibility of recording analog color volume holograms from digital contents by mosaic delivery of the primary colors. Two quality enhancement approaches are proposed and tested.

Color wavefront printer with mosaic delivery of primary colors

The paper presents design and implementation of a color wavefront holographic printer which prints white light viewable holograms of three-dimensional (3D) objects from digital contents. Similarly to other holographic printers, the printed hologram is composed as a two-dimensional array of elemental volume holograms. In the proposed wavefront printer, the 3D information was encoded in computer generated holograms displayed in succession on an amplitude spatial light modulator. The light beam diffracted from the modulator was filtered to extract the beam coming from the object and demagnified to be recorded onto the holographic emulsion as a small size elemental hologram that made possible application of mosaic delivery of exposures at primary colors. As a result, each elemental hologram corresponded to a single color channel. A modified phase-added stereogram approach based on a hologram partitioning method was proposed to accelerate computer generation of digital contents. We achieved bright 3D reconstruction with a motion parallax at saturated colors from holograms of test objects that were printed on a silver-halide emulsion. Thus we proved experimentally feasibility of recording analog color volume holograms from digital contents by applying spatially separated exposures at primary colors to the elemental holograms.

New multicolor and rewritable holographic polymer film for three‐dimensional holographic display

AbstractWe have developed a new multicolor holographic polymer film. Our holographic polymer film contains 3‐[(2,4,6‐trichloro)azo]‐9H‐carbazole‐9‐ethanol (A‐1) and poly(methyl methacrylate). The holographic polymer film can be recorded with a holographic image without applying an external electric field. The diffraction efficiency was 57% at A‐1 with a 20 wt% of dope ratio.The writable holographic image writing for the holographic polymer film step used the silver halide photographic emulsion master plate 532‐nm laser beam under the nonelectric field. After the copy hologram is formed, our holographic polymer film can be displayed in red and green holographic images. Even though our holographic polymer film is rewritten over 200 times, the diffraction efficiency does not fall. As the holographic polymer film is manufactured using roll‐to‐roll techniques, although still in a laboratory scale in this study, it has a strong possibility of being manufactured in larger sizes with lower cost.

電離放射線に対するハロゲン化銀乳剤の潜像形成機構（II） 分光増感した乳剤への適用

電離放射線に対するハロゲン化銀乳剤の潜像形成機構（II） 分光増感した乳剤への適用

Mixed Phase Gratings: Contribution of Refractive Index Modulations to Diffraction Efficiency

The phase gratings have been recorded in silver halide emulsion (Slavich PFG-01) by utilizing a two-beam laser interferometric technique and Kodak DA-163 as a developer. Such gratings are observed to conform to both the surface relief and refractive index modulations. In the present work, we have studied the contribution of refractive index modulations to diffraction efficiency of the phase gratings for a broad range of exposure time (30-180 s) of recording. It has been observed that contribution of index modulation to diffraction efficiency of the gratings increases with increasing time of exposure in the range of 30-90 s and then saturates. Contribution of relief modulation to diffraction efficiency is also discussed.

Ultra-realistic 3-D imaging based on colour holography

A review of recent progress in colour holography is provided with new applications. Colour holography recording techniques in silver-halide emulsions are discussed. Both analogue, mainly Denisyuk colour holograms, and digitally-printed colour holograms are described and their recent improvements. An alternative to silver-halide materials are the panchromatic photopolymer materials such as the DuPont and Bayer photopolymers which are covered. The light sources used to illuminate the recorded holograms are very important to obtain ultra-realistic 3-D images. In particular the new light sources based on RGB LEDs are described. They show improved image quality over today's commonly used halogen lights. Recent work in colour holography by holographers and companies in different countries around the world are included. To record and display ultra-realistic 3-D images with perfect colour rendering are highly dependent on the correct recording technique using the optimal recording laser wavelengths, the availability of improved panchromatic recording materials and combined with new display light sources.

A transportable system for the in situ recording of color Denisyuk holograms of Greek cultural heritage artifacts in silver halide panchromatic emulsions and an optimized illuminating device for the finished holograms

In this paper we will present the Z-Lab transportable color holography system, the HoLoFoS illuminator and results of actual in situ recording of color Denisyuk holograms of artifacts on panchromatic silver halide emulsions. Z-lab and HoLoFoS were developed to meet identified prerequisites of holographic recording of artifacts: a) in situ recording b) a high degree of detail and color reproduction c) a low degree of image distortions. The Z-Lab consists of the Z3RGB camera, its accessories and a mobile darkroom. HoLoFoS is an RGB LED-based lighting device for the display of color holograms. The device is capable of digitally controlled intensity mixing and provides a beam of uniform color cross section. The small footprint and emission characteristics of the device LEDs result in a narrow band, quasi point source at selected wavelengths. A case study in recording and displaying ‘Optical Clones’ of Greek cultural heritage artifacts with the aforementioned systems will also be presented.

Influence of surface relief depth on diffraction efficiency of phase gratings recorded in Slavich PFG-01

The diffraction efficiencies of surface relief gratings formed in Slavich PFG-01 silver halide emulsion have been studied in the frequency range 300–1200grooves/mm in terms of relief depths and periods of the gratings. The relief depths generated in the gratings show a sudden decrease up to a certain frequency, then a slight increase and finally decrease with increasing grating frequency for a symmetrical geometry of holographic recording. Effect of grating period variation on the relief depth of the phase gratings is found to be similar to the correlation of diffraction efficiency and grating aspect ratio. Diffraction efficiency response of a grating with a fixed groove frequency has also been investigated in terms of relief depths.

Effect of avalanche-type barrier discharge on a silver halide photographic material in the case of blocked ionic conductivity

Imaging of avalanche-type barrier gas discharge excited by single videopulses ∼7 μs long is studied via chemical activation of an ion subsystem of microcrystals of silver halide photographic emulsions by 1-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole. Using “Retina” commercial X-ray film and specially fabricated photoemulsion microcrystals with effective surface and deep electron traps as an example, the selective gas-discharge sensitivity of photographic layers to applied-voltage polarity is detected. It is shown that their sensitivity to barrier discharge ignited by negative-polarity pulses (on the electrode with a photographic material) is higher than in the case of positive pulses, irrespective of the photographic material’s position in the capacitor system.

ゼラチン中で形成されたハロゲン化銀乳剤結晶上に成長した写真分光増感色素J-会合体は, はたして単層吸着するのか, それとも多層吸着か?

ゼラチン中で形成されたハロゲン化銀乳剤結晶上に成長した写真分光増感色素J-会合体は, はたして単層吸着するのか, それとも多層吸着か?

Design of Silver Bromoiodide Grains Containing Rich Silver Iodide at Their Inner Site for Monodispersed Silver Halide Emulsion - Utilization of the Emulsion to Medical X-Ray Film -

Design of Silver Bromoiodide Grains Containing Rich Silver Iodide at Their Inner Site for Monodispersed Silver Halide Emulsion - Utilization of the Emulsion to Medical X-Ray Film -

Microlens rasters and holographic diffusers based on PFG-01 silver halide photographic material

This paper discusses holographic methods for obtaining diffusers and microlens rasters on silver halide photographic emulsions. The gelatin-photolysis method in which short-wavelength UV radiation acts on the photosensitive layer and methods of chemical and photohardening of photographic emulsions processed with dichromate solutions are used as technologies for creating relief-phase structures.

Formation of random and regular relief-phase structures on silver halide photographic emulsions by holographic methods

The formation of diffusers and microlens rasters on silver halide emulsions by holographic methods is considered. Two techniques for converting amplitude holographic recording to relief-phase recording, selective curing and irradiation of the emulsion gelatin by short-wavelength UV radiation, are compared.