Silica Research Articles

Short- and long-term pathologic responses to quartz are induced by nearly free silanols formed during crystal fracturing

BackgroundInhalation of respirable crystalline silica particles, including quartz, is associated with an increased risk of developing pathologies, including persistent lung inflammation, fibrosis, cancer, and systemic autoimmunity. We demonstrated that the nearly free silanols (NFS) generated upon quartz fracturing trigger the early molecular events determining quartz toxicity. Here, we address the involvement of NFS in driving short- and long-term pathogenic responses, including lung inflammation, fibrosis, cancer, and autoimmunity in multiple mouse models.ResultsIn vivo pulmonary responses to as-grown NFS-poor quartz (gQ) and fractured NFS-rich quartz (gQ-f) of synthetic origin were compared to two NFS-rich reference quartz dusts (Min-U-Sil 5, mQ-f). Acute and persistent inflammation, as well as fibrosis, were assessed 3 and 60 days, respectively, after administering one dose of particles (2 mg) via oropharyngeal aspiration (o.p.a.) to C57BL/6 mice. The carcinogenic potential was assessed in a co-carcinogenicity study using A/J mice, which were pre-treated with 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) and administered four doses of quartz particles (4 × 1 mg, o.p.a.), then sacrificed after 10 months. Autoimmunity was evaluated in autoimmune-prone 129/Sv mice 4 months after particle administration (2 × 1.25 mg, o.p.a). Mice exposed to NFS-rich quartz exhibited a strong acute lung inflammatory response, characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokine release and leukocyte accumulation, which persisted for up to 60 days. No inflammatory effect was observed in mice treated with NFS-poor gQ. Fibrosis onset (i.e., increased levels of pro-fibrotic factors, hydroxyproline, and collagen) was prominent in mice exposed to NFS-rich but not to NFS-poor quartz. Additionally, lung cancer development (tumour numbers) and autoimmune responses (elevated IgG and anti-dsDNA autoantibody levels) were only observed after exposure to NFS-rich quartz.ConclusionsCollectively, the results indicate that NFS, which occur upon fracturing of quartz particles, play a crucial role in the short- and long-term local and systemic responses to quartz. The assessment of NFS on amorphous or crystalline silica particles may help create a predictive model of silica pathogenicity.

Leaf-Shaped Nanostrip Fed Graphene Plasmonic Nano-Antenna for Optical Near-Field Applications

The manuscript investigates the leaf-shaped nanostrip-fed graphene plasmonic nanopatch on a silicon dioxide surface for optical near-field applications. The dispersion properties of graphene and silicon dioxide are demonstrated through Drude and Lorentz modeling to examine the suitability of the materials for the plasmonic nano-antenna design. The nano-antenna parameters TSUB (substrate thickness), W (width of the nanostrip feed line) and RL(nano-antenna size) are adjusted to modify the plasmonic resonance frequency from 7.9 THz to 40.9 THz. The proposed leaf-shaped nanostrip-fed graphene plasmonic nanopatch exhibits a reflection of -43.27 dB at 36 THz with a gain of 8.19 dB at TSUB =125 nm, W = 40 nm and RL = 50 nm.

Metal-Mediated Chlorine Transfer for Molten Salt-Driven Thermodynamic Change on Silicon Production.

The development of silicon (Si) material poses a great challenge with profound technological advancements for semiconductors, photo/photoelectric systems, solar cells, and secondary batteries. Typically, Si production involves the thermochemical reduction of silicon oxides, where chloride salt additives help properly revamp the reaction mechanism. Herein, we unravel the chemical principles of molten AlCl3 salt in metallothermic reduction. Above its melting temperature (Tm ≈ 192°C), three AlCl3 molecules coordinate with each metal (M) atom (e.g., conventional Al andMg, or even thermodynamically unfeasible Zn) to form metal-AlCl3 complexes, M(AlCl3)3. In the molten AlCl3 salt media, all complexes directly lead to the universal formation of AlOCl byproduct and as-reduced Si spheres through internal Cl* transfer during the reduction reaction. Intriguingly, highly oxophilic metal (i.e., Mg) establishes additional energetic shortcuts in reaction pathways, where AlCl3 directly detaches an oxygen atom, accompanied by strong metal-oxygen interactions and Cl* transfer within the same complex. Moreover, the thermodynamic stability of the metal-AlCl3 complex residue (MAl2Cl8) and the microstructure of post-treated Si do change according to the metal choice, imparting disparate physicochemical properties for Si. This work offers insights into the scalable production of tailored Si materials for industrial applications, along with cost-effective operations at 250°C.

Nonlinear Elasticity of Amorphous Silicon and Silica from Density Functional Theory

Nonlinear Elasticity of Amorphous Silicon and Silica from Density Functional Theory

Novel CeO2@MOF and its derived abrasives for rapid chemical mechanical polishing

In recent years, with the reduction of the feature size of integrated circuits and the improvement of chip integration, the polishing performance of CeO2 abrasives is required to be of higher quality. The factors that influence the polishing properties of CeO2 abrasives typically include morphology, dispersion, crystallinity, and chemical activity. In this study, spherical CeO2@MOF composite was synthesized utilizing a simple one-step method, and CeO2 particles with identical morphology were synthesized using this material as the precursor. Compared with CeO2 nanoparticles, CeO2@MOF composites exhibited lower crystallinity and dispersibility, but higher concentrations of Ce3+ and oxygen vacancy, indicating higher chemical activity. When the two abrasives were used in CMP experiments on silicon oxide wafers, the material removal rate (MRR) of CeO2@MOF was 36.35 ± 3.9 nm/min, which is 50.2 % higher than that of CeO2 nanoparticles, and the surface roughness was as low as 0.141 nm, which was 22 % lower than that of CeO2 nanoparticles. According to the results of CMP, compared with the enhancement of physical properties such as crystallinity and dispersion, the improvement of chemical properties can enhance the polishing performance of cerium-based abrasives. This study presents a novel approach for the synthesis and application of cerium oxide abrasives.

Designing of amiloride loaded citrate functionalized amorphous silica nanoparticles to investigate its genotoxic and cytotoxic potential

In the present work, silica-based nanocarrier for the anticancer drug, amiloride have been synthesized and characterized using various physicochemical techniques. The aim of this work emphasis on investigating the physicochemical properties and cytotoxic effects of citrate-functionalized amiloride loaded silica nanoparticles. Silica nanoparticles synthesis was carried out via condensation reaction, then coated by tris sodium citrate, followed by their functionalization using amiloride through EDC-NHS reaction. SEM and HR-XRD analysis indicated the formation of amorphous spherical silica nanoparticles. The existence of citrate coating was evident from FT-IR and TGA results, which were supported by DLS and zeta potential studies. The formation of amiloride conjugated citrate coated silica nanoparticles (SiNPs-Cit@Ami) was confirmed by the DLS, Zeta potential and UV-Visible spectroscopy. Size of SiNPs-Cit@Ami nanoparticles was found to be around 80nm using TEM. Additionally, these nanoparticles showed high loading efficiency and time-dependent release of amiloride. DNA binding studies were examined using UV–Visible, Fluorescence spectroscopic and Competitive fluorescence studies. The results indicate that SiNPs-Cit@Ami bind to Ct-DNA via minor groove binding mode. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect of SiNPs-Cit@Ami on HepG2 cell lines was found to be higher than amiloride alone. Our findings suggest that SiNPs-Cit@Ami can be employed as a promising candidate for cancer mitigation.

A green inorganic binder for material extrusion of ultra-low shrinkage and relatively high strength metakaolin ceramics at low sintering temperature

Ultra-low shrinkage and relatively high strength metakaolin ceramics printed by material extrusion were innovatively fabricated using inorganic aluminum dihydrogen phosphate (Al(H2PO4)3) as a binder and low sintering temperature. The optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electronic vernier caliper, three-point bending test, Archimedes method and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to measure and evaluate the surface morphology, microstructure, dimensional shrinkage, flexural strength, porosity and phase composition of the printed ceramics sintered at different temperatures. The results showed that when the mass ratio of metakaolin, Al(H2PO4)3 and deionized water was 17:6:2, the rheological characteristic of the purely green inorganic ceramic slurry was very suitable for material extrusion additive manufacturing, and the corresponding printed ceramic green bodies possessed high-quality formability. The ceramic samples sintered at 750 °C possessed the best whiteness, the lowest shrinkage (<2%), relatively high flexural strength (9.02 MPa). As the sintering temperature increased, Al(H2PO4)3 transformed to aluminum metaphosphate Al(PO3)3, and then decomposed into aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) and phosphorus pentoxide gas (P2O5), which caused pores and reduced strength, and alumina oxide (Al2O3) and silicon oxide (SiO2) in metakaolin gradually transformed to mullite and cristobalite with more stable structure and higher strength.

Green Engineering of Silicon and Titanium Dioxide Architectures and Realizing Downstream Applications

AbstractBiomineralization has long been a source of inspiration and frustration for researchers in a wide variety of disciplines from ecologists and dental practitioners to materials scientists. An amazing variety of organisms have the capacity to produce inorganic mineral complexes through biomineralization. In this context, different organisms use proteins, peptides, and polysaccharides as templates to control the nucleation, growth, and morphology of structures containing minerals and metals. Due to lack of clarity in the field, distinctions are provided between the various biomineralization processes as Type I, II, and III biomineralization. Synthetic biomineralization is an emerging field in which these processes are applied to unnatural substrates to create useful inorganic materials with applications in a variety of fields. A comprehensive overview of silica and titanium oxide biomineralization is given, covering the major achievements this sub‐field has attained since its emergence. The ground‐breaking discoveries are focused based on the templating agent used and the mechanisms that are proposed in the field are discussed. Synthetic biomineralization are led, which are more recently demonstrated to have feasible applications in energy, electronics, construction, and biotechnology. These possibilities are discussed alongside prospects based on the current trend of research in the field.

Development of rare earth doped SiO2/rGO from rice husk for antioxidant, photocatalysis, electrochemical and sensor studies

The present work determines the synthesis of cerium loaded silicon dioxide (Ce-SiO2/rGO) nanocomposite by using reflux method. The Ce-SiO2/rGO was confirmed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive (EDAX) techniques. In photodecomposition investigation, Rose Bengal (RB) dye was degraded efficiently using Ce-SiO2/rGO nanocomposite (95 %) at 150 min with follows first order kinetics. The antioxidant property against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was found to be 98 % performance with IC50 value of 488.35 mg/mL. The super capacitance value of Ce-SiO2/rGO was increased compared to that of rGO, SiO2 and SiO2/rGO respectively. The electrochemical reversibility (EO−ER) and diffusion coefficient (D) values were determined using 1 M KCl by cyclic voltammetry method. Ce-SiO2/rGO nanocomposite was used as an electrochemical sensor to detect bee pollen and cow urine. The produced material has superior dye purification, redox behavior, bio-molecule detection, and antioxidative capabilities.

Propylene oligomerization over SiO2-overcoated oxides

Catalytic oligomerization of light olefins is an important CC coupling strategy that can be used to produce high-value transportation fuels and chemicals from shale gas and biomass feedstocks. In this work, vapor-phase propylene oligomerization was studied over a series of overcoated SiO2-MOx materials, whose acid site densities and strengths are tunable by the amount of SiO2 deposition and the nature of the core oxide. These materials contain acid sites only on particle external surfaces, limiting pore diffusion artifacts. SiO2-MOx materials were prepared by depositing stoichiometric amounts of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) onto Al2O3, anatase TiO2, Nb2O5, and ZrO2. Compared to the unmodified oxides, which are poor propylene oligomerization catalysts, the SiO2-MOx materials exhibit moderate activity with Al2O3, TiO2, and Nb2O5 core materials performing better than commercial amorphous silica alumina (ASA) on a surface area basis. The activity of the materials appears to be primarily driven by their Brønsted acid strength as measured by 31P TMPO MAS NMR with the rates ranked in order SiO2/Al2O3 > SiO2/TiO2 ≈ SiO2/Nb2O5 > SiO2/ZrO2. This study shows that SiO2-overcoated materials are a tunable class of materials that are active for vapor-phase propylene oligomerization.

Fracture behavior of brittle particulate composites consisting of a glass matrix and glass or ceramic particles with elastic property mismatch

The aim of this work is two-fold: i) elaborating dense and transparent inorganic glass composites with improved fracture properties, and ii) testing the theoretical analysis proposed in [1] and based on Poisson's ratio mismatch. Particulate composites, consisting of glass or ceramic particles embedded in a soda-lime-silica glass matrix, were synthesized and their fracture behavior was studied by means of the Single Edge Precraked Beam (SEPB) and Double Cantilever Drilled (DCDC) methods, using in situ experiments with X-ray tomography where possible. An important effect of the T-stress on the fracture toughness (KIc) was observed in the case of DCDC exdperiments. KIc is increased by about 40 % by incorporating 7 vol. % amorphous silica beads or SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy ceramic particles (SAED) with a 40 μm mean particle size. It is suggested that toughening results from the crack front trapping and pinning at particle sites and from the tortuous crack path in the case of a-SiO2 particles, and from the contribution of the intrinsic fracture surface energy of the ceramic particles, which are cleaved by the propagating crack, in the case of the SAED particles. The thermally induced stress field is believed to play a major role in the case of a-SiO2 particles. Two glass grades possessing Young's moduli similar to the one of the matrix but much larger Poisson's ratios were used to produce glass beads. However, the incorporation of these latter beads in the matrix was found to have a minor incidence on the fracture behavior.

Enhanced corrosion resistance of a novel periodic multilayered Si/(Si, N)-DLC coating against simulated coal mine water

In this study, a novel periodic multilayered DLC coating, which was composed of a Si interlayer and a Si/N co-incorporated DLC layer (Si/(Si, N)-DLC) per period, was deposited; the corrosion behavior under the neutral, acidic, or alkaline coal mine water environment and its periodic number dependence, especially the fundamental corrosion mechanism, were systemically explored. Results suggest that compare to the substrate, the introduction of multilayered Si/(Si, N)-DLC coating presents a dramatic enhancement in the corrosion resistance under coal mine water environment. However, with increasing the periodic number, the corrosion resistance of the multilayered coating strongly depends on the working environment, which exhibits an enhancement in neutral and alkaline environments while a degeneration in acidic environment. This is attributed to not only the prolongation of the corrosion path caused by the multilayered structure but also the formation of an insulating silicon oxide layer in neutral and alkaline environments. However, in acidic environments, the strong permeability of H+ with the smallest ionic radius easily infiltrates the inherent defects of the coating. This not only weakens the protective properties of the multilayer structure but also leads to hydrogen-induced cracking, ultimately diminishing corrosion resistance. These findings theoretically guide the development of the DLC coatings with excellent corrosion resistance for coal mine applications.

Seasonal variations and hydrological management regulate nutrient transport in cascade damming: Insights from carbon and nitrogen isotopes

Reservoirs around the world have significantly altered the natural transport of nutrients in rivers. However, the specific effects of the cascade damming on the migration, transformation, and environmental consequences of these nutrients remain unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed spatiotemporal variations in water chemistry, nutrient concentrations, stable isotope of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) and nitrate isotope (δ15N-NO3-) in seven cascade reservoirs along the Wujiang River, each characterized by different regulatory regimes. Our findings reveal that the average absolute changes in concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and silicon dioxide (SiO2) during the wet season (WS, spring and summer) were 2.4, 1.4, and 1.1 times higher than those observed in the dry season (DS, autumn and winter). During the WS, the average apparent retention efficiency (*RETf) values in the Hongjiadu reservoir were 97 % for TN, 98 % for TP, and 95 % for SiO2, indicating substantial nutrient consumption in the cascading reservoirs. Conversely, during the DS, the *RETf values for TN, TP, and SiO2 were negative, suggesting notable nutrient accumulation within the reservoirs. The nutrient fluxes released downstream from the cascade reservoirs in the Wujiang River were significantly greater than the upstream inflow fluxes. These findings help demonstrate how downstream discharge across cascade reservoirs amplifies nutrient flux disparities due to dam construction. Our study enhances the understanding of how cascade dam construction impacts nutrient dynamics, supporting the optimization of reservoir operation models and advancing scientific water resource management and conservation efforts.

Simultaneously comparing various CO2-mineralized steelmaking slags as supplementary cementitious materials via high gravity carbonation

The integration of accelerated carbonation with the utilization of steelmaking slags presents a vital strategy for CO2 mineralization towards net-zero scheme. This study simultaneously evaluates basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS), refining slag (RFS), and electric arc furnace reducing (EAFRS) and oxidizing slags (EAFOS) as potential partial replacements for ordinary Portland cement, at substitution levels ranging from 5 % to 15 % as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). These slags were pretreated through aqueous accelerated carbonation in a high-gravity rotating packed bed. We assessed several parameters, including carbonation conversion, CO2 capture capacity, workability, strength, and durability. The results demonstrated that EAFRS achieved the highest CO2 capture capacity, reaching 0.193 kg-CO2/kg-slag with a maximum carbonation conversion of 46 % under 197 times high-gravity conditions and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 20. While the incorporation of carbonated slags had minimal impact on the setting properties of cement pastes, higher substitution ratios necessitated increased water demand. The strength of blended cement containing 5 %, 10 %, and 15 % of carbonated BOFS, RFS, and EAFRS met standard requirements at 28th day. Additionally, a mathematical model was developed to predict the mechanical strength of cement mortars. The introduction of carbonated BOFS, RFS, and EAFRS facilitated hydration due to the formation of calcium carbonates, although it resulted in slower strength development kinetics. Notably, the replacement of cement with carbonated EAFOS exhibited a higher expansion rate, likely due to its elevated silicon dioxide and alkaline species content, which may lead to alkali-aggregate reactions, resulting in expansion and cracking.

Analysis of coatings with Al and Si additives for high-temperature oxidation of steel

The article presents an analysis of the influence of aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si) coating additions on the process of high-temperature oxidation of steel. After high-temperature oxidation of coatings deposited on steel substrates, the oxidation was carried out in an air atmosphere at 800C for 20 hours. The samples were oxidized on one side, i.e. they were placed on a quartz plate during the test. After oxidation, the unit mass increase of the samples was measured using a laboratory scale with an accuracy of 0.00001 g. It was examined how the addition of these elements affects the formation of protective oxide layers that limit corrosion at elevated temperatures. Aluminum contributes to the formation of stable aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) layers, while silicon supports the formation of silicon oxide (SiO₂). Both oxides act as protective barriers, reducing the penetration of oxygen into the material, which slows down its degradation. The appropriate concentration of these admixtures improves the steel's resistance to oxidation without significantly impairing its mechanical properties. The article emphasizes the importance of appropriate selection of Al and Si content to increase the durability of steel in high-temperature operating conditions.

Influence of Kazakhstan’s Shungites on the Physical–Mechanical Properties of Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Composites

This study presents data on the use of shungite ore (the Bakyrchik deposit, Kazakhstan) and its concentrate as fillers in elastomer composites based on nitrile butadiene rubber. In addition to carbon, these shungite materials contain oxides of Si, Fe, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, and Al. The shungite concentrate was obtained through a flotation process involving five stages. The chemical composition analysis of these natural fillers revealed that during flotation, the carbon content increased 3.5 times (from 11.0 wt% to 39.0 wt%), while the silicon oxide content decreased threefold (from 49.4 wt% to 13.6 wt%). The contents of oxides of K, Ca, Ti, Mn, and Al decreased by less than 1%, and iron oxide content increased by 40% (from 6.7 wt% to 9.4 wt%). The study explored the impact of partial or full replacement of carbon black (CB) of P 324 grade with the shungite ore (ShO) and the shungite concentrate (ShC) on the vulcanization process and the physical–mechanical properties of the rubber. It was found that replacing CB with ShO and ShC reduces Mooney viscosity ML (1 + 4) 100 °C of the rubber compounds by up to 29% compared to the standard CB-filled sample. The use of the shungite fillers also increased scorch time (ts) by up to 36% and cure time (t90) by up to 35%. The carbon content in the shungite fillers had little influence on these parameters. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that replacing 5–10 wt% of CB with ShO or ShC improves the tensile strength of the rubber. The results of the flotation enrichment process enable the assessment of how these shungite fillers affect the properties of the composites for producing rubbers with specific characteristics. It was also found that substituting CB with ShO or ShC does not significantly affect the rubber’s resistance to standard oil-based media. The findings indicate that Kazakhstan’s shungite materials can be used as fillers in rubber to partially replace CB.

Synergistic mechanisms of nitrogen configurations in sulfur hosts and their enhancement of electrochemical performance in lithium‑sulfur batteries

Lithium‑sulfur batteries (LSBs) have attracted a lot of attention due to their high theoretical capacity and energy density. However, the cathode material for LSBs is limited by the low conductivity of sulfur and its products, as well as volume fluctuations during charging and discharging, and the shuttle effect of soluble lithium polysulfide. In this work, a cathode sulfur host material Nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials (N-PCM) was synthesized, doped with Pyridine N and Pyrrolic N, using melamine and glycine as nitrogen sources, silicon dioxide as template. The synthesis method characterized by controllable nitrogen content and nitrogen configurations. The results of the electrochemical performance test indicate that the composite N-PCM/S exhibits a higher capacity and enhanced cycling stability. At a rate of 0.1C, N-PCM/S demonstrates an initial discharge capacity of up to 1308 mAh/g. At 2C, the initial discharge capacity is 603 mAh/g, while maintaining a reversible capacity of 543 mAh/g after 400 cycles. The capacity decay rate is only 0.025 % per cycle, showcasing excellent cycle stability. Additionally, the N-PCM/S exhibits excellent electrochemical performance under electrolyte-poor conditions. The results showed that the synergistic effect of different nitrogen configurations significantly enhanced the adsorption and catalytic conversion of polysulfide by sulfur hosts, accelerate the reaction rate of polysulfide.

Research on Extracting Silicon and Iron Oxide from the Waste Ash of Mongolian Fourth Thermal Power Plant

In this research, we extracted silicon and iron oxides from the waste ash of the Mongolian fourth thermal power plant by a precipitation method. The samples were analyzed using XRD, XRF, BET, and SEM, and the following conclusions were reached. From the quantitative analysis of the chemical composition, the bottom and fly ash of the Mongolian fourth thermal power plant belong to the acid ash. The results of instrumental analysis of iron oxide obtained from the waste ash (XRF, XRD, BET, SEM), the ratio of ash to hydrochloric acid is 1:6, the hydrochloric acid concentration is 20%, the reaction temperature is 75°C, stirring speed is 250 rpm. The properties of the prepared iron oxide are the best and yield 20%, purity of 41.587%, average pore diameter of 7.5379 nm, and specific surface area of 38.87 m2 /g.The results of instrumental analysis of silicon dioxide obtained from the waste ash (XRF, XRD, BET, SEM) show the ratio of ash to hydrochloric acid is 1:6, the hydrochloric acid concentration is 20%, the reaction temperature is 75°C, stirring speed is 200 rpm. The yield is about 75%, the purity is 99.999%, the average pore diameter is 27.96 nm, and the specific surface area is 353.59 m2 /g.

Correction: Brandão et al. Genotoxicity and Gene Expression in the Rat Lung Tissue following Instillation and Inhalation of Different Variants of Amorphous Silica Nanomaterials (aSiO2 NM). Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1502

In the original publication [...]

A Novel Technique for Monitoring Carbonate and Scale Precipitation Using a Batch-Process-Based Hetero-Core Fiber Optic Sensor

Techniques for monitoring calcium carbonate and silica deposits (scale) in geothermal power plants and hot spring facilities using fiber optic sensors have already been reported. These sensors continuously measure changes in light transmittance with a detector and, when applied to field tests, require the installation of a power supply and sensor monitoring equipment. However, on some sites, a power supply may not be available, or a specialist skilled in handling scale sensors is required. To overcome this problem, we have developed a method for evaluating scale formation that is based on a batch process that can be used by anyone. In brief, this method involves depositing scale on a section of the optical fiber sensor and then fusing this section to the optical fiber and measuring it. Using this sensor, a technician in the field can simply place the sensor in the desired location, collect the samples at any given time, and send them to the laboratory to measure their transmittance. This simple and easy method was achieved by using a hetero-core type of fiber optic. This evaluation method can measure with the same sensitivity as conventional real-time methods, while its transmittance response for the sensor corresponds to the saturation index (SI) changes in the scale components in the solution due to increases in temperature and concentration. In the field of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), this evaluation method can be used to quantitatively measure the formation of carbonate minerals, and it can also be used as an indicator for determining the conditions for CO2 mineral fixation, as well as in experiments using batch-type autoclaves in laboratory testing. It is also expected to be used in geothermal power plants as a method for evaluating scale formation, such as that of amorphous silica, and to protect against agents that hinder stable operation.