Silica Sand Research Articles

Effect of recycled molybdenum tailings on mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance concrete

This paper presents experimental studies on mechanical properties and micro-structures of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) made of recycled molybdenum tailings. The particle size distribution and chemical compositions of recycled molybdenum tailings were analysed at first. Then, compressive and flexural tests were conducted on UHPC in which different volume fractions of recycled molybdenum tailings were used to replace silica sand. The effects of recycled molybdenum tailings replacement ratio on the compressive and flexural strengths were determined through comparisons. Besides, X-ray diffraction tests and backscattered electron tests were carried out to analyse the effect of molybdenum tailings on the micro-structure of UHPC. Based on test data, an optimal replacement ratio of molybdenum tailings was determined which could significantly reduce the cost of UHPC but maintain the mechanical properties in compression. A molybdenum tailings replacement ratio of 30% was recommended to maximise the economic effect and to reduce the carbon emission.

Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene Using Catalyst of NiO Impregnated on Magnetic Silica Sand from Parangtritis Beach

Oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (ODS-DBT) using catalyst of NiO impregnated on magnetic silica sand from Parangtritis beach (Ps) had been evaluated. The NiO-Ps catalyst was prepared using wet impregnation method with Ps to Ni (NO3)2·6H2O weight ratio of 1:1. The catalyst was calcined at a temperature of 400 °C for 5 h under flow of 20 mL min-1 of N2 gas. The ODS-DBT process was carried out using NiO-Ps catalyst on solution of n-hexane with a sulfur content of 500 ppm under variations of temperature, time, and H2O2 volume. The results of XRD and FTIR indicated the main minerals of Ps were quartz, alumina, and magnetite. The Ps and NiO-Ps had crystallinities of 59.97 and 70.32% with crystal sizes of 16.32 and 10.95 nm. The SEM-EDX and TEM analysis showed the surface of Ps was flat and NiO-Ps was rough. The BET-nitrogen absorption-desorption indicated the Ps and NiO-Ps were mesoporous materials with average pore diameters of 11.98 and 24.01 nm, total pore volumes of 0.008 and 0.057 cm3 g-1, and specific surface areas of 2.611 and 9.502 m2 g-1. The Ps and NiO-Ps have acidity values of 1.14 and 1.74 mmol g-1. The optimum desulfurization using NiO-Ps catalyst in the ODS-DBT was 79.40% obtained at a temperature, time, and H2O2 volume of 60 °C, 30 min, and 0.42 mL.

Investigating Calcareous and Silica Sand Behavior at Material Interfaces: A Comprehensive Study

Abstract This study centers on the crucial determination of the mobilized friction angle between soil and various materials, including steel and concrete, to enhance the modeling of soil-structure interaction. The primary objective of the current investigation was to assess the interfacial friction between calcareous and silica sands when interacting with concrete or steel surfaces. To achieve this, direct shear tests were conducted to examine the impacts of relative density (Dr), surface roughness (Rn), and shearing direction. The test results reveal that the shear strength of calcareous sand surpasses that of silica sand when considering a specific Rn. Furthermore, the interface friction of both sand types escalates with an increase in normal stress and Rn, with higher values observed in interactions with steel plates. Notably, the friction angle ratio (the interaction friction angle over the pure sand friction angle) demonstrates minimal dependence on the sand type. The most pronounced divergence in the friction angle ratio is evident at the maximum Rn value, which increases alongside Rn values for both calcareous and siliceous sands. With increasing Rn values, the maximum shear strength, contingent on normal stress and relative density, also rises. The influence of relative density on the interaction friction angle diminishes with escalating surface roughness.

Application of Hybrid Conventional Filter and PVDF-TiO<sub>2</sub>/SBE Hollow Fibre Membrane for Peat Water Treatment

South Kalimantan-Indonesia is known to have extensive peatlands reaching 15% of a total peatland in Kalimantan. Due to that peat land water is mostly found and claim as abundant water sources. However, based on quality, peat land water has poor characteristic with high natural organic matter content. Therefore, peat water treatment is necessary to treat using effective method such as hybrid conventional filter and membrane using hollow fibre PVDF-TiO2/SBE. This study aims to investigate the variation of media filter thickness and filtration pressure of hollow fibre (HF) PVDF-TiO2/SBE membrane peat water treatment by filtration pre-treatment and HF membrane ultrafiltration. HF PVDF-TiO2/SBE membrane was prepared by wet spinning method using spinneret set up. Hybrid process was divided into two steps: 1) conventional filter as pre-treatment and 2) HF ultrafiltration membrane under cross flow system. The filter media was used in this work is silica sand and activated carbon with varied thickness 30:10 and 10:30 cm. The HF membrane structure was analysed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the membrane morphology. The results show the fabricated HF membrane has a finger like-sponge sandwich structure morphology. In addition, 30:10 cm (silica sand: activated carbon) thickness exhibits TDS and turbidity removal of 92.18 and 61.37%, respectively as conventional filter pre-treatment. In other hand, HF membrane successfully removed TDS and turbidity of peat water up to 98.68% and 92.41% at 2 bar of filtration pressure. The highest permeate flux of HF membrane conducted of 13.055 Kg.m-2.h-1 at 3 bar. Conclusion of this work is the peat water treatment using activated carbon: silica filtration pre-treatment and HF membrane ultrafiltration can provide clean water with maximum turbidity and TDS removal.

Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) Through Silica Sand Replacement with Steel Slag

In modern construction, increasing the sustainability of materials without sacrificing performance is crucial. Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) is known for its exceptional strength and durability. However, incorporating waste and optimizing the mix is still a key focus. The main goal of this article is to evaluate the enhancement of the mechanical properties of UHPC by replacing silica sand with steel slag at various percentages (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). With this purpose, we measured the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths, as well as relative density and water absorption. It was found that the best mechanical performance of UHPC occurs at 50% replacement, exhibiting a maximum compressive strength of 126 MPa (+13.5%), a bending strength of 11.6 MPa (+20.8%), and a tensile strength of 7.2 MPa (+6.5%). Moreover, for the same steel slag replacement, 5.1% decrease in the CO2 eq. emissions was found. However, exceeding the 50% threshold led to a deterioration of UHPC’s mechanical properties, and the SEM images revealed that this was mainly caused by the weakened bond between the cement matrix and the aggregates. Thus, it was concluded that the use of steel slag may significantly improve the structural integrity of UHPC when the adequate replacement percentage is adopted (around 50%), being a viable alternative to traditional aggregates that also has environmental advantages (e.g., reduced carbon emissions).

Numerical Performance Analysis of Modified Vertical U-tube Ground Heat Exchangers by Adjusting the Impact of Leg Spacing

Geothermal energy is a reliable and renewable form of energy that offers steady cooling and heating of buildings without relying on sunlight or wind, avoiding price fluctuations. Ground heat exchangers (GHEs) are designed to utilize geothermal energy for building heating and cooling. The present study conducted a numerical investigation on the thermal performance of Modified Vertical U-tube GHEs. Enhancement of the thermal performance of various configurations of GHEs by adjusting the leg spacing and incorporating spiral configuration of U-tube GHEs. The upper section's leg spacing varies to reduce thermal interference and the lower section's leg spacing is kept constant. Some designs incorporated a combination of spiral and straight U-tubes. All GHE models were considered a 20-meter depth. Performances of these GHEs are evaluated with polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, and low-density polyethylene tubes and boreholes filled with silica sand. The surrounding soil consisted of clay. In some configurations, the lower section was modeled with spiral geometry after 10 meters in depth. The design parameters for the spiral section were 70 mm and 100 mm diameter. The simulations were conducted using the ANSYS FLUENT 22.2 software program for cooling operation. The outlet temperature was lower for spiral configurations than for the other configurations after being simulated for 72 hours. Compared to the traditional U-tube configuration, the heat transfer rate achieved by each arrangement is significantly higher. Results indicated that the combination of spiral shape with traditional shape led to a 31.2% increase in average heat transfer rate. Leg spacing variation opens up the opportunity to combine multiple geometries in a single borehole, also providing the solution to reduce the thermal interference between the inlet and outlet pipe.

Optimizing Syngas Production from Municipal Solid Waste Gasification: A Dual Reactor Fluidized Bed Study with Steam and CO2 as Gasification Agents

The escalating production of municipal solid waste (MSW) poses significant environmental and health hazards due to air, water, and soil pollution. Utilizing MSW as an energy source through gasification offers a promising solution to mitigate these impacts. This study investigates the gasification of MSW using a Dual Reactor Fluidized Bed, a thermal technology that converts solid substrates into usable gaseous fuels. The primary objective is to optimize the quality of the produced syngas by employing specific gasification agents, namely steam and CO2, and their mixtures. The research examines the effect of these agents on H2/CO ratios across a wide range of low operating temperatures, from 400°C to 700°C, using silica sand as a heat conduction medium between interconnected combustion and gasification reactors. The results demonstrate that the composition of syngas is strongly influenced by gasification temperature fluctuations. Increasing temperatures from 400°C to 700°C correlate with higher concentrations of CO and H2 in the syngas. The use of steam as a gasification agent yields H2 concentrations up to 25%, while transitioning from steam to CO2 leads to a substantial increase in CO composition, reaching 22.73%. Further analysis reveals that the H2/CO ratio decreases from 1,78 with steam and 0.64 with CO2, highlighting the crucial role of gasification agents in syngas quality. This study underscores the potential for optimizing syngas production from MSW by manipulating gasification temperatures and transitioning between different agents (steam, CO2, and their mixtures), resulting in an overall increase in the calorific value of the produced gas. These findings emphasize the opportunity to transform substantial environmental challenges associated with MSW into promising sustainable energy solutions through advanced gasification technologies.

Experimental Study of a Silica Sand Sensible Heat Storage System Enhanced by Fins

This study aims to assess the thermal performance of silica sand as a heat storage medium within a shell-and-tube sensible heat storage thermal energy system that operates using water as the heat transfer fluid. Two types of silica sand were analyzed, fine sand and coarse sand, to determine which was the best for heat transfer and storage. It was found that the fine sand, which had smaller particles compared to the coarse sand, enhanced the heat transfer in the system. The fine sand required 11.86 h to charge using the benchmark case and 17.58 h to discharge, whereas the coarse sand required 13.36 h to charge and 16.55 h to discharge. Methods of enhancement are also explored by comparing the system performance with the inclusion of four different configurations of copper fins to investigate against a benchmark case without fins in the system with fine sand. When equipped with four radial fins, the system demonstrated a significant enhancement, reducing charging and discharging times by 59.02% and 69.17%, respectively, compared to the baseline. Moreover, the system exhibited an even greater improvement with eight radial fins, cutting charging and discharging times by 63.74% and 78.5%, respectively, surpassing the improvements achieved with four radial fins. The ten annular fins decreased the charging time by 42.58% and the discharge by 62.4%, whereas the twenty annular fins decreased the charging by 56.24% and the discharging by 68.26% when compared to the baseline.

Highly efficient green-synthesized sucrose-derived graphene silica and carbonate sand composites for copper (II) ions removal

Highly efficient green-synthesized sucrose-derived graphene silica and carbonate sand composites for copper (II) ions removal

Kinetics of CO2 hydrate formation in clayey sand sediments: Implications for CO2 sequestration

Hydrate-based CO2 sequestration beneath oceanic sediments is an emerging technique that involves the injection of CO2 into the hydrate stability zone (HSZ) beneath the seabed, forming hydrate cap that structurally traps the injected CO2 and reduces the risk of leaking CO2 from the storage sediment. Gas hydrates are adequately stable in sand sediments saturated with fresh water; however, the salinity of oceanic water impairs hydrate formation kinetics, stability, and CO2 storage capacity. In addition to sandstones, marine sediments are composed of many clay minerals that could affect hydrate formation. Therefore, this study experimentally simulates CO2 injection into sand and clayey sand sediments to assess the potential of CO2 hydrate formation. CO2 hydrates are formed inside a high-pressure reactor, which contains unconsolidated sediment bed/pack (silica sand; mixed sand with bentonite clay: 5 wt% and 10 wt%), saturated with de-ionized water or brine (3.3 wt% NaCl). Hydrate formation experiments were performed at 4 MPa pressure and 274.15 K temperature. Results show that CO2 hydrate formed within the sand sediment, with induction times of 6 and 8.5 h, for the de-ionized and brine systems, respectively. CO2 gas mole uptake in the de-ionized system was 71.54 mmol/mol however, in the brine system the gas uptake was 56.95 mmol/mol. Hence this 20.4% reduction in the gas uptake indicated the inhibition effect of salinity. In contrast, in the brine-saturated 5 wt% clay-sand sediment, the induction time was 6.5 h, indicating the promoting effect of the nano-sized clay particles. However, the gas uptake in this brine-saturated clay-sand sediment was reduced by 45.51% compared to the brine-saturated sand sediment. Increasing the clay content to 10 wt% prevented CO2 hydrate formation due to porosity reduction. Moreover, de-ionized water in clayey sand sediments prevented hydrate formation due to clay swelling. Finally, CO2 hydrate formation at the end of each experiment was visually confirmed.

Physico-mechanical properties of geopolymers after thermal exposure: Influence of filler, temperature and dwell time

Geopolymers offer increasingly better physico-mechanical properties concerning thermal exposure at high temperatures compared to ordinary Portland cements (OPC). This paper aims to comprehensively study the use of different types of fillers with different particle size distributions in terms of type (silica sands and cordierites) and surface area, loaded at different temperatures and dwell times (30 min and 180 min). After thermal exposure in the temperature range of 100–1000 °C, geopolymer samples were evaluated regarding physico-mechanical properties compared to samples without thermal exposure, using OPC as a reference material. Geopolymer samples were found to have a denser microstructure than OPC, supporting their better resistance to elevated temperature conditions. In addition, the influence of different filler compositions on the resulting internal structure and porosity was demonstrated. Samples containing fillers in two particle size ranges showed better densification than samples with one particle size range.Conversely, OPC samples showed the least favourable results. In addition, the mechanical behaviour of the geopolymers under static loading, especially in bending and compression tests, showed that the prepared geopolymers exhibited better properties than Portland cement at elevated temperatures, especially in the range of 500–1000 °C. In conclusion, appropriately designed geopolymer compositions have the potential to be a sustainable material, a high-performance alternative to traditional building materials.

Synthesis and characterization of ceramic refractories based on industrial wastes

The possibility of reusing ceramic roller waste to produce cordierite and mullite refractories was investigated. Five batches were designed using wastes representing ceramic roller waste, magnesite, and silica sand, shaped and fired at 1300 °C/2 h, and one batch was selected at 1200 °C. The chemical composition and precipitated phases of the used raw materials and the fired batches were analyzed using XRF and XRD techniques, respectively. Densification parameters, morphology, microstructure and electrical properties were also studied to evaluate the effect of the formed phases on the properties of fired materials. Bulk density increases with an increase in mullite and a decrease in cordierite, and it also increases with increasing temperature, whereas porosity and water absorption show a opposite behavior to density (it decreases with an increase in mullite and temperature). The main phases developed after firing at 1300 °C/2 h were cordierite, mullite, corundum, baddeleyite, and spinel. Bending strength increases with increasing mullite percentage and density, and decreasing grain size and porosity. The microstructure develops and becomes finer with increasing mullite percentage and density. The grain size of the crystals was very fine at 1200 °C/2 h and increased at 1300 °C/2 h. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy was employed to study the electrical and dielectric behavior of the investigated samples. The increase in mullite concentration shows a remarkable increase in ε’, especially at lower frequencies, as it is three times higher than that of M10. At f > 103 Hz ε’, frequency independence is accompanied by an increase in mullite concentrations due to the lag of dynamics fluctuations after the alteration of the electric field. The generation of new free ions leads to the enhancement of conductivity as the mullite concentration increases.

Generalized mathematical model applied to a silica sand laboratory-controlled mill: Derivation of simplified ceramic ball entrance flux, ball wear consumption, and mass distribution functions

A laboratory-controlled milling process of silica sand was carried out using aluminum oxide balls of three different sizes. The ball wear kinetic equations were experimentally obtained from the evolution curves of the ball diameter as a function of the operating time. From a generalized model, the ball entrance flux and ball wear consumption were calculated using exact two-parameter solution functions. One-parameter ball entrance flux and ball wear consumption functions were proposed to perform calculations that accurately describe the values provided by the two-parameter functions. In addition, a compact form of the ball mass distribution function is found. This set of simplified equations can be suitable for fast calculations in the milling industry.

Comparing silicon mineral species of different crystallinity using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

In soils, various solid silica (Si) species exhibit different weathering behaviors and surface reactivities, which are among other characteristics related to the crystallinity of the silicate tetrahedral network. Amorphous species exhibit faster weathering and generally possess a larger specific surface area in comparison to crystalline species. However, the characterization of these different species is commonly based on wet chemical extraction methods, which lack selectivity. While Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the mid-infrared range can differentiate between short-range ordered aluminosilicates (SROAS) and pure amorphous silica (ASi), few systematic studies are found on the IR spectral features that distinguish solid Si species by crystallinity. This study aims to identify FTIR absorption bands that can differentiate Si species based on their crystallinity. Our data clearly indicate that ASi can be distinguished from very crystalline silica (quartz) and sea sand. The absorption band at approximately 800 cm−1 in the FTIR spectra allows determining the degree of crystallinity of the studied ASi species since the band becomes smaller and the band maximum shifted toward lower wavenumbers with increasing degree of crystallinity. Hence, FTIR spectra may be used to differentiate certain Si species in complex samples like soils, allowing the estimation of weatherability and surface reactivity of those species.

Analysis Of Flexural Resistance And Environmental Feasibility Of Ferrocement Concrete Slabs From Fly Ash And Sandblasting Waste

Sandblasting waste from the shipbuilding industry and fly ash waste from industry and electric steam power plants in Indonesia are relatively high in quantity, are B3, and can potentially cause serious environmental pollution. This research aims to utilize this waste as material for ferrocement concrete, where the SiO2 and Al2O3 content from fly ash replaces some of the cement, silica sand from sandblasting waste replaces sand, and additional wire mesh as reinforcement. The method used is a quantitative experiment, where the material to be used is tested for gradation and TCLP. The finished ferrocement concrete is tested for flexural strength. The test results show that the raw material meets the gradation standards in SNI 03 2834 2000, as well the TCLP test results which show that the B3 heavy metal content is Barium, Zinc, and Copper in the sandblasting waste value is below the quality standards of PP No. 22 of 2021 Appendix XI so that all materials can be used for mix designs. The mix design created has a composition ratio of 1S:1.5PB, 1S:1.5PB:50AT, 1S:2PB, and 1S:1PB:50AT. The 1S:2PB ratio composition has the highest average flexural strength, namely 17.46 MPa, which is suitable for light vertical load construction work

Integrated Techno-Environmental Analysis of Finely Ground Silica Sand in Sustainable Mortar Production

The environmental impacts of cement production are becoming more urgent concerns. This study examined the mechanical characteristics of cement when it is partially replaced with finely crushed sand. The experimental program consisted of three different levels of sand fineness of 459 m2/kg, 497 m2/kg, and 543 m2/kg, as well as four substitution ratios of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. A total of thirteen combinations were formulated and then evaluated. The results demonstrated that increasing sand fineness from 459 m2/kg to 543 m2/kg substantially impacted the compressive strength (CS), increasing it by up to 30%, and increasing the substitution ratio from 10% to 40% reduced the mechanical strength by roughly 40%. An extensive techno-environmental evaluation showed that replacing cement with finely crushed sand is technically feasible and environmentally advantageous. This technique can decrease carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by around 40%, emphasizing its ecological benefits and coinciding with worldwide initiatives to decrease the environmental impact of construction materials. In summary, this study demonstrates the advantages of improving the mechanical characteristics of cement while minimizing its ecological footprint. It suggests that finely crushed sand can be used as a sustainable alternative in cement manufacturing, promoting the use of more environmentally friendly construction methods.

Radiation shielding properties of sustainable concrete with novel plastering techniques

In concrete applications. Major/critical applications of such concrete are radiation-shielding facilities. Both steel slag and silica fume are examples of common by-product materials that can be used as a replacer of aggregates and cement. Thus, in this research work, steel slag was utilized as heavy aggregate in concrete production besides silica fume to present sustainable concrete mixtures probably with better radiation-shielding properties. Different cementitious plasters were applied on the conducted sustainable concrete mixture using different powdery materials; hematite, magnetite, barite, bentonite, and steel slag powders in addition to nano-titanium dioxide as full replacers for sand. The proposed plasters were presented to determine the optimum plaster technique in terms of static performance and attenuation capability against gamma and neutron radiations. The results exhibited that utilizing steel slag and silica fume in concrete mixtures enhanced compressive strength by up to 9.09 % compared to conventional concrete, while the addition of nano-titanium to conventional plaster led to superior enhancement in the compressive strength by up to 38.65 % relative to traditional plaster. Conversely, fully replacing conventional silica sand with the abovementioned powdery materials generally reduced the compressive strength of cementitious plasters by up to 30.83 %. However, the radiation shielding properties against Cs-137, and Co-60 energies have been enhanced by up to 20 % and 26 %, respectively.

The Usability of Metallurgical Production Waste as a Siliceous Component in Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Technology

The reconstruction of buildings is a complex process that often requires the consideration of the construction load when selecting correct building materials. Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)—which has a lower bulk density (compared to traditional masonry materials)—is very beneficial in such applications. A current trend in AAC development is the utilization of secondary raw materials in high-performance AAC, characterized by higher bulk density and compressive strength than regular AAC. The increase in bulk density is achieved by increasing the content of quartz sand in the mixing water. In this study, part of the siliceous component was replaced by ladle slag, foundry sand, furnace lining, and chamotte block powder. These materials are generated as by-products in metallurgy. The substitution rates were 10% and 30%. The samples were autoclaved in a laboratory autoclave for 8 h of isothermal duration at 190 °C with a saturated water vapor pressure of 1.4 MPa. The physical–mechanical parameters were determined, and the microstructure was described by XRD and SEM analyses. The results were compared with traditional AAC, with silica sand being used as the siliceous component. The measurement results show that sand substitution by the secondary raw material is possible, and it does not have a significant impact on the properties of AAC, and in a proper dosage, it can be beneficial for AAC production.

Optimization of field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry-based assessment of Aphanomyces root rot in pea

When plants are infected with pathogens, disease response can result in changes in the profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOC). These changes in volatile organic compounds (VOC) profiles can be utilized for disease detection and quantification. In this study, field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) was used to evaluate the VOC profile variability in a pea near isogenic line (Pisum sativum L.) inoculated with zoospores of Aphanomyces euteiches Drechs, which causes Aphanomyces root rot disease. Pots were filled with silica sand and six plants per pot were grown under controlled conditions in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Four treatments, namely non-inoculated, 1 x 105, 1 x 106, and 2.79 x 106 zoospores ml−1 were applied to plants at 5 and 7 days after emergence. FAIMS was used to collect volatile profiles at 2, 4, 7 and 9 days after inoculation. Specific regions of interest – extracted from the 3D ion current intensity from the FAIMS spectra – were analyzed using ANOVA, Similarly, multiple regions of interest were evaluated using principal component analysis and k-means clustering. Ion current profiles and curvature profiles were incorporated into the analysis using k-means clustering. Other ground reference data such as root rot index and physiological parameters were also recorded. The results showed a biomarker in a specific region of interest demonstrating ample ability to quantify and differentiate treatment effects during non-destructive sampling at 14 DAE (7 DAI). Data from this region could be used for early and non-destructive quantification and differentiation of treatment effects based on zoospore inoculation levels. The k-means clustering of ion current and curvature profiles showed patterns based on the treatments. These findings demonstrated that FAIMS could be used as a tool to assess plant-pathogen interactions using volatile biomarkers to evaluate disease responses and severity under controlled conditions.

The effect of hydrothermal conditions on surface properties of synthesized nano SBA-15 using sodium silicate

A successful synthesis of mesoporous Santa Barbara amorphous (SBA-15) with nanoparticle size was attempted using prepared sodium silicate from Iraqi high silica sand. EO20PO70EO20 copolymer was used as a template at highly acidic conditions (pH < 2). The effect of crystallization temperature of (100, 110, 120, and 130 0C), and crystallization time of (24, 48, 72, and 120 h) on surface properties was studied. The experiments were characterized using XRD, FTIR, AFM, BET, and FESEM. The XRD and FTIR tests represent amorphous SBA-15 without any impurities. Decreasing average particle size distribution increased the surface area, and decreased the porosity (pore volume, and pore size) in all experiments. The texture properties were surface area of 210-756 cm2/g, volume pore of 0.28-0.7 cm3/g, and pore size of 1.94-13.45 nm. The optimum result of surface area was achieved at hydrothermal conditions of 110 0C, and 24 h, while optimum results of pore volume, and pore size were achieved at hydrothermal conditions of 100 0C, and 120 h. Semi-spherical shape of particles appeared at hydrothermal conditions of 120 0C and 24 h. This morphology was transferred to small rods at 130 0C, and to semi-platelets at 120 h.