The September 11, 2001, bombing of the World Trade Center has had profound consequences for immigrant Americans. Terrorist became racialized as Arab or Muslim, and scores of Americans who were Middle Eastern or mistaken for Middle Eastern were harassed and attacked by fellow Americans. At least one person, a South Asian Sikh American in Mesa, Arizona, was murdered. The government, for its part, arrested more than 1,200 people within days of the attacks, but only a handful were proven to have any links to terrorism. Over the next months, the terrorist attacks became a handy excuse to investigate illegal immigrants and tighten restrictions on international students. Hundreds of illegal immigrants-primarily South Asian and Middle Eastern-have been deported. Hundreds more have been detained for months on end. The government also instituted a new system of registration for immigrants, international students, and other visitors from countries deemed to have terrorist ties. All the countries on the list, except for North Korea, are in the Middle East. Just as immigrant advocates feared, many of those who registered were detained for infractions of immigration law, principally visa overstays. Few of those detained or deported for violations of immigration law have any connection to terrorism, and most were living productive, tax-paying lives. In addition, border controls have been tightened across the board: visitors to the United States, for example, now must submit to fingerprinting. The racialization, the border controls, the harassment of immigrants, and the deportation of those deemed illegal may seem contrary to America's selfidentity as a nation of immigrants promising equality for all, but it continues a long history of American gate-keeping and racialized designation of undesirables that originates with Chinese exclusion in 1882. America is a nation of immigrants, but the gates have not been open to all. Erika Lee's rich