Signs Of Weakening Research Articles

Assessment of Pinus sylvestris L. forests state near Krasnoyarsk (case study of the Karaul'noe forestry)

The research was conducted in Pinus sylvestris L. stands near Krasnoyarsk (subtaiga zone). The aim of the study is to assess the current state of recreational pine forests. Research methods included detailed forest pathological examination on six research plots, assessment of recreational disturbance (digression stage) by the transect method, integral assessment of forest health, graphical and correlation analysis. Recreational disturbance of the studied pine forests corresponds to I-IV stages of digression. From 1 to 40% of ground on the research plots has been trampled down. The vitality spectra of forest stands are characterized by right-sided asymmetry; the proportion of weakened trees is high in severely disturbed pine stands. With an increase in the recreational stress, the state of pine forests worsens significantly, and the proportion of dead trees increases. The absence of a significant relationship between the average health index and the stock of dead wood indicates that trees mortality cannot be used as an indicator when assessing the current state of recreational pine forests, which is explained by wood debris removal. The relative growing stock of healthy trees (with no signs of weakening), however, is an informative indicator.

Monitoring the state of woody plants in railway impact zone in the Kola Polar region

The areas adjacent to the railway stations are part of the urban greening and are considered as a single space that meets the high-quality standards of the urban environment. Monitoring studies (2018-2021) were carried out on the state of native and introduced species of woody plants growing along the railway tracks in the forecourt territories of the cities of the Kola Arctic (Murmansk, Olenegorsk, Apatity, Polyarnye Zori, Kandalaksha) to identify resistant species to this type of pollution. The assessment of the state of woody plants was carried out visually according to the method of V.S. Nikolaevsky and H.G. Yakubov. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics were given for each plant. The average score of the state for the most common tree species was calculated. Some agrochemical soil indicators have been determined. As a result of monitoring studies of green spaces, a slight increase in species diversity was revealed (22 species - 2 018, 24 species - 2 021). The state of woody plants in the railway impact zone depended on level of anthropogenic loads, age of plantations, and regularity of care. A slight increase in the share of the category of plants without signs of weakening was noted, with a significant increase in the category highly weakened (from 31.0 to 51.7 %). The indicator for the categories shrinking and dead wood has changed slightly. The weighted average score of the state of the most common tree species showed no pronounced changes. The nutritional status of soils was characterized by a low level of availability of nitrogenous compounds, changes in soil acidity were found. With regular care, plants can move from one category to another. Existing species of woody plants are stable in these environmental conditions and can be recommended for landscaping objects of this purpose.

The Pareto curve in an exact way for multi-objective differentiable functions with constraints

Contrary to single objective functions where the calculation of optimal solutions will be done mathematically and accurately. On the other hand, multi-objective functions are more complicated to process in order to find the best solutions in an exact way. We start the exact resolution methods, because they make it possible to obtain a solution whose optimality is guaranteed, in certain situations, however, we can look for solutions of good quality, without guarantee of optimality, but in favor of a shorter calculation time. But they also show some signs of weakening, such as the number of objective functions to be optimized. For that reason a set of methods exists to study complicated systems. The objective is to find approached solutions. Their objective is to find the best possible high-quality solutions with reasonable calculation times. Many algorithms are used to solve this problem such as evolutionary algorithms, ant colony-based algorithms and swarm algorithms. But the major drawback of such algorithms is their precision and complexity. In this article, we propose a method which is based on a mathematical model to find the Pareto curve of multi objective functions of the functions derivable with constraints in an exact way. This method is based on the division of the principal problem into sub problems. Next, each sub-problem is studied using the gradient descent direction vector method in order to extract the solution ranges for each sub-problem. Then, use Pareto principle to extract the solutions building the Pareto curve for the principal problem. Finally, the proposed method is validated using the examples in the literature (BNH, SRN).

Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forests in the Baikal Mountain Forest region

The article considers modern approaches to the study of the state of forests of the Baikal Mountain Forest region. All the obtained results of field studies are confirmed by a 13-year period of observations of the changes in the quantitative and qualitative indicators of growth and development of forests, the selected object. During the research, about 17 thousand ha of forest area were surveyed, 1570 permanent test areas were laid. According to the sanitary condition, the share of healthy plantings (class 1) accounts for 76.5%, the 2nd class of resistance (with the presence of small damage and signs of weakening) – 11.1% the indicators of other classes of resistance of plantings vary from 0.5% to 2.6%. The main sign of damage and weakening of forests are grass-roots fires – 60.3%. The total stock of wood according to the GIL is 2568.9 million m3. Coniferous species have the largest share of the stock of business trees – 94.3%, a smaller share of the stock – soft-leaved – 5.6%. The obtained data allow us to develop measures for rational forest management for part of the forests of the Republic of Buryatia, the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Irkutsk Region.

The structure in diameter and sanitary condition of geographical cultures of Scots pine

The study of geographical forest cultures is the scientific basis for forest-seed zoning and selection of tree species. This research identifies the structural features of the diameter of middle-aged stands of different ecotypes of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in geographic cultures, as an assessment of its current sanitary state. We studied the stands of 18 forest-steppe and 14 steppe ecotypes. We laid test areas with measuring the diameters of trees with a measuring fork at a height of 1.3 m. Trees with a continuous count were divided into six categories of sanitary status: no signs of weakening, weakened, strongly weakened, shrinking, fresh dead wood and dead wood of past years. Based on the results of continuous recounts, the distribution rows of trees were constructed according to 2- and 4-cm thickness steps. In forest-steppe ecotypes, the distribution of trees along 2-and 4-centimeter-thick steps is single-vertex, but with right asymmetry. The distribution of trees of steppe ecotypes over 2-cm steps of thickness is asymmetric and two-peaked. The distribution of trees of steppe ecotypes by 2-cm thickness steps is asymmetric and two-vertex. The average score of the sanitary state of stands of forest-steppe ecotypes is 1.5 (healthy), in steppe – 1.7 (weakened).

Biometric and Microbiological Approach to the aAsessment of the State of Young Plantations Hippophae Rhamnoides l. Subsp. Chinensis Rousi on Disturbed Highlands of Hongyuan County, Sichuan Province, China

This research looks at the results of the assessment of the state of young plantations Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. chinensis Rousi on disturbed highlands of Hongyuan County using biometrical and microbiological approaches. It was found that the growth dynamics of young seedlings corresponds to the initial stages of ontogenesis, but has some features. Plantations of H. rhamnoides L. subsp. chinensis Rousi are classified as healthy with signs of weakening. The number of healthy plants is 60.5 %. Soils under plantations are characterized by high heterogeneity of microbiological conditions. The ratio of the main taxonomic and ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms indicates the poverty of the soil with available nitrogen. It is predicted that further these plantations will be able to perform environmental functions.

Landscape Organization and Species Structure of the Wood-Shrub Plantation of the Khortytsa National Academy Park in Zaporizhzhia

The article presents the results of the study of the species composition of tree-shrub plantations of the Khortytsa National Academy park in Zaporizhzhya and its landscape organization. It was established that the total number of plants in the plantations of the park comprises 260 species, of which 202 are tree plants and 58 are shrubs. On the whole, 28 species of plants belonging to 25 genera and 15 families are noted in the studied territory. Among the woody plants, the most common are Catalpa bignonioides (18%), Betula pendula (14%) and Thuja occidentalis (9%). Families are represented by 1-2 species, with the exception of the families of Cupressaceae (5 species) and Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Oleaceae (3 species). The tree-shrub plantation of the park is created mainly by chaotic landings in the form of arrays and groups. The density of the tree planting in the park is 404 pc / ha, and the density of shrubs is 116 pc / ha. The analysis of the sanitary state of the tree vegetation of the park of the Khortytsa National Academy of Zaporizhzhya showed that out of 202 trees 21.8% belonged to the first category (without any signs of weakening), 40.1% of plants belonged to the second category (weakened), 18.3% belonged to the third (very weakened), 14.4%, - to the fourth (drying up), 2.9% - to the fifth (fresh deadwood) and 2.5%. – to the sixth category (deadwood of the previous years). The discrepancy between the species composition of the vegetation, the ecological conditions of growth and the high density of tree planting does not allow each plant to exhibit its decorative properties in full. All this reduces the architectural and artistic expressiveness and aesthetic appeal of the park. Therefore, the selection of plants for the design of green spaces should be carried out on the basis of generally known principles - ecological, decorative and bio-centric, which will enable to maximize the park environment in aesthetic terms and will give this object a unique look.

СОСТОЯНИЕ ЗАЩИТНЫХ ЛЕСНЫХ НАСАЖДЕНИЙ В РАЗНЫХ ПОЧВЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ ЗАКАМЬЯ

The results of the study of protective forest plantations state in the Eastern Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan are presented. The assessment of the study area landscape, the soil conditions for the formation of protective forests is given. Under the canopy of forest phytocoenoses, brown-brown forest, gray forest soils and rendzins are identified. Pine, spruce, birch, and poplar protective plantations, pure and mixed in composition, were studied. On the trial plots the taxation indicators of stands are determined. The peculiarities of the distribution of trees along the thickness steps and categories of the state are revealed. In pine biogeocenoses there are obviously more trees without signs of weakening: the content of healthy trees is 70.5-87.4%. Less stable are pine plantations created on stony soils of a steep slope. A higher proportion of healthy trees are allocated pine phytocenoses formed on loamy brown soils. Protective plantations of Almetyevsky municipal district, created from European spruce on soils with a developed profile, are distinguished by a high proportion of trees without signs of weakening. In the composition of deciduous plantations, a high percentage of trees without signs of weakening are inherent in the mulberry, which grows on brown-brown forest heavy loamy soil. There are no strongly weakened and drying trees. Birch grouse, formed on rendzine leached heavy loam on stony calcareous rocks, is less stable: the proportion of weakened trees increases to 20.1%.

WTO Dispute Settlement in 2015: Going Strong after Two Decades

On 1 January 1995, the WTO and its new and sophisticated dispute settlement system entered into force. We have thus already entered the twenty-first year of its life. Although the number of disputes has dropped somewhat over the last decade, there is no sign of weakening. Indeed, during 2015, the year we discuss in this volume, the WTO adjudicating bodies issued 16 reports, including three reports discussing the extent of the reasonable period of time.

Состояние и устойчивость сосновых насаждений в условиях антропогенного воздействия (на примере турбазы «Лесная сказка»)

Conducted dendrochronological and dendroclimatic analyses of the status and growth rates of natural stands of Scots pine V age class (ТЛУ-В2) growing in the area of recreation impact on the territory of the camp "Forest fairy tale", and at some distance from it. When reducing recreational pressure, a 30 % increase the percentage of stock of trees the category of "no signs of weakening." Weighted average of the category status is changed from 1,8 to 3,3 with increasing recreational load.

The Danish Model of Industrial Relations: Erosion or Renewal?

The Danish model represents one of the most solidly-based industrial relation (IR) systems in Europe, and is today internationally regarded as an exemplar owing to its effective combination of flexibility and security in labour-market regulation. But in an increasingly globalized world even this model has come under pressure. The pressure comes from three different directions: (1) from EU regulation; (2) from the national political system; and, (3) from the parties at enterprise level. The organized or centralized decentralization of the collective bargaining system that was seen as the answer to the increased competitive pressure of internationalization would appear to have reached its limit and to have been replaced by a trend towards multi-level regulation. Whether this trend will lead to renewal or erosion of the Danish model will be revealed over the coming years. There are signs that indicate the model's continued robustness, but there are also signs of weakening. The outcome is not only of national interest, but also has international relevance, since Denmark can be seen as the IR model par excellence. As a critical case the development of the Danish model is an indicator of the traditional IR system's future prospects in general.

Shaping the Adversary Culture

Our varied communities of discourse face a rhetorical future shaped by juridical styles reminiscent of the "adversary culture" postulated by post-war American critic Lionel Trilling. Itself the subject of litigious debate. the adversarial spirit today shows few signs of weakening, but its influence can be better understood and guided along certain tracks. To influence this adversarial style in coming decades, we need to explore the difference between evidencebased reasoning, which draws on the sensationalist logic ofinduction. and reflexive reasoning, which draws on the second-order logic of presumption. Understanding the structures and dynamics of this reflexive style forces us to address our responsibilities as speakers, as we seek to shape our rhetorical future. Close examination of adversarial contlict may lead us toward useful consensus on how the new game should be played.

From AD 2000 to AD 2025

THE CUSP OF ANOTHER MILLENNIUM can spur reflection on the future as well as the past. Which alternative futures should we nurture? Which should we try to avoid? Before attempting to answer those question, we must start with the facts of international life today - global interdependence, the forces of globalization, and the existing pyramid of power.Global interdependence means that states are mutually vulnerable - in military, economic, public health, and other terms. Our close proximity permits us to hurt or to help one another.(f.1) Still, we have choices. We may claim and seize values for ourselves at the expense of others or create values with others for mutual gain.(f.2)Networks of global interdependence reinforce the importance of states, but many transnational forces ignore and transcend state borders. Some - knowledge, values, skills, and tastes - are intangible. Others - drugs and viruses - are tangible. All are spread by transportation and communication technologies - airplanes, ships, modems, satellite broadcasting, electronic banking. Transnational forces can integrate humanity or divide it. Modems can be used by the Ku Klux Klan as well as by Human Rights Watch. Neither the forces of Jihad nor those of McWorld bode well for democracy.(f.3)Within this flux, however, there is also a pyramid of power. Many thousands of non-state actors crowd the world stage, but states remain the most weighty actors and form a hierarchy of power. At the end of the 20th century the world is unipolar. It combines a single superpower with successive levels of great, medium, regional, and rising powers. Only the United States possesses great military, economic, scientific, political, and cultural strengths; even its physical setting, resources, and distance from potential foes is unmatched. The great powers in the second rung are strong in some domains but pre-eminent in none.(f.4) Each lacks important assets. A united Europe could be strong in most realms (though never able to match the United States in physical setting), but Europe's potential remains far from fulfilled. The strengths and weaknesses of other potential powers such as Kazakstan and Brazil depend on a host of factors difficult to predict - from the price of oil to climate change.Heirarchy of Power in the 1990sSuperpower: United StatesGreat Powers: Japan, China, Germany, RussiaMedium Powers: United Kingdom, France, India, ItalyPotential Great Powers: European Union, Kazakstan, UkraineRegional Powers: Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Pakistan, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan.Let us stretch our minds across the first quarter of the twenty-first century and focus on six possible scenarios. Each assumes that technology continues to reduce distance and time, that many means of locomotion and of destruction become cheaper and more widely acceptable, and that mutual vulnerabilities increase. The first five scenarios assume that governments dominate the world scene; the sixth that the processes of globalization elicit world governance by combinations of national, international, and transnational agents. Each scenario blends elements of conflict and mutual gain.To maximize credibility, let us portray each scenario as a fact rather than as what 'could,' 'would,' or 'should' be. The most familiar scenarios - those closest to the pyramid of power in the 1990s - are listed first.I UNIPOLAR STABILITYUnited States hegemony is rooted in tangible and intangible assets that show no sign of weakening - a splendid geographical setting occupied by a diverse and well-educated population with freedom to create.(f.5) The unipolar world continues for decades. It proves to be the most peaceful, stable, and prosperous era in human history. It is a world in which most states deal with global interdependence so as to generate mutual gain. It begins to embody the principle: From each according to her or his ability, to each according to her or his need. …

Geographic information systems and cartography

The GIS phenomenon shows no sign of weakening, but cannot last for ever. The paper addresses the long-term significance of GIS from three perspectives. First, the various application fields are reviewed and used to define four views of GIS. Second, the paper looks at some new and continuing debates in GIS and their significance for cartography. The third section of the paper discusses the search for an intellectual core for GIS, and the role of the US National Science Foundation's National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis.

The regional problem in Spain

The results of the elections of 1 March 1979 show the abiding importance of the regional issue in Spain and the necessity of finding a constitutional solution for the regional problem. In these elections the historic party of Basque nationalism, the PNV (Partido Nacionalista Vasco) which supports a generous grant of autonomy to the Basque Provinces, gained eight seats; the national Spanish parties, the socialists and the UCD — the centre party of the present Prime Minister Senor Suarez — gained twelve seats between them. Even more alarming, from the central government’s point of view, was the relative strength of the extreme nationalist left: Herri Batasuna, the extreme left-wing separatist, nationalist party which supports the ETA militar (Euskadi Ta Azkatasuna) advocates of the armed struggle, won three seats and the left-wing nationalist party Euskadiko Ezquerra a single seat. Even more surprising was the victory of the Andalusian Socialist Party, PSA (Partido Socialista de Andalucia) with five seats, marking the emergence of a new brand of left-wing regionalism. In only one region — Catalonia — did the nationalist thrust show signs of weakening. Convergencia i Unio, which was a coalition of parties committed to autonomy for Catalonia, dropped one seat from ten to nine. But this must not be interpreted as a weakening of the Catalan demand for autonomy: the Spanish parties of the left, the communists and socialists, and the UCD (Union de Centro Democratico) in Catalonia are committed to autonomy, even though with varying degrees of enthusiasm.