Signs Of Dysbiosis Research Articles

INDICATORS OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE COMPOSITION OF THE GUT COMMENSAL MICROBIOTA AS BIOMARKERS OF HOMEOSTASIS

Introduction: In the first part of our review, we highlighted the significant role of the intestinal microbiome for the human body. Its functions can be broadly categorized into three main groups: protective, metabolic, and immune system stimulation. The effectiveness of these functions depends on changes in the specific composition of the human microbiome, influenced by environmental conditions, living conditions, human nutrition, climate, genetics, and other factors. The objective of this work is to provide guidance for doctors, higher education students, and medical interns in understanding the modern intricacies of microbial metabolism in the human gastrointestinal tract. This understanding will enable them to make informed decisions regarding the prescription of microbiome indicators for patients, as well as their subsequent interpretation and correction. Materials and methods. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 61 international literature sources from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The search was conducted electronically, and only English-language studies were included. Results. For an objective assessment of the numerous data obtained by using the latest diagnostic methods, scientists have proposed indicators that for convenience are considered in the form of known ratios: Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes, Prevotella / Bacteroides, Fusobacterium nucleatum / Faecalibacterium prausnitzi. The ratio between Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes is the percentage value of the first (Firmicutes) divided by the percentage value of the second (Bacteroidetes) can range from infinity to zero. This ratio usually ranges from 0.1 to 10. The Prevotella/Bacteroides ratio varies widely and depends on gastronomic preferences, metabolic features, and concomitant pathologies. In turn, significant fluctuations in Prevotella /Bacteroides have signs of dysbiosis, which directly correlates with numerous human pathologies. A shift in the ratio of Fusobacterium nucleatum / Faecalibacterium prausnitzii towards the former, according to scientific studies, can be considered one of the screening indicators of early colorectal cancer. Conclusion. When using ratios and markers to evaluate the homeostasis of the gut microbiota and make a diagnosis, it is important to consider not only the intricate relationship between the microflora and the human body, but also the nuances of metabolism within the microbial community. Both aspects are currently undergoing study with revolutionary methods and modern systems, which will ultimately contribute to a deeper understanding of these processes.

Diversity of gut microbiome in Rocky Mountainsnail across its native range.

The animal gut microbiome is often a key requirement for host nutrition, digestion, and immunity, and can shift in relation to host geography and environmental factors. However, ecological drivers of microbiome community assembly across large geographic ranges have rarely been examined in invertebrates. Oreohelix strigosa (Rocky Mountainsnail) is a widespread land snail found in heterogeneous environments across the mountainous western United States. It is ideally suited for biogeography studies due to its broad distribution, low migration, and low likelihood of passive transport via other animals. This study aims to uncover large-scale geographic shifts in the composition of O. strigosa gut microbiomes by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing on samples from across its native range. Additionally, we elucidate smaller-scale microbiome variation using samples collected only within Colorado. Results show that gut microbiomes vary significantly across broad geographic ranges. Several possible ecological drivers, including soil and vegetation composition, habitat complexity, habitat type, and human impact, collectively explained 27% of the variation across Coloradan O. strigosa gut microbiomes. Snail gut microbiomes show more similarity to vegetation than soil microbiomes. Gut microbial richness was highest in the rocky habitats and increased significantly in the most disturbed habitats (low complexity, high human impact), potentially indicating signs of dysbiosis in the snails' gut microbiomes. These small-scale environmental factors may be driving changes in O. strigosa gut microbiome composition seen across large-scale geography. This knowledge will also help us better understand how microbial associations influence species survival in diverse environments and aid wildlife conservation efforts.

Anthropogenic Neighborhood Impact on Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Polar Bear Feces.

Climate changes cause a dramatical increase in the ice-free season in the Arctic, forcing polar bears ashore, closer to human settlements associated with new and non-natural food objects. Such a diet may crucially transform the intestinal microbiome and metabolism of polar bears. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in the gut bacterial and fungal communities resulting from the transition to anthropogenic food objects by the means of 16S and ITS metabarcoding. Thus, rectal samples from 16 wild polar bears from the Kara-Barents subpopulation were studied. Human waste consuming resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundance of fermentative bacteria (Lactobacillaceae, Leuconostocaceae, and Streptococcaceae) and a decrease in proteolytic Enterobacteriaceae. However, the alpha-diversity parameters remained similar. Also, for the first time, the composition of the fungal community of the polar bear intestine was determined. Diet change is associated with the displacement of eurybiontic fungi (Thelebolus, Dipodascus, Candida (sake), and Geotrichum) by opportunistic Candida (tropicalis), Kazachstania, and Trichosporon. Feeding on human waste does not cause any signs of dysbiosis and probably leads to adaptive changes in the bacterial microbiome. However, the emergence of fungal facultative pathogens increases the risk of infections.

РОЛЬ ОЗОНОТЕРАПИИ В ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ПАЦИЕНТОК С ВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНЫМИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯМИ РЕПРОДУКТИВНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ

The examination and treatment of 162 women aged 21 to 38 years with subacute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the genitals was carried out. All patients underwent a comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination, including a general clinical examination, assessment of gynecological status with ultrasound, serological examination for chlamydia, viral infections, as well as bacteriological and bacterioscopic examination of the vaginal flora and the cervical canal, as well as PCR diagnostics. The patients were prescribed specific anti-inflammatory treatment taking into account the etiology of the pathogen. As an additional treatment, ozone therapy was used in patients (intravenous infusion of ozonated saline solution of 200 ml, at a concentration of 4-6 mg / l per course – 10 procedures). After treatment, an examination was repeated, including an assessment of clinical symptoms, a laboratory study, including an examination of the vaginal flora and the excretory cervical canal, as well as PCR. Marked clinical effect of ozone therapy in all patients. After the laboratory study, a significant positive dynamic of the following indicators was revealed (a decrease in the content of low-differentiated forms of leukocytes, an increase in the percentage of lymphocytes, normalization of the protein fraction of blood serum). This indicated the relief of the acute phase of the inflammatory process of the female reproductive system. Bacteriological and bacterioscopic, as well as PCR control after the treatment showed the absence of specific and non-specific pathogens in the cervical canal and normalization of the vaginal microflora in 148 patients. In 14 patients, there were no signs of dysbiosis in the cervical canal, but there was a decrease in the content of lactobacilli, in the absence of clinical manifestations. They were additionally prescribed the use of Acylact DUO to stimulate the growth of their own lactobacilli. The inclusion of ozone therapy in the complex of therapeutic measures for inflammatory diseases of the genitals is highly effective, since it eliminates hypoxia underlying inflammation, has an anti-inflammatory, anti-stress, desensitizing and immunomodulatory effect. This allows timely treatment, prevention of chronization of the process.

Association Between Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Depression in a Representative Sample of Adults in the United States: Findings From National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2016).

The microbiome's role in the etiology of depression has been a topic of many recent investigations. Findings suggest that dysbiosis, which describes a general disturbance in the gut microbiome, underlies negative gastrointestinal symptoms and is implicated in depression. We studied associations between gastrointestinal symptoms and depressive symptoms at a population level using cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2016, n= 36,287). We hypothesized that the odds of depressive symptoms would be significantly higher in those showing signs of gastrointestinal distress. We analyzed 31,191 adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2005-2016. Outcomes included presence of mucus or liquid in bowel leakage and stomach illness in the past month, diarrhea in the past year, and number of weekly bowel movements. The survey (and thus, our analyses) does not include microbiome samples, only self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire. Moderate, moderately severe, and severe scores were coded as a positive outcome. Compared to those without depressive symptoms, those with moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms had elevated odds of bowel mucus (odds ratio=2.78; 95% confidence interval=1.82-4.24), bowel liquid (odds ratio=2.16; 95% confidence interval=1.63-2.86), stomach illness (odds ratio=1.82; 95% confidence interval=1.31-2.53), diarrhea (sometimes vs. never odds ratio=1.72; 95% confidence interval=1.30-2.29), and constipation (sometimes vs. never odds ratio=2.76; 95% confidence interval=2.11-3.62). Overall, those with gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly more likely to have depressive symptoms. While the intricacies of the brain-gut axis are being investigated at the molecular level, these population data provide further evidence for the association between depressive symptoms and signs of dysbiosis, which may inform health care providers' patient interactions.

Корекція порушень кишкового мікробіоценозу у дітей з синдромом подразненого кишечника

Стаття присвячена актуальній проблемі лікування дітей з функціональними захворюваннями кишечника з клінічними ознаками дисбактеріозу. Мета дослідження: вивчення ефективності при синдромі подразненого кишечника у дітей сучасного симбіотика, що містить штами Lactobacollus rhamnosus GG і фруктоолігосахариди, у складі комплексної терапії. Матеріали і методи. У дослідженні брали участь 35 дітей з синдромом подразненого кишечника і клінічними проявами кишкового дисбіозу на підставі суб’єктивних і об’єктивних симптомів, характеру випорожнення, даних копрограми і мікробіологічного дослідження калу. Ефективність лікування оцінювалася з урахуванням динаміки основних симптомів захворювання (порушення випорожнення, метеоризм, зниження апетиту, абдомінальний біль), нормалізації показників копрограми, результатів контрольного мікробіологічного дослідження калу. Об’єктивізація клінічних проявів захворювання проводилася на початку лікування і перед випискою дитини. Результати. В результаті застосування розроблених схем лікування больовий абдомінальний синдром і симптоми кишкової диспепсії швидко купірувалися. У дітей зі шкірними проявами алергії зменшилася їх вираженість. Клінічні прояви синдрому порушення травлення зменшилися, покращилися показники копрограми. Відмічена виражена позитивна динаміка мікробіологічного складу калу. Більш ніж у половини хворих вдалося досягти нормалізації кількісного складу біфідо- і лактобактерій, різко зменшилася кількість кишкової палички з порушеними ферментативними властивостями, умовно-патогенна і грибкова флора була елімінована. Переносимість призначених комплексів терапії у всіх пацієнтів була доброю. Висновки. В терапії синдрому подразненого кишечника у дітей важливе місце займає корекція кишкового біоценозу. Це дослідження свідчить про високу ефективність і безпеку поєднання Lactobacollus rhamnosus GG і фрукто­олігосахаридів у комплексній терапії захворювання, що дозволяє рекомендувати його практичне застосування.

Effects of the microalgae Chlamydomonas on gastrointestinal health

Abstract The effects of consuming whole-cell biomass of the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii on gastrointestinal health in mice and humans was examined. A 14-day murine model of acute colitis revealed significantly less weight loss in mice that received C. reinhardtii biomass by oral gavage. Based on this result, human volunteers with varying gastrointestinal symptoms were asked to consume 1 or 3 g of C. reinhardtii daily for 30 days. Participants reported changes in their gastrointestinal health through a questionnaire and provided stool samples to analyze the composition of their gut microbiome. Those who typically experience frequent gastrointestinal symptoms reported significantly less bowel discomfort or diarrhea, significantly less gas or bloating, more regular bowel movements, and better stool consistency when regularly consuming C. reinhardtii. Analysis of participant stool samples suggested the gut microbiome composition in all groups remained complex, and no signs of dysbiosis or adverse effect on microbial composition were observed.

Functional dysbiosis within dental plaque microbiota in cleft lip and palate patients

BackgroundDental caries is a polymicrobial disease and prevalent among cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients, although their oral hygiene is well maintained. Dysbiosis, the state of imbalance within the dental plaque microbiota, may cause caries prevalence among these patients. However, little is known about how dysbiosis occurs and affects cariogenicity. To find dysbiotic signs, here we conducted a metatranscriptomic analysis for the plaque microbiota in six CLP patients and four controls.MethodsTotal bacterial RNA was extracted from each sample and sequenced. Bacterial composition and functional profiles were estimated from 16S rRNA and mRNA reads, respectively. The mRNA reads were further used for estimating bacterial composition. Species listed in both rRNA-based and mRNA-based bacterial composition were identified as viable taxa with in situ function (VTiF), and the VTiF with a high mRNA-to-rRNA ratio were considered to be transcriptionally active. A network was constructed for each group by connecting two VTiF if their mRNA abundances were positively correlated.ResultsThe bacterial composition and functional profiles themselves did not provide remarkable signs of dysbiosis in the CLP group. However, the group-specific active taxa were identified, including streptococcal and Prevotella species in the CLP group. Moreover, the network structure was different between groups; Actinomyces johnsonii and several species in the CLP group were the active taxa, which were connected based on positive correlations with statistical significance.ConclusionsFunctional dysbiosis within the plaque microbiota was observed such as difference of the network structure between groups, and may be associated with cariogenicity. The observed functional dysbiosis was an invisible change within the microbiota in the oral cavity of CLP patients. This may emphasize the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene of the patients with cleft anomalies.

The frequency and clinical and endoscopic features of mixed NSAIDs-induced gastrointestinal injuries

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause undesirable reactions in all parts of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). However, the frequency of mixed injuries of various GIT parts due to the use of these drugs has not been investigated.Objective:to estimate the frequency of mixed NSAID-induced injuries of the upper GIT, small and large intestine.Patients and methods.A total of 112 patients (62.5% were women) (mean age, 56.2±14.6 years) with rheumatic diseases who had regularly taken NSAIDs were examined. All the patients underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy and video colonoscopy. Video capsule endoscopy was performed in 35 patients with signs of NSAID-induced gastropathy.Results and discussion.The signs of NSAID-induced gastropathy (gastric and duodenal erosions and/or ulcers) were found in 43.8% of patients; those of NSAID-induced enteropathy (small bowel hemorrhages, erosions, and ulcers) were present in 68.6%; and those of NSAIDinduced colopathy (colonic hemorrhages, erosions, and ulcers) were in 14.3%. The concurrence of NSAID-induced gastro- and colonopathy was present in 28.6% of the patients (odds ratio 12.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.619–56.84); that of NSAID-induced gastro-, entero-, and colopathy was in 10 (20.4% of all the patients with NSAID-induced gastropathy). There was a significant association of the risk of mixed pathology in all GIT parts with the diagnosis of spondylarthritis, the presence of abdominal pain, the signs of dysbiosis and bacterial overgrowth syndrome, as well as with the carriage of CYP2C19 gene polymorphism (the CYP2C19*17*1/*17 allele).Conclusion.Mixed injury of various GIT parts due to the use of NSAIDs is a frequent and serious pathology that requires comprehensive diagnostic tests and combined use of preventive therapies with different mechanisms of action.