Significant Two-way Interaction Research Articles

Tulane Virus Persistence and Microbial Stability in 3D Food Ink under Various Storage Conditions: A Pre- and Post-Printing Analysis.

3D food printers facilitate novel customization of the physicochemical properties of food. This study aimed to investigate the impact of storage conditions on the inactivation of the human norovirus surrogate, Tulane virus (TuV), within 3D printed foods. TuV-inoculated protein cookie food ink (∽ 4 log PFU/g) was distributed into 18 3D food printer capsules (50g each); half immediately underwent extrusion. Storage of the capsules and printed food products at 20°C (0, 6, 12, and 24h), 4°C (0, 1, 3, and 5d), and - 18°C (0, 1, 3, and 5d) was completed before analysis for TuV via plaque assays in addition to aerobic plate count, yeast and mold counts, and pH and water activity (aw) measurements. A significant 3-way interaction effect was observed between time, temperature, and storage method (capsule/print) (p = 0.006). Significant findings include: (1) A greater reduction in virions was observed in capsules after 24h at 20°C and (2) a substantial reduction in virions at 4°C from day 0 to day 1 was observed, independent of storage method. Microbial indicators remained steady across temperatures, with storage temperature significantly impacting pH and aw. A significant two-way interaction effect (p = 0.006) was found between microorganism type (yeast/aerobic counts) and temperature. This research seeks to provide insights for the food industry and regulatory bodies in crafting guidelines for the safe storage and handling of 3D printed foods and inks.

Acculturative stress, collectivistic coping, and drinking in a predominantly Latino college sample.

The present study explored the association of acculturative stress with alcohol consumption and problems, and whether these associations varied by collectivistic coping style in a predominantly Latino college sample. Participants were 192 (58.9% female; Mage = 23.4 years, SD = 6.6; 89.6% Hispanic or Latino) undergraduate students from the University of Texas at El Paso that participated in a survey that assessed their acculturative stress, collectivistic coping styles, alcohol use, and associated problems. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to determine the potential moderating effect of collectivistic coping styles on the relationship between acculturative stress and drinking variables. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed a significant two-way interaction between acculturative stress and seeking social support in predicting monthly drinking frequency, heavy drinking frequency, peak number of drinks, and alcohol problems. They also revealed a significant two-way interaction between acculturative stress and forbearance in predicting heavy drinking frequency and peak number of drinks. The associations between acculturative stress and each of the outcomes were positive at low levels of collectivistic coping style. However, these relationships became increasingly negative as the collectivistic coping style increased. The present study extends the literature on collectivistic coping by exploring the protective effects of collectivistic coping styles against drinking among Latino college students. Based on current findings, it appears that among Latino students, seeking social support may serve as a protective factor against the effects of acculturative stress on alcohol use and problems and that forbearance may serve as a protective factor against the effects of acculturative stress on alcohol use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Phenotypic mismatch between suspects and fillers but not phenotypic bias increases eyewitness identifications of Black suspects.

Despite converging evidence that people more closely associate the construct of criminality with Black people who exhibit a more African facial phenotype than Black people who express a more European phenotype, eyewitness researchers have largely ignored phenotypic bias as a potential contributor to the racial disparities in the criminal legal system. If this form of phenotypic bias extends to eyewitness identification tasks, eyewitnesses may be more likely to identify Black suspects with an African rather than European phenotype, regardless of their guilt status. Further, in cases where the witness's description of the perpetrator does not contain phenotypic information, phenotypic mismatch between the suspect and the other lineup members may bias identification decisions toward or against the suspect. If witnesses can use elements of the lineup construction to guide their identification decisions rather than relying on their recognition memory, then the lineup should be deemed unfair due to suspect bias. The current study also investigated lineup presentation method as a procedural safeguard, predicting that that when lineups were presented simultaneously, there would be a significant two-way interaction of phenotypic bias and lineup composition, with a larger simple main effect of phenotypic bias when lineups were suspect-biased (i.e., the fillers were a phenotypic mismatch to the suspect) than when all lineup members shared the same phenotype. We expected that this interaction would be significantly smaller or non-significant for sequential lineups. Participants watched a mock crime video that contained a Black culprit with either a more African phenotype or a less African phenotype before attempting identifications from a photo array that contained a suspect whose phenotype always matched the culprit viewed in the video, but varied in culprit-presence, phenotypic match of the suspect and fillers, and presentation method. Participants did not identify Black suspects with Afrocentric features more often than Black suspects with Eurocentric features. However, witnesses made more identifications of suspects when the fillers did not match the suspect's phenotype compared to when all lineup members possessed similar phenotypic features. In sum, phenotypic bias did not influence our participant-witnesses' identification decisions, nor interact with lineup composition and lineup presentation type to affect identifications of suspects, suggesting that phenotypic bias may be less influential in match-to-memory tasks than other types of legal decision-making (e.g., determining guilt and sentencing). However, the suggestiveness created by failing to match fillers' phenotypes to the suspect's phenotype can be avoided with proper attention to fair lineup construction.

An Experimental Investigation of Supportive Tactile Communication During Esteem Support Conversations

AbstractThe present study examines how supportive touch impacts evaluations of esteem support content containing high emotion-focused (HEF) or high problem-focused (HPF) messages during observed esteem support interactions. A 2 (verbal content; i.e., HEF or HPF) by 2 (nonverbal content; i.e., presence or absence of supportive tactile communication) experiment was conducted to test for main and interactional effects. Results revealed that HEF conditions were perceived to be more effective by observers at enhancing the recipient’s state self-esteem, state self-efficacy, and alleviating distress compared to HPF conditions. The supportive tactile communication conditions were perceived as better at enhancing state self-esteem and alleviating distress compared to the no supportive tactile communication conditions by observers. However, these main effects were qualified by significant two-way interactions between message content and nonverbal behavior on ratings of state self-esteem and distress alleviation, such that the addition of supportive tactile communication enhanced the effectiveness of HPF message content but not HEF content.

Effects of Task-Induced Involvement and Time on Task on Incidental L2 Vocabulary Acquisition

This study investigates the impact of task-induced involvement and time on task on incidental second language (L2) vocabulary acquisition. Utilizing a 3 (task-induced involvement) × 2 (time on task) × 2 (post-test time) research design, three task-induced involvement conditions were employed based on the Involvement Load Hypothesis (ILH): reading and gap-fill task, reading and sentence-making task, and reading and translation task, with corresponding involvement load (IL) indices of 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Two time-on-task conditions were implemented: uncontrolled time on task, where participants in different groups completed tasks with varied durations, and controlled time on task, where participants in different groups completed tasks with roughly equal durations. Five intact classes comprising 256 Chinese middle school students participated and were randomly assigned to one of five designed tasks aimed at learning 10 carefully selected target words. The results of a three-way repeated measures ANOVA indicate a significant three-way interaction effect among task-induced involvement, time on task, and post-test time, as well as a significant two-way interaction effect between task-induced involvement and time on task. These findings demonstrate that task-induced involvement and time on task interact to significantly influence both initial acquisition and retention of incidental L2 vocabulary. Specifically, under uncontrolled time conditions, tasks with higher ILs and longer durations yield better initial vocabulary gains and retention, partially supporting the ILH. Conversely, under controlled time conditions, tasks with lower ILs exhibit superior initial vocabulary gains and retention, contradicting the predictions of the ILH. Relevant implications are also discussed.

Ocular effects of exposure to low-humidity environment with contact lens wear: A pilot study.

To compare the ocular effects of exposure to a low-humidity environment with and without contact lens (CL) wear using various non-invasive tests. Fourteen habitual soft CL wearers were exposed to controlled low humidity (5% relative humidity [RH]) in an environmental chamber for 90 min on two separate occasions. First, when wearing their habitual spectacles and then, on a separate visit, when wearing silicone hydrogel CLs that were fitted specifically for this purpose. All participants had adapted to the new CL prior to data collection. Three non-invasive objective measurements were taken at each visit: blinking rate, objective ocular scatter (measured using the objective scatter index) and ocular surface cooling rate (measured using a long-wave infrared thermal camera). At each visit, measurements were taken before the exposure in comfortable environmental conditions (RH: 45%), and after exposure to environmental stress (low humidity, RH: 5%). CL wearers showed increased blinking rate (p < 0.005) and ocular scatter (p = 0.03) but similar cooling rate of the ocular surface (p = 0.08) when compared with spectacle wear in comfortable environmental conditions. The exposure to low humidity increased the blinking rate significantly with both types of corrections (p = 0.01). Interestingly, ocular scatter (p = 0.96) and cooling rate (p = 0.73) were not significantly different before and after exposure to low humidity. There were no significant two-way interactions between correction and exposure in any of the measurements. CLs significantly increased the blinking rate, which prevented a quick degradation of the tear film integrity as it was refreshed more regularly. It is hypothesised that the increased blinking rate in CL wearers aids in maintaining ocular scatter quality and cooling rate when exposed to a low-humidity environment. These results highlight the importance of blinking in maintaining tear film stability.

Oral-diadochokinesis between Parkinson's disease and neurotypical elderly among Malaysian-Malay speakers.

Parkinson's disease (PD) has an impact on speech production, manifesting in various ways including alterations in voice quality, challenges in articulating sounds and a decrease in speech rate. Numerous investigations have been conducted to ascertain the oral-diadochokinesis (O-DDK) rate in individuals with PD. However, the existing literature lacks exploration of such O-DDK rates in Malaysia and does not provide consistent evidence regarding the advantage of real-word repetition. To explore the effect of gender, stimuli type and PD status and their interactions on the O-DDK rates among Malaysian-Malay speakers. O-DDK performance of 62 participants (29 individuals with PD and 33 healthy elderly) using a non-word ('pataka'), a Malay real-word ('patahkan') and an English real-word ('buttercake') was audio recorded. The number of syllables produced in 8s was counted. A hierarchical linear modelling was performed to investigate the effects of stimuli type (non-word, Malay real-word, English real-word), PD status (yes, no), gender (male, female) and their interactions on the O-DDK rate. The model accounted for participants' age as well as the nesting of repeated measurements within participants, thereby providing unbiased estimates of the effects. The stimuli effect was significant (p < 0.0001). Malay real-word showed the lowest O-DDK rate (5.03 ± 0.11 syllables/s), followed by English real-word (5.25 ± 0.11 syllables/s) and non-word (5.42 ± 0.11 syllables/s). Individuals with PD showed a significantly lower O-DDK rate compared to healthy elderly (4.73 ± 0.15 syllables/s vs. 5.74 ± 0.14 syllables/s, adjusted p < 0.001). A subsequent analysis indicated that the O-DDK rate declined in a quadratic pattern. However, neither gender nor age effects were observed. Additionally, no significant two-way interactions were found between stimuli type, PD status and gender (all p > 0.05). Therefore, the choice of stimuli type has no or only limited effect considering the use of O-DDK tests in clinical practice for diagnostic purposes. The observed slowness in O-DDK among individuals with PD can be attributed to the impact of the movement disorder, specifically bradykinesia, on the physiological aspects of speech production. Speech-language pathologists can gain insights into the impact of PD on speech production and tailor appropriate intervention strategies to address the specific needs of individuals with PD according to disease stages. What is already known on this subject The observed slowness in O-DDK rates among individuals with PD may stem from the movement disorder's effects on the physiological aspects of speech production, particularly bradykinesia. However, there is a lack of consistent evidence regarding the influence of real-word repetition and how O-DDK rates vary across different PD stages. What this study adds to existing knowledge The O-DDK rates decline in a quadratic pattern as the PD progresses. The research provides insights into the advantage of real-word repetition in assessing O-DDK rates, with Malay real-word showing the lowest O-DDK rate, followed by English real-word and non-word. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Speech-language pathologists can better understand the evolving nature of speech motor impairments as PD progresses. This insight enables them to design targeted intervention strategies that are sensitive to the specific needs and challenges associated with each PD stage. This finding can guide clinicians in selecting appropriate assessment tools for evaluating speech motor function in PD patients.

Identifying critical windows of prenatal phenol, paraben, and pesticide exposure and child neurodevelopment: Findings from a prospective cohort study

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate how exposure to a mixture of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during two points in pregnancy affects early childhood neurodevelopment. MethodsWe analyzed publicly-available data from a high-risk cohort of mothers and their children (2007–2014) that measured six EDCs including methyl-, ethyl- and propyl parabens (MEPB, ETPB, PRPB), Bisphenol-A (BPA), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) in prenatal urine samples during the second and third trimesters. Neurodevelopmental scores were assessed using Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) at age 3. We used mean field variational Bayes for lagged kernel machine regression (MFVB-LKMR) to investigate the association between trimester-specific co-exposure to the six EDCs and MSEL scores at age 3, stratified by sex. ResultsThe analysis included 130 children. For females, the relationship between BPA and 3PBA with MSEL score varied between the two trimesters. In the second trimester, effect estimates for BPA were null but inversely correlated with MSEL score in the third trimester. 3PBA had a negative relationship with MSEL in the second trimester and positive correlation in the third trimester. For males, effect estimates for all EDCs were in opposing directions across trimesters. MFVB-LKMR analysis identified significant two-way interaction between EDCs for MSEL scores in both trimesters. For example, in females, the MSEL scores associated with increased exposure to TCPy were 1.75 units (95%credible interval −0.04, −3.47) lower in the 2nd trimester and 4.61 (95%CI −3.39, −5.84) lower in the third trimester when PRPB was fixed at the 75th percentile compared to when PRPB was fixed at the 25th percentile. ConclusionOur study provides evidence that timing of EDC exposure within the prenatal period may impact neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. More of these varying effects were identified among females. Future research is needed to explore EDC mixtures and the timing of exposure during pregnancy to enhance our understanding of how these chemicals impact child health.

Religious Conversations and Surface Acting as Predictors of Relational Uncertainty in (Dis)confirming Sibling Relationships

ABSTRACT This study examined the associations among frequency and comfort of siblings’ religious conversations and their relational uncertainty (RU), as well as the degree to which the associations depended upon surface acting and sibling confirmation (i.e. acceptance and challenge). Participants included 218 young adult siblings who completed an online survey about the sibling with whom they were closest to in age. Results indicated that frequency and comfort of discussing religious topics were inversely associated with sibling RU. After controlling for similarity in religious affiliations and beliefs between siblings, regression models revealed significant two-way interaction effects between surface acting and frequency of discussing religion, as well as between confirmation and both frequency and comfort of discussing religion. Consequently, how family members talk about sensitive topics involving matters of identity divergence may be as important, if not more important, than the content of those conversations.

Regulation of craving training to support healthy food choices under stress: A randomized control trial employing the hierarchical drift-diffusion model.

Stress increases the likelihood of consuming unhealthy food in some individuals. Previous research has demonstrated that the Regulation of Craving - Training (ROC-T) intervention can reduce unhealthy food intake. However, its effectiveness under stress and the underlying mechanism remained uncertain. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of the ROC-T intervention in improving healthy food choices and to explore the intervention mechanism through computational modeling employing the hierarchical drift-diffusion model (HDDM). This study adopted a 2 (ROC-T intervention vs. control)*2 (stress vs. no-stress) between-subject experimental design. A total of 118 employees (72 women, Mage =28.74) participated in the online experiment. Results show that the ROC-T intervention increases healthy food choices under stress and no-stress conditions. The HDDM results reveal a significant two-way interaction for non-decision time (Bayes factor, BF = 32.722) and initial bias (BF = 27.350). Specifically, in the no-stress condition, the ROC-T intervention resulted in lower non-decision time and higher initial bias compared with the control group. The findings validated the negative impact of stress on healthy food choices, and that the ROC-T intervention promotes healthy food choices both under stress and no-stress conditions.

Zinc homeostasis and redox alterations in obesity.

Impairment of both cellular zinc and redox homeostasis is a feature of several chronic diseases, including obesity. A significant two-way interaction exists between redox metabolism and the relatively redox-inert zinc ion. Redox metabolism critically influences zinc homeostasis and controls its cellular availability for various cellular functions by regulating zinc exchange from/to zinc-binding proteins. Zinc can regulate redox metabolism and exhibits multiple pro-antioxidant properties. On the other hand, even minor disturbances in zinc status and zinc homeostasis affect systemic and cellular redox homeostasis. At the cellular level, zinc homeostasis is regulated by a multi-layered machinery consisting of zinc-binding molecules, zinc sensors, and two selective families of zinc transporters, the Zinc Transporter (ZnT) and Zrt, Irt-like protein (ZIP). In the present review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the role of the mutual interaction between zinc and redox homeostasis in physiology and pathophysiology, pointing to the role of zinc in the alterations responsible for redox stress in obesity. Since zinc transporters primarily control zinc homeostasis, we describe how changes in the expression and activity of these zinc-regulating proteins are associated with obesity.

Impacts of economic factors influencing net returns of beef feedlot heifers administered two implant programs and fed for differing days-on-feed from pooled randomized controlled trials.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of two implant programs and differing days-on-feed (DOF) on net returns of beef feedlot heifers using sensitivity analyses of key economic factors. Crossbred beef heifers [n = 10,583; initial weight 315kg (± 20.1 SD)] were enrolled across three trials (one Kansas, two Texas feedlot trials). Heifers were blocked by arrival and randomly allocated to one of six pens, resulting in a total of 144 pens and 24 blocks. Pen was randomly assigned to treatment as a 2 × 3 factorial. Implant programs were: IH + 200-Revalor-IH at initial processing, and a terminal implant after approximately 90 DOF (Revalor-200), or, XH-a single implant at initial processing (Revalor-XH). The DOF treatments were: heifers fed to a standard baseline endpoint (BASE) or heifers fed for an additional + 21 or + 42 d beyond BASE. Pen-level partial budgets were used for economic sensitivity analyses, which varied price points of single pricing components with all other components fixed. Variable components were live-fed cattle prices, base carcass prices (i.e., dressed), Choice-Select spread (CS-spread), and feed and yardage prices (FYP). For each, a Low, Mid-Low, Middle, Mid-High, and High price was chosen. Linear mixed models were fit for statistical analyses (α = 0.05). There were no significant two-way interactions (P-values ≥ 0.14). Regardless of the variable component evaluated, XH heifers had poorer net returns than IH + 200 at all prices (P ≤ 0.04). Selling live, the + 21 and (or) + 42 heifers had lower net returns than BASE at every fed cattle price point (P < 0.01). Selling dressed, the + 21 and (or) + 42 heifers had lower returns than BASE at Low, Mid-Low, and Middle fed cattle base prices (P < 0.01); there were no significant DOF differences at Mid-High, or High prices (P ≥ 0.24). Net returns were lower for + 42 than BASE at all CS-spreads (P ≤ 0.03), while BASE and + 21 did not differ significantly. Longer DOF had lower net returns than BASE when selling live at every FYP (P < 0.01) except at the Low price (P = 0.14). Selling dressed, there was no significant effect of DOF at Low or Mid-Low FYP (P ≥ 0.11); conversely, extended DOF had lower net returns than BASE at Middle, Mid-High, and High FYP (P < 0.01). Overall, there was minimal economic evidence to support extending feedlot heifer DOF beyond the BASE endpoint, and when feeding longer, larger reductions in return were observed when marketing live as opposed to dressed.

Factors Affecting Post-Weaning Growth of Boer and Boer Cross Goats in a Closed Breeding Farm Population

This study aimed to analyze the factors affecting the post-weaning growth of Boer and Boer cross goats in a closed breeding farm population. A total of 1,083 female kids were selected from a record of 1,501 weaned kids produced by mating Boer bucks with Boer does, Jawarandu does, and Boer × Jawarandu does. The data collected at a private company's goat farm represent a closed breeding population from January 2013 to January 2016. The data were selected based on the weaning weight and at least one post-weaning weight at approximately 6, 9, or 12 months. Two-step linear models were applied: complete model and reduced model. The complete model factors included genetic group, buck, litter size, birth season, weaning season-year, and their interactions. The reduced model included only significant factors and two-way interactions. The results showed that the genetic group, bucks, litter size, birth season, and weaning season-year significantly affected Boer and Boer cross goats' post-weaning weight and average daily gain. Additionally, interactions between the genetic group with the buck, litter size, and birth season were observed. In conclusion, genetic and non-genetic factors significantly influence the post-weaning growth of Boer and Boer cross goats. Non-genetic factors should be considered in the model and selection to achieve optimal goat performance.

Alterations in Swallowing Six Weeks After Primary Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF).

This aim of this study is to characterize the nature and pathophysiology of dysphagia after ACDF surgery by precisely and comprehensively capturing within-subject changes on videofluoroscopy between preoperative and postoperative time points. 21 adults undergoing planned primary ACDF procedures were prospectively recruited and enrolled. Participants underwent standardized preoperative and six-week postoperative videofluoroscopic swallow studies. Videos were blindly rated using the Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) and analysis of total pharyngeal residue (%C2-42), swallowing timing, kinematics, and anatomic change was completed. Linear mixed-effects modeling was used to explore the relationships between possible predictor variables and functional outcomes of interest that changed across timepoints. There was no change in PAS scores across timepoints. Total pharyngeal residue (%C2-C42) was increased postoperatively (p < 0.001). Our statistical model revealed significant main effects for timepoint (p = 0.002), maximum pharyngeal constriction area (MPCAN) (p < 0.001), and maximum thickness of posterior pharyngeal (PPWTMAX) (p = 0.004) on the expression of total pharyngeal residue. There were significant two-way interactions for timepoint and MPCAN (p = 0.028), timepoint and PPWTMAX (p = 0.005), and MPCAN and PPWTMAX (p = 0.010). Unsurprisingly, we found a significant three-way interaction between these three predictors (p = 0.027). Our findings suggest that in planned ACDF procedures without known complications, swallowing efficiency is more likely to be impaired than airway protection six weeks after surgery. The manifestation of impaired swallowing efficiency at this timepoint appears to be driven by a complex relationship between reduced pharyngeal constriction and increased prevertebral edema.

Physical and physiological characteristics, as well as miRNA concentrations, are affected by the storage time of tomatoes.

This study aims to investigate the potential of miRNA measurements in indicating tomato quality during transportation and storage. The impact of storage temperature, duration, and mechanical loading on tomato senescence, carotenoid content, total soluble solids, fruit firmness, and relevant miRNA concentrations were examined. Significant two-way or three-way interactions were observed between storage conditions and physical/physiological characteristics (excluding carotenoids). Remarkably, significant three-way interactions were found between storage conditions and miRNA concentrations. Strong correlations were observed between the physiological characteristics of the tomatoes and their miRNA concentrations. These findings suggest that measuring miRNAs could serve as a convenient and portable method for evaluating postharvest fruit quality, reducing reliance on labor-intensive laboratory techniques.

Interactive associations of maternal and paternal parenting and adolescents’ anxiety

This study investigated the interactive effects of maternal and paternal warmth as well as behavioral control on adolescents’ anxiety in Ghana and whether these linkages varied between adolescents in rural and urban contexts. Participants were 211 junior high school students (61% girls; 39% boys; Mage = 13.43; SDage = 2.03) who completed measures of parenting behaviors and experiences of anxiety. Results revealed significant two-way interaction effects such that higher levels of maternal warmth in conjunction with lower levels of paternal warmth were associated with higher levels of adolescents’ anxiety. In addition, higher levels of paternal (but not maternal) warmth predicted lower anxiety in urban families, but not rural families. Moreover, higher maternal behavioral control combined with higher paternal behavioral control predicted lower anxiety, although this association was only observed for a small subset of the sample. Findings highlight the complementary roles of both mothers and fathers in influencing adolescents’ anxiety and the importance of family context in shaping parenting influence. Interventions targeting positive parenting behaviors should focus on both mothers and fathers.

Optimism, Sociability, andthe Risk ofFuture Suicide Attempt among U.S. Army Soldiers.

Most research on suicide attempts among U.S. service members has been focused on risk factors that occur during service. There is an important gap in our understanding of premilitary factors, such as personality characteristics, that may be associated with future suicide attempt risk during service. Of particular importance is identifying risk factors for the 1/3 of suicide attempters who never receive a mental health diagnosis (MH-Dx)-and therefore are not identified as having a mental health problem in the military healthcare system-prior to their suicide attempt. Using two components of the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers, we examined the association of personality facets from the Tailored Adaptive Personality Assessment System, a computerized instrument administered prior to entering service, with medically documented suicide attempts during service. A 2010-2016 sample of historical administrative records from U.S. Regular Army enlisted soldiers with complete data on 11 commonly administered Tailored Adaptive Personality Assessment System facets was examined using a series of logistic regression analyses to identify the facets associated with future suicide attempt. Significant facets were then applied to data from a longitudinal cohort study of 11,288 soldiers surveyed upon entering basic combat training and followed via administrative records for their first 48 months of service. This research was approved by the Institutional Review Boards at the collaborating institutions. Analysis of the historical administrative data (87.0% male, 61.6% White non-Hispanic), found that low Optimism (odds ratio (OR) = 1.2 [95% CI = 1.0-1.4]) and high/low (vs. moderate) Sociability (OR = 1.3 [95%CI = 1.1-1.6]) were associated with suicide attempt after adjusting for other univariable-significant facets and socio-demographic and service-related variables. When examined in the longitudinal survey cohort, low Optimism (OR = 1.7 [95% CI = 1.1-2.4]) and high/low (vs. moderate) Sociability (OR = 1.7 [95% CI = 1.1-2.5]) were still associated with increased odds of documented suicide attempt during service, even after adjusting for each other, socio-demographic and service-related variables, and medically documented MH-Dx. Mental health diagnosis had a significant two-way interaction with Optimism (F = 5.27, p = 0.0236) but not Sociability. Stratified analyses indicated that low Optimism was associated with suicide attempt among soldiers without, but not among those with, a MH-Dx. Interactions of Optimism and Sociability with gender were nonsignificant. In the full model, population attributable risk proportions for Optimism and Sociability were 15.0% and 18.9%, respectively. Optimism and Sociability were differentially associated with suicide attempt risk across time in service. Optimism and Sociability, assessed prior to entering U.S. Army service, are consistently associated with future suicide attempt during service, even after adjusting for other important risk factors. While Sociability is equally associated with suicide attempt among those with and without a MH-Dx, Optimism is specifically associated with suicide attempt among soldiers not identified in the mental healthcare system. Risk differences across time in service suggest that Optimism and Sociability interact with stressors and contextual factors in particular developmental and Army career phases.

Evaluation of multiple spring wheat cultivars in diverse intercropping systems

Re-diversifying agriculture through cereal-legume intercropping could provide higher productivity, but the cultivars and traits associated with agronomic performance of intercropping are currently unclear. Moreover, the impact of different cultivars on intercropping performance under diverse environmental and management conditions is largely unexplored. Therefore, we investigated various cultivar combinations of spring wheat (SW, Triticum aestivum L.) and faba bean (FB, Vicia faba L.) under diverse intercropping conditions, and evaluated their mixing abilities. We used variability in terms of plant height among cultivars and assessed the effects of height on total grain yield in the mixture. Twelve entries (ten cultivars and two cultivar mixtures) of SW and two cultivars of FB were sown as sole crops and all possible 1:1 species mixtures, with each of these treatments grown at two sowing densities and in three environments. Our results did not show any significant main effect of SW and FB cultivars on the total grain yield in the mixture. However, there were significant two-way interaction effects of SW cultivars with all the other factors (environment, FB cultivar, and sowing density) on the mixtures’ grain yield advantage over sole crops. Spearman’s rank correlation (ρ) among SW cultivars between SW yield in monoculture and total yield in mixture was variable, depending on the trial environment with ρ ranging from 0.42 (non-significant) to 0.90 (P < 0.001). In addition, a highly significant effect of environments and crop densities on the total grain yield in the mixture was observed. A significant but weak positive correlation of SW plant height with the total grain yield in the mixture was detected in one of the three environments. We conclude that selecting a site-specific partner combination of cereals and legumes with appropriate management practices is a key element to enhance functional complementarity and improve total productivity in intercropping, though the complexity of the interactions makes this a difficult task.

Psychologically aggressive parenting and later aggression: Salivary alpha-amylase reactivity and sex as moderators

Psychologically aggressive parenting (PAP) exposure negatively affects children's development of aggression. Nevertheless, not all children exposed to PAP display aggressive behaviors. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity may influence the impact of early adversity on aggression. This study examines whether SNS reactivity and sex moderate the link between psychologically aggressive parenting (PAP) during childhood and later aggression. Emerging adults (N = 182, mean age = 19.03 years, 53 % female) retrospectively reported on their childhood PAP and current aggression. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) collected from a social stress task indexed SNS reactivity to stress. Childhood PAP was associated with emerging adulthood anger, hostility, physical, and verbal aggression. Moreover, males were more likely to exhibit anger, verbal, and physical aggression and had higher levels of sAA reactivity than females. A significant three-way interaction between childhood PAP, sAA reactivity, and sex accounted for participants' current verbal aggression. The link between childhood PAP and later verbal aggression was stronger for males at higher levels of sAA reactivity. Females with higher levels of sAA reactivity displayed lower levels of verbal aggression regardless of PAP exposure. Males and females with lower levels of sAA reactivity were at elevated risk for verbal aggression regardless of PAP exposure. Moreover, we found a significant two-way interaction between PAP and sex on anger, such that higher levels of PAP exposure were associated with more anger among males, but not females. These findings highlight the importance of examining interactions between biological and environmental factors and sex in accounting for later aggression.

54 The Differential Impact of Genetic Moderators on the Relationship Between Depression and Cognition

Objective:Depression has a well-established negative effect on cognitive functioning. Variations in the apolipoprotein e (APOE) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genes likely contribute to this relationship. APOE4 and the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism are independently associated with late-life depression and cognitive dysfunction. The current study investigated the moderating effects of APOE4 and BDNFMet (i.e., the presence of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism) on the relationship between depression and cognitive functioning in older adults.Participants and Methods:The sample included 103 older adults drawn from two clinical trials who were recruited from the VA Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS) and the Stanford/VA Alzheimer’s Disease Center. Depression was diagnosed using the Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV). The presence of an APOE4 and BDNFMet allele were dichotomized (i.e., yes/no) and determined using venipuncture. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery was used to assess attention (RAVLT Trial 1, WAIS-IV DSF), processing speed (TMTA, SDMT, Stroop Word, Stroop Color), working memory (WAIS-IV DSB, DSS), visuospatial functioning (JLO), language (VNT), memory (RAVLT Delayed Recall, WMS-IV Logical Memory II), and executive function (TMTB, Stroop Color-Word). Separate moderation analyses were conducted with depression as the predictor and APOE4 or BDNFMet status as the moderator using the SPSS PROCESS macro v4.0. Age was a covariate for models with processing speed, memory, language, and executive function as outcome variables.Results:Participants were largely male (93%) and White (75%). Ten percent met criteria for depression, 26% were APOE4 carriers, and 32% were BDNFMet carriers. The overall model examining depression, APOE4, and memory was significant (p &lt; .01, R2 = .14). Depression was associated with lower memory performance (p &lt; .05), however, APOE4 was not a significant moderator (p &gt; .05). Similarly, the overall model examining depression, APOE4, and language was also significant (p &lt; .05, R2 = .10). While the direct effects of depression and APOE4 on language were nonsignificant (p &gt; .05), there was a significant two-way interaction between APOE4 and depression (p = .03). The overall model with depression, BDNFMet, and memory was significant (p &lt; .001, R2 = .18). While neither depression nor BDNFMet had significant direct effects on memory (p &gt; .05), a two-way interaction emerged between depression and BDNFMet (p = .05). Simple slopes analyses were used to further investigate significant interactions. Depression, APOE4, and BDNFMet did not significantly impact attention, processing speed, working memory, visuospatial functioning, or executive function, and no significant interactions were noted among variables. BDNFMet had no direct impact on language.Conclusions:APOE4 and BDNFMet were found to differentially moderate the relationship between depression and cognition. Specifically, APOE4 carriers with depression had worse language performance compared to those who were healthy, depressed, or APOE4 carriers. BDNFMet carriers with depression performed worse on measures of memory compared to those who were healthy, depressed, or BDNFMet carriers. The treatment of depression in APOE4 and BDNFMet carriers may reduce associated cognitive impairments. Limitations and future implications are also discussed.