Significant Risk Factors For Cervical Cancer Research Articles

Cervical carcinoma in Southern Mexico: Human papillomavirus and cofactors

Background: This study was conducted to determine human papillomavirus (HPV) types in women with cervical cancer (CC) and normal cervical cytology in the Southern region of Mexico, and to know the contribution of HPV types and cofactors in cervical cancer etiology. Methods: A case–control study was performed in 133 women with CC and 256 controls. HPV detection was done by MY09/11 and GP5+/GP6+ PCR systems and typing by restriction fragment length polymorphism or DNA sequencing. Results: HPV was found in 100% of CC and 35.5% of controls. The genotype distribution in CC was: HPV 16 (66.8%), 18 (9%), 31 (7.5%), 45 (4.5%), 58 (3.7%), 69 (3%), 52 (1.6%), 6, 11, 33, 56, and 67 (0.8% each). Among controls, HPV 33 followed by HPV 16 were the most frequent. Cervical cancer was associated with HPV 16 (OR = 573.5), HPV 18 (OR = 804.4), and undetermined risk HPV (types 67 and 69) (OR = 434.3). Age at first intercourse <16 years (OR = 9.6) and ≥3 births (OR = 16) were significant risk factors for CC. Conclusions: HPV 16, by far, is the most frequent type in CC, HPV 16 and 18 are responsible for 75.8% of the CC cases and high-risk HPV for 94.7%, which is useful data to take into account in vaccination programs. HPV 33 is the most frequent type in controls and high-risk HPV are more common than low-risk HPV.

Life style, environmental and genetic susceptibility to cervical cancer.

We have studied cervical cancer (CC) patients from Venezuela and the US to elucidate the contribution of certain acquired and genetic susceptibility factors to the development of the disease. For acquired susceptibility factors, infection with high risk human papilloma virus (HPV), having multiple sex partners and having early sexual activities are significant risk factors for CC in Venezuela. The latter two are not significant risk factors for the US population. Infection with high risk HPV is a more significant risk factor for the US than the Venezuela populations. On the other hand, cigarette smoking is significantly associated with CC in the US but not the Venezuela populations. From genetic susceptibility factors, polymorphisms in the CYP2E1 and mEH genes are not associated with CC but the GSTM1 null genotype is for the US population. Our study indicates that the same susceptibility factors can have very different roles in the development of the same disease such as CC in different countries. The information is useful for the development of effective but different disease prevention programs for different countries in the control of CC.

Implementation of a pathology report compiler with integrated diagnostic path functionality in the digital virtual microscope

Background: This study was conducted to determine human papillomavirus (HPV) types in women with cervical cancer (CC) and normal cervical cytology in the Southern region of Mexico, and to know the contribution of HPV types and cofactors in cervical cancer etiology. Methods: A case–control study was performed in 133 women with CC and 256 controls. HPV detection was done by MY09/11 and GP5+/GP6+ PCR systems and typing by restriction fragment length polymorphism or DNA sequencing. Results: HPV was found in 100% of CC and 35.5% of controls. The genotype distribution in CC was: HPV 16 (66.8%), 18 (9%), 31 (7.5%), 45 (4.5%), 58 (3.7%), 69 (3%), 52 (1.6%), 6, 11, 33, 56, and 67 (0.8% each). Among controls, HPV 33 followed by HPV 16 were the most frequent. Cervical cancer was associated with HPV 16 (OR = 573.5), HPV 18 (OR = 804.4), and undetermined risk HPV (types 67 and 69) (OR = 434.3). Age at first intercourse <16 years (OR = 9.6) and ≥3 births (OR = 16) were significant risk factors for CC. Conclusions: HPV 16, by far, is the most frequent type in CC, HPV 16 and 18 are responsible for 75.8% of the CC cases and high-risk HPV for 94.7%, which is useful data to take into account in vaccination programs. HPV 33 is the most frequent type in controls and high-risk HPV are more common than low-risk HPV.

Chromosomal aberrations accumulate in polyploid cells of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL)

Background: This study was conducted to determine human papillomavirus (HPV) types in women with cervical cancer (CC) and normal cervical cytology in the Southern region of Mexico, and to know the contribution of HPV types and cofactors in cervical cancer etiology. Methods: A case–control study was performed in 133 women with CC and 256 controls. HPV detection was done by MY09/11 and GP5+/GP6+ PCR systems and typing by restriction fragment length polymorphism or DNA sequencing. Results: HPV was found in 100% of CC and 35.5% of controls. The genotype distribution in CC was: HPV 16 (66.8%), 18 (9%), 31 (7.5%), 45 (4.5%), 58 (3.7%), 69 (3%), 52 (1.6%), 6, 11, 33, 56, and 67 (0.8% each). Among controls, HPV 33 followed by HPV 16 were the most frequent. Cervical cancer was associated with HPV 16 (OR = 573.5), HPV 18 (OR = 804.4), and undetermined risk HPV (types 67 and 69) (OR = 434.3). Age at first intercourse <16 years (OR = 9.6) and ≥3 births (OR = 16) were significant risk factors for CC. Conclusions: HPV 16, by far, is the most frequent type in CC, HPV 16 and 18 are responsible for 75.8% of the CC cases and high-risk HPV for 94.7%, which is useful data to take into account in vaccination programs. HPV 33 is the most frequent type in controls and high-risk HPV are more common than low-risk HPV.

Acquired and genetic susceptibility to cervical cancer.

Infection with high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) is a necessary risk factor for the development of cervical cancer (CC). However, there are many factors that contribute to the development of CC. We have been investigating the role of polymorphisms in chemical metabolizing genes and life-style factors in the development of CC between two countries with significantly different prevalence of CC. Our data confirm that infection with high-risk HPV is the most significant risk factor for CC in both Venezuela and US. In Venezuela, having multiple sex partners and early sexual activities are significant risk factors (OR=4.7, 95% CI=1.7-13.1; OR=6.7, 95% CI=2.3-20.1, respectively). On the other hand, cigarette smoking is the significant risk factor for women in the US (OR=6.4, 95% CI=1.8-23.2). Genotype analyses were conducted using specimens from the US population only. The GSTM1 null genotype was associated with a significant 3.4 fold increase in risk (95% CI=1.0-11.8) compared with those who were GSTM1 positive, after adjustment for smoking and HPV infection. Polymorphosis in CYP2E1 and mEH are associated with a non-significant increase in risk. Our study indicates that different acquired and genetic susceptibility factors can make significant contributions to the development of environmental disease such as cervical cancer.